People Power Party
국민의힘
國民의힘
AbbreviationPPP
LeaderHan Dong-hoon (interim)
Secretary-GeneralJang Dong-hyeok
Floor LeaderYoon Jae-ok
Chair of the Policy Planning CommitteeYu Eui-dong
Founded
Merger of
Headquarters12, Gukhoe-Daero 74 Street, Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Korea
Think tankYeouido Institute
Student wingPPP Central College Committee
Youth wingYouth People Power Party
Women's wingPPP Central Women's Committee
Membership (2020)3,475,372[2]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[A][11]
Regional affiliationAsia Pacific Democracy Union
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Colours  Red[lower-alpha 3]
Historical:
  Pink[lower-alpha 4]
National Assembly
112 / 300
Metropolitan Mayors and Governors
12 / 17
Municipal Mayors
145 / 226
Provincial and Metropolitan Councillors
541 / 872
Municipal Councillors
1,435 / 2,988
Party flag
Website
peoplepowerparty.kr
^ A: Some sources have stated that the People Power Party is far-right[12][13]
People Power Party
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationGungminuihim
McCune–ReischauerKungminŭihim
United Future Party
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationMiraetonghapdang
McCune–ReischauerMiraet'onghaptang
This article is part of a series on
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The People Power Party (Korean: 국민의힘; lit. Power of Nationals; PPP), formerly known as the United Future Party (미래통합당; UFP), is a conservative[18] political party in South Korea. It controls the South Korean presidency and is the second largest party in the National Assembly. The PPP, along with its historic rival, the Democratic Party, make up the two largest political parties in South Korea.

The UFP was formed on 17 February 2020 through the merger of the Liberty Korea Party, New Conservative Party, and Onward for Future 4.0, as well as several minor parties and political organisations.[19] The party changed its name to the PPP on 31 August 2020.

History

Background

Logo of United Future Party

Due to the political scandal in 2016, President Park Geun-hye was impeached, and several MPs quit the then-ruling Saenuri Party to form the Bareun Party.[20] The Saenuri Party changed its name to the Liberty Korea Party (LKP),[21] but following the impeachment of Park on 10 March 2017, it de jure lost its ruling party position.[22] After the Democratic presidential candidate Moon Jae-in was elected on 9 May,[23] the LKP officially became the main opposition.

Although several Bareun MPs returned to the LKP, the LKP did not recover its support, losing ground in the 2018 local elections.[24] Its president, Hong Jun-pyo, immediately resigned to take responsibility for the serious defeat.[24] The Bareun Party, which had merged with the smaller centrist People's Party to form the Bareunmirae Party, also faced a defeat in the local elections.[25]

The two conservative parties held snap leadership elections. On 2 September 2018, the Bareunmirae Party elected Sohn Hak-kyu as its new president.[26] On 27 February 2019, the Liberty Korea Party elected former Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn as its new leader.[27] Lee Un-ju, a Bareunmirae MP, quit her party[28] and was widely expected to join the LKP[29] but formed a new party named Onward for Future 4.0.[30] With the exit of the Bareunmirae Party's President Sohn, other former Bareun MPs faced conflicts and founded the New Conservative Party.[31] As a "conservative union", the Liberty Korea Party, Onward for Future 4.0, and the New Conservative Party agreed to merge and establish a new party.[32]

The new party's name was initially set as the Grand Unified New Party (대통합신당),[33] but soon changed to United Future Party (미래통합당).[34] Park Hyung-joon, who led the merger and re-foundation, explained that the name shows support for youths and political solidarity.[35]

Founding congress

Following the merger and re-foundation of the 3 conservative parties into the United Future Party (UFP) on 17 February 2020,[19] it elected the Liberty Korea Party's President Hwang Kyo-ahn as the new president.[36] Though much of the UFP's leadership resembles that of the LKP, Vice-presidents Won Hee-ryong and Kim Young-hwan are not from the LKP.[36]

The President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in and the Democratic Party Leader Lee Hae-chan congratulated the new party's founding, but the move was not welcomed by other members.[37] Some sources reported that the party is planning to file a lawsuit against Moon.[38][39][40]

Yoo Seong-min, the former Bareunmirae president, did not attend the founding congress.[41] Yoo Young-ha, who is in support of Park Geun-hye, exited the LKP before the formation of the new party.[42]

2020–2021

The party contested as an alliance with its sister satellite party, the Future Korea Party (FKP), in the 2020 elections. However, some UFP candidates provoked controversies for defamatory remarks, such as Cha Myong-jin and Kim Dae-ho.[43]

