Ezh
Ʒ ʒ
(See below, Typography)
Writing cursive forms of Ʒ
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic and Logographic
Language of originLatin language
Phonetic usage
Unicode codepointU+01B7, U+0292
History
Development
Time period1847 to present
Descendants • Ƹ
 • Ǯ
Sisters
Transliteration equivalentszh, ž
Variations(See below, Typography)
Other
Other letters commonly used withz(x), zh, ž
Writing directionLeft-to-Right

Ezh (Ʒ ʒ) /ˈɛʒ/ ⓘ, also called the "tailed z", is a letter, notable for its use in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent the voiced postalveolar fricative consonant. For example, the pronunciation of "si" in vision /ˈvɪʒən/ and precision /prɪˈsɪʒən/, or the ⟨s⟩ in treasure /ˈtrɛʒər/. See also the letter ⟨Ž⟩ as used in many Slavic languages, the Persian alphabet letter ⟨ژ⟩, the Cyrillic letter ⟨Ж⟩, and the Esperanto letter ⟨Ĵ⟩.

Ezh is also used as a letter in some orthographies of Laz and Skolt Sami, both by itself, and with a caron (⟨Ǯ⟩ ⟨ǯ⟩). In Laz, these represent voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/ and its ejective counterpart /tsʼ/, respectively. In Skolt Sami they respectively denote partially voiced alveolar and post-alveolar affricates, broadly represented /dz/ and /dʒ/. It also appears in the orthography of some African languages, for example in the Aja language of Benin and the Dagbani language of Ghana, where the uppercase variant looks like a reflected sigma ⟨Σ⟩.

Origin

As a phonetic symbol, it originates with Isaac Pitman's English Phonotypic Alphabet in 1847, as a z with an added hook. The symbol is based on medieval cursive forms of Latin ⟨z⟩, evolving into the blackletter ⟨z⟩ letter. In Unicode, however, the blackletter ⟨z⟩ ("tailed z" , German geschwänztes Z) is considered a glyph variant of ⟨z⟩, and not an ezh. Humanist Gian Giorgio Trissino proposed in 1524 a reform of Italian orthography introducing ezh as an uppercase ⟨ç⟩ for the [dz] sound.[1]

In contexts where "tailed z" is used in contrast to tail-less z, notably in standard transcription of Middle High German, Unicode ⟨ʒ⟩ is sometimes used, strictly speaking incorrectly. Unicode offers ⟨ȥ⟩ "z with hook" as a grapheme for Middle High German coronal fricative instead.

Similar shapes

Relation to yogh

In Unicode 1.0, the character was unified with the unrelated character yogh (⟨Ȝ⟩ ⟨ȝ⟩), which was not correctly added to Unicode until Unicode 3.0. Historically, ezh is derived from Latin ⟨z⟩, but yogh is derived from Latin ⟨g⟩ by way of insular G (and incidentally giving rise to the English mispronunciation of the Scottish surname [and business] Menzies as [ˈmɛnziːs] instead of [ˈmɪŋɪs]). The characters look very similar and do not appear alongside each other in any alphabet. To differentiate between the two more clearly, the Oxford University Press and the Early English Text Society extend the uppermost tip of the 'yogh' into a little curvature upward.

Relation to the digit three

The ezh looks similar to the common form of the figure three ⟨3⟩. To differentiate between the two characters, Ezh includes the sharp zigzag of the letter ⟨z⟩, while the number is usually curved. This still remains a problem though, as some type fonts (found on clock faces among other things) use a figure for ⟨3⟩ identical in shape to an ezh. In the Cyrillic script handwritings, the digit ⟨3⟩ is written as an Ezh to distinguish it from the letter Ze.

Similarity to hiragana ro

Stroke order in writing ろ (Japanese hiragana)

Ezh looks similar to ⟨ろ⟩, the Japanese hiragana letter for the mora "ro". However, the central corner of ⟨ろ⟩ points out further away to the left than that of ezh.

Vague ties to the Cyrillic 'Ze' and 'Dze'

The forms 'Ze', 'Three', 'Ezh' and 'Zhe'

The Cyrillic letter Ze, written as ⟨З⟩ (capitalized) or ⟨з⟩ (Lower Case), has a similar body to Ezh and the Abkhazian Dze (Ӡ ӡ). As customary, the Cyrillic script has a stiffer structure, but both letters have common roots in historical cursive forms of ⟨Z⟩, taken from the Greek letter Zeta.

The pronunciations of Latin Ezh and Cyrillic Ze, however, are different phonemes: while /ʒ/ stands for the s in the word vision, Cyrillic Ze ⟨З⟩ stands for ⟨z⟩ as in zebra. For the /ʒ/ phoneme, Cyrillic uses the letter Zhe (Ж).

Older Russian typewriters, often to save space, sometimes used ⟨З⟩ (Ze) to write the numeral form of ⟨3⟩.

Usage

The capital as a large lower-case letter
The capital as a reversed Greek capital sigma
The two West African forms of the capital letter ezh

Language orthographies

Trissino's reform did not prosper in relation to the ⟨z⟩.

In the IPA it represents the voiced postalveolar fricative consonant. For example: vision /ˈvɪʒən/. It is pronounced as the ⟨s⟩ in "treasure" or the ⟨si⟩ in the word "precision".

It is used with that value in Uropi.

It is used in the "International Standard" orthography, as devised by Marcel Courthiade for Romani.

It was also used in an obsolete Latin alphabet for writing Komi, where it represented [d͡ʑ] (similar to English ⟨j⟩). In the modern Cyrillic alphabet, this sound is written as "дз".

Also during Latinisation in the USSR was used in the project of Unified Northern Alphabet and other alphabets of the people of the Soviet Union during the 1920–1930s.

Ezh as an abbreviation for dram

In Unicode, a standard designed to allow symbols from all writing systems to be represented and manipulated by computers, the ezh (alternatively ⟨ℨ⟩) is used as the symbol to represent the abbreviation for drachm, an apothecaries' system unit of mass.

Encoding and ligatures

The Unicode code points are U+01B7 for ⟨Ʒ⟩ and U+0292 for ⟨ʒ⟩.

The IPA historically allowed for ezh to be ligatured to other letters; some of these ligatures have been added to the Unicode standard.

  • Dezh ⟨ʤ⟩ ligatures ezh with the letter D (U+02A4).
  • Lezh ⟨ɮ⟩ ligatures ezh with the letter L (U+026E).
  • Tezh ⟨Ꜩ⟩ (uppercase form ⟨TƷ⟩) ligatures ezh with the letter T (U+A728 for ⟨Ꜩ⟩ and U+A729 for ⟨ꜩ⟩).

Related obsolete IPA characters include U+01BA ƺ LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH TAIL and U+0293 ʓ LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH CURL.

U+1DBE ᶾ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL EZH and U+1D9A ᶚ LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK are also used for phonetic transcription.[2]

U+1D23 ᴣ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL EZH is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[3]

U+1DF18 𝼘 LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH PALATAL HOOK was previously used in the IPA[4][5]

Typing character

For Mac: Option⌥ + :, followed by Shift+Z or Z respectively.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Trissino, Giovan Giωrgio (1524). De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana - Wikisource (in Italian). Retrieved 19 October 2022. qui il z ha piu del c Lombardo, chε in Ӡona, Ӡoroaʃtro, Ӡephiro, meço, ε ʃimili
  2. ↑ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
  3. ↑ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
  4. ↑ Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
  5. ↑ Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
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