§
Section sign
In UnicodeU+00A7 § SECTION SIGN (§)
Related
See alsoU+00B6 PILCROW SIGN

The section sign (§) is a typographical character for referencing individually numbered sections of a document; it is frequently used when citing sections of a legal code.[1] It is also known as the section symbol, section mark, double-s, or silcrow.[2][3] In other languages it may be called the paragraph symbol (for example, German: Paragrafzeichen).

Use

Former logo of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Justice

The section sign is often used when referring to a specific section of a legal code. For example, in Bluebook style, "Title 16 of the United States Code Section 580p" becomes "16 U.S.C. § 580p".[4] The section sign is frequently used along with the pilcrow (¶), which is sometimes also referred to in English as the "paragraph sign", to reference a specific paragraph within a section of a document. While § is usually read in spoken English as the word section, many other languages use the word "paragraph" exclusively to refer to a section of a document (especially of legal text), and use other words to describe a paragraph in the English sense. Consequently, in those cases "§" may be read as "paragraph", and may occasionally be described as a "paragraph sign", but this is a description of its usage, not a formal name.[5][6] When duplicated, as §§, it is read as the plural "sections". For example, "§§ 13–21" would be read as "sections 13 through 21", much as pp. (pages) is the plural of p., meaning page.

It may also be used with footnotes when asterisk *, dagger †, and double dagger ‡ have already been used on a given page. It is common practice to follow the section sign with a non-breaking space so that the symbol is kept with the section number being cited.[1][7]: 212, 233 

The section sign is itself sometimes a symbol of the justice system,[lower-alpha 1] in much the same way as the Rod of Asclepius is used to represent medicine. Austrian courts use the symbol in their logo.

Keyboard entry

The sign has the Unicode code point U+00A7 § SECTION SIGN and many platforms and languages have methods to reproduce it.

  • Android: ?123=/<¶ (long press)
  • Emacs: Ctrl+x8⇧ Shift+S
  • HTML: &sect;, &#167;, &#xA7;
  • iOS: & (long press)
  • Linux: Composes! or Composeso
  • MacOS: ⌥ Option+6
  • TeX: \S
  • URL Encoding: %A7 (Latin1) or %C2%A7 (UTF8)
  • Vim: Ctrl+k⇧ Shift+S⇧ Shift+E (a Vim digraph)
  • Windows: Alt+0167 or Alt+21

Some keyboards include dedicated ways to access §:

  • Brazil: AltGr+=
  • Denmark: ⇧ Shift+½
  • France: ⇧ Shift+!
  • Germany: ⇧ Shift+3
  • Hungary: ⇧ Shift+0 (on the left of 1)
  • Italy: ⇧ Shift+ù
  • Norway: ⇧ Shift+|
  • Portugal: AltGr+4
  • Romania: AltGr+m (Legacy); AltGr+p (Standard/Programmers)
  • Spain: AltGr+k
  • Sweden: § (key left of 1)
  • Switzerland: § (key left of 1)
  • US international: AltGr+⇧ Shift+S
  • US Colemak: AltGr+\+s
  • United Kingdom (Mac): § (key left of 1)

Origin

Two possible origins are often posited for the section sign: most probably, that it is a ligature formed by the combination of two S glyphs (from the Latin signum sectiōnis).[8][2][9][10] Some scholars, however, are skeptical of this explanation.[11]

Others have theorized that it is an adaptation of the Ancient Greek παράγραφος (paragraphos),[9] a catch-all term for a class of punctuation marks used by scribes with diverse shapes and intended uses.[12]

The modern form of the sign, with its modern meaning, has been in use since the 13th century.[8]: 226 

In Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk, the § symbol is used repeatedly to mean "bureaucracy". In his English translation of 1930, Paul Selver translated it as "red tape".

A stylised version of the section symbol appears as the currency sign in Electronic Arts' The Sims franchise, where the currency is known as simoleons.

See also

  • Scilicet ("it may be known") is sometimes rendered using a § mark instead of "viz."

Explanatory footnotes

  1. ↑ The symbol U+2696 ⚖ SCALES is more typical.

References

  1. 1 2 Standler, Ronald M. (2004). "Legal Research and Citation Style in USA". Retrieved 2009-12-15.
  2. 1 2 Radoeva, Krista (2017-01-12). "The section sign". Punctuation series. Monotype Imaging. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  3. ↑ Butterick, Matthew. "Butterick's Practical Typography: Paragraphs and Section Marks". Retrieved 2017-10-07.
  4. ↑ "Guides: Bluebook Guide: Federal Statutes". Georgetown University Law Library. August 9, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  5. ↑ "The Unicode Standard, Version 10.0 – C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-10-07.
  6. ↑ "Some text-to-speech voices read the section symbol as paragraph instead of section". Retrieved 2017-10-07.
  7. ↑ Felici, James (2012). The Complete Manual of Typography (Second ed.). ISBN 978-0-321-77326-5.
  8. 1 2 Webb, Stephen (2018). Clash of Symbols (eBook). Springer International Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-319-71350-2.
  9. 1 2 Webster, Noah (1886). "Arbitrary signs used in writing and printing". Webster's Complete Dictionary of the English Language (Authorized and Unabridged ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 1784 – via Internet Archive.
  10. ↑ Parker, Richard Green (1851). Aids to English Composition, Prepared for Students of All Grades. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 32.
  11. ↑ Lewis, Erwin Herbert (1894). The History of the English Paragraph (Thesis). University of Chicago Press. pp. 11, 16–17. OCLC 6077629.
  12. ↑ Garulli, Valentina (2018-10-09). "Lectional Signs in Greek Verse Inscriptions". In Petrovic, Andrej; Thomas, Edmund; Petrovic, Ivana (eds.). The Materiality of Text: Placement, Perception, and Presence of Inscribed Texts in Classical Antiquity (eBook). Brill Publishers. p. 106. doi:10.1163/9789004379435_006. ISBN 978-90-04-37943-5. S2CID 198732053.
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