The party was defeated in the election with some of the worst results historically for a conservative party in South Korea. The UFP won 103 out of 300 seats in the National Assembly, slightly over one-third of the seats.[44] The party lost several key figures, including Oh Se-hoon, Na Kyung-won, Shim Jae-chul, and Kim Jin-tae.[45][46] Party Leader Hwang Kyo-ahn, who contested for Jongno, was defeated by former Prime Minister Lee Nak-yeon.[47] Hwang announced that he would stand down as the party president.[48][49]

Following Hwang's resignation, it was reported that the party would temporarily establish the Emergency Planning Committee, led by Kim Chong-in.[50] Several members, such as Kim Young-woo, disagreed with the establishment of the committee.[51] Hong Jun-pyo, who showed an intention to return to the UFP, also opposed the proposal[52] and revealed Kim's past corruption allegations.[53]

On 8 May, Joo Ho-young was elected the UFP's Floor Leader, automatically becoming the party's interim Leader.[54][55] On 22 May, the party held an election to nominate Kim Chong-in as the interim President until the next by-elections on 7 April 2021,[56] which he accepted.[57][58] The same day, the FKP announced its merger by 29 May.[56] On 28 May, both the UFP and FKP officially declared their merger as the unified UFP.[59]

On 13 August, Realmeter had revealed an opinion poll showing that the party has gained more supporters than the ruling Democratic Party (UFP: 36.5%–DP: 33.4%).[60] This was the first time that a conservative party gained more support than a liberal party since the political scandal of former President Park Geun-hye in October 2016.[60]

On 31 August, the party decided to change its name to the People Power (Korean: 국민의힘; the "Party" was added later[61]).[62][63][64] The party requested that the name be changed to the National Election Commission.[63] It has been argued that the new proposed name was similar to the minor centrist People Party of Ahn Cheol-soo.[63][64] There were speculations that the party was willing to form an electoral alliance with the minor opposition party in the 2021 by-elections.[63][64] Jung Chung-rae, an MP of the Democratic Party, criticised the name for being too similar to a civic organisation established in 2003, where he used to serve as its first co-president.[65][66]

On 2 September, the party officially changed its name to the People Power Party, its current name.[67][68][65][66] The PPP declared that it would be a centrist and pragmatic party.[66] On 14 September, the party revealed its logo and its 3 colours—red, yellow, and blue,[69] based on its temporary decisions.[70] These colours were officially confirmed on 23 September, although yellow was replaced with white.[71]

On 17 September, Kwon Sung-dong, the MP for Gangneung, officially returned to the PPP, leading the party to have 104 seats.[72] He left the party before the 2020 elections, where he ran as an independent candidate.[72] The PPP's total seats were reverted to 103 after Park Duk-hyum, the MP for Boeun-Okcheon-Yeongdong-Goesan, quit the party on 23 September following corruption allegations.[73] He denied all allegations related to him and his family.[73]

On 22 December, Jeon Bong-min, the MP for Suyeong, quit the party following corruption allegations against himself and his father.[74]

On 7 January 2021, Kim Byong-wook, the MP for Pohang South-Ulleung, withdrew from the PPP due to a controversy related to sexual harassment.[75] The same day, Kim Tae-ho, the former Governor of South Gyeongsang and the incumbent MP for Sancheong-Hamyang-Geochang-Hapcheon, officially rejoined the party.[76]

2021 by-elections

Before the 2021 by-elections, the party elected the former Mayor of Seoul Oh Se-hoon as its Seoul mayoral candidate, as well as the former MP for Suyeong, Park Hyung-joon as its Busan mayoral candidate on 4 March 2021.[77][78]

In the by-elections on 7 April, the party achieved an outright victory despite the government's low popularity, where both Oh and Park were elected by a large margin.[79] Oh Se-hoon, who formerly stepped down as the Mayor of Seoul in 2011, defeated the Democratic candidate Park Young-sun and successfully came back to the position.[79] Park Hyung-joon also defeated the Democratic candidate Kim Young-choon and was elected the Mayor of Busan, despite his several controversies, such as Haeundae LCT The Sharp.[79] The same day, the MP for Gimcheon Song Eon-seog, faced public backlashes after it was reported that he was swearing and assaulting office workers.[80][81][82] He quit the party on 14 April.[83]

In opposition (2021–2022)

Yoon Seok-youl leaving the PPP headquarters shortly after he joined the party on 30 July 2021.

On 8 April 2021, Joo Ho-young returned as the interim President of the party.[84] He announced his intention to resign as the parliamentary leader on 16 April, adding that he would not serve until his term finishes on 29 May, but instead, until a new person is elected.[85][86] The same day, the party declared that they will continue the processes to merge the minor People Party.[85][86]

On 30 April, the former Mayor of Ulsan Kim Gi-hyeon was elected the new parliamentary leader of the party, defeating Kim Tae-heum, Kweon Seong-dong, and Yu Eui-dong.[87] He served as the acting party President until the leadership election[87] that was held on 11 June.[88][89]

On 21 May, Kim Byong-wook, who quit the party in January following a sexual harassment controversy, officially returned to the PPP.[90][91]

On 11 June, Lee Jun-seok was elected the new President of the party, defeating Na Kyung-won and others.[92][93]

On 24 June, the party approved an independent MP Hong Jun-pyo's bid to rejoin.[94][95]

On 15 July, Choi Jae-hyung, one of the potential candidate for the 2022 presidential election, officially joined the party.[96][97]

On 30 July, the former Prosecutor General Yoon Suk Yeol, who was also the most favourable candidate for the 2020 presidential election, officially joined the party.[98][99][100]

On 5 August, Yoon Sang-hyun, the MP for Incheon East-Michuhol 2nd, rejoined the party, and therefore all 4 PPP-friendly independent MPs successfully returned.[101][102][103]

2022 presidential election and by-elections

On 5 November 2021, Yoon Suk Yeol won the PPP presidential primary, defeating Hong Joon-pyo.[104][105][106][107]

In the presidential election on 9 March, Yoon was elected President of South Korea, defeating Lee Jae-myung by a margin of 0.73%.[108] The party also had significant wins at the March 2022 by-elections that was held along with the presidential election, where the party regained 4 out of 5 National Assembly constituencies.[109] Although the party did not contest for Daegu Central-South, Lim Byung-hun, a pro-PPP independent candidate, was elected.[109] This increased the total number of the PPP MPs, from 106 to 110.[109]

On 8 April, Kweon Seong-dong was elected parliamentary leader of the People Power Party, defeating Cho Hae-jin.[110][111][112][113]

On 18 April 2022, the minor People Party led by Ahn Cheol-soo merged into the PPP.[114]

Return to the government (since 2022)

Following Yoon's inauguration as the President on 9 May, the PPP faced the local elections on 1 June, which they achieved an outright victory.[115][116]

Later, the new party leader Lee Jun-seok, who took a critical stance toward the president, was expelled from the party. Through the text leak incident that occurred later, it was possible to understand the president's uncomfortable intentions toward the former party leader.[13] The rules of the party convention were limited to 100% of the party member vote. Yoo Seong-min, a moderate candidate, criticised the change as a way to discredit himself, who is ranked first in public opinion polls. After the Hanbyeon rule change, a number of far-right people who insisted on the conspiracy theory of fraudulent elections ran for the PPP primary.[117][118]

In the party leadership race, the president was criticised for attempting to influence the primary. The rule account for 100% party vote to prevent the election of a candidate critical of the president was also made after the president addressed party lawmakers.[119]

Na Kyung-won, who wanted to run for the primary, declared that he would not run. It was interpreted that this was due to pressure from the president. Candidate Seung-Min Yoo, who was judged to have no chance of winning due to the rule change, also gave up running for the primary. Criticisms were raised in various media outlets that the president intervened excessively in the primary by not maintaining neutrality and excessively pushing certain candidates.[120]

After the resignation of Na Gyeong-won, who was ahead in the public opinion of the party's supporters, the two-way structure of Ahn Cheol-soo and Kim Gi-hyeon hardened. Even in this situation, the presidential office threw a friendly message to candidate Kim Ki-hyun or used the expression 'enemy' in favour of Ahn Cheol-soo, showing an attitude that seemed to support candidate Kim Ki-hyun, causing controversy.

Candidate Gyeong-Won Na declared his support for Candidate Ki-Hyun Kim.

In addition, members of the pro-Presidential faction, represented by "Pro-Yoon" who supports candidate Ki-Hyun Kim, said that Cheol-Soo Ahn took a friendly stance toward progressive intellectuals in the past, saying that he was "a person who respects communists" and "pro-North Korea leftists." They are supporting Ahn Cheol-soo," etc., which caused controversy by attacking the color theory.[121]

The final four candidates for the party representative were Cheon Ah-ram, Hwang Kyo-ahn, Kim Ki-hyun, and Ahn Cheol-soo, who advanced to the final contest.

Regarding the characteristics of the candidates, Ah-ram Cheon is pro-Lee Jun-seok and is critical of the president, Hwang Kyo-ahn has far-right ideologies, supports the conspiracy theory of a fradulent 2020 South Korean legislative election, denies the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye, and Ahn Cheol-soo takes a neutral stance toward the president and is evaluated as broadly moderately expandable thanks to his past history from a liberal party. Kim Gi-hyeon, a Pro-Yoon, has the advantage of being able to maintain a good relationship with the presidential office, but there is also criticism that it can make the separation between the party and the presidential office insufficient.[122]

On 8 March 2023, Kim Gi-hyeon was elected President of the party. In the primary for the supreme council, all five out of five Pro-Yoon candidates were elected. Non-Yoon candidates inside the party criticised that the primary was conducted very unfairly.[123]

On 7 April, Yoon Jae-ok, the MP for Dalseo B, was elected parliamentary leader of the party, defeating Kim Hack-yong.[124]

The party took a favourable stance on the issue of radioactive water discharge of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and took a position that seemed to defend the Yoon Suk Yeol government. However, in the process of advocating discharge, it was controversial that a professor who said that he could drink 10L of contaminated water was invited.[125]

The party brought in the Ihn Yo-han Innovation Committee after losing in the by-election for Gangseo-gu mayor. Party leader Kim Gi-hyeon said he would hand over full authority to the innovation committee chairman.[126]

Main factions

Currently, the party is mainly divided between pro-Yoon and non-Yoon factions. However, there are cases where factions are divided into pro-Yoon, non-Yoon, and anti-Yoon. The pro-Yoon is a faction that is (almost unconditionally) friendly to the President. They strictly follow the will of the President (Yoon Shim). The non-Yoon tries to have a good relationship with Yoon. The anti-Yoon faction opposes the president and often clashes with him.[127][128]

Pro-Yoon

"Chin-Yoon" (Korean: 친윤; lit. 'pro-Yoon') is the faction of the PPP that supports President Yoon Suk Yeol.[128]

At present, the Pro-Yoon faction has the most power in the party and the supreme council, and are mainly supported by older party members. Chin-Yoon is nationally conservative, and is sometimes referred to as right-wing to far-right.[129] Representatively, it was argued that former lawmaker Na Kyung-won was criticised for disobeying the president's advise to not run for the party leader election in 2023.[130] After Yoon took over the party, unlike the previous leadership that distanced itself from the far right, he made conservative statements and appealed to the far right. After Chin-Yoon seized power, many conspiracy theorists of fraudulent elections ran for primary elections.[131]

The pro-Yoon clique has tacit support from ultra-conservative/far-right YouTubers on the outskirts of the party and Christian fundamentalists like Jeon Kwang-hoon.[132]

Non-Yoon

"Bi-Yoon" (Korean: 비윤; lit. 'non-Yoon') refers to those neutral or critical of Yoon.[128]

People who are neutral to President Yoon are classified as Bi-Yoon and more critical members as "ban-Yoon" (Korean: 반윤; lit. anti-Yoon). People from the New Conservative Party are leading the way. They are ideologically inconsistent except against Yoon Suk Yeol, and there are economic liberal, liberal conservative and paternalistic conservative like One-nation conservatism of British Conservative Party.[133]

Bi-Yoon is also economically liberal but moderates like Yoo Seong-min and Choung Byoung-gug are more favourable to welfare than some of PPP politicians and insist the reform of social welfare system like Benjamin Disraeli and David Cameron's example to meet the standard of Welfare state and Economic liberalism.[134]

Some of them show moderate (culturally liberal) views than conservative factions within DPK on cultural issues such as LGBT and are criticised by right-wing Christian media.[135] However, there is an unfriendly view of feminism.[136][137]

Ideology and political positions

The People Power Party is a big tent conservative political party.[138] There are politicians with various ideologies in the PPP, but they are usually referred to as figures rather than ideologies. The People's Power Party is mainly labelled a right-wing,[139][11] but has also been labelled far-right, particularly during its establishment.[12][13] It is broadly considered to be conservative and "nationalist-conservative",[10] though political spectrums inside it range from moderate conservatism[140] to extreme anti-communists, compared to neo-McCarthyism.[141]

Economic policies

In the past, conservative political parties in South Korea supported economic interventionism due to the historical influence of Park Chung Hee. However, currently, the PPP is more economically liberal.[142][143] The PPP generally supports fiscal conservatism.[144][145][146]

Social policies

The PPP is socially conservative[147][148][149][150] and advocates traditional family values, and national patriotism.[151] Most PPP politicians oppose LGBT rights.[152] Some media outlets criticised a part of the PPP's young politicians' negative attitude toward feminism.[147][153] Some young right-wing politicians in the PPP, also support Idaenam.

PPP has voiced opposition to the Democratic Party of Korea's policy of officially attempting to regulate dog meat consumption. Yang Joon-woo, a spokesman for PPP, said in 2021 that the "state does not have the right to regulate individual tastes or eating habits".[154] However, in 2023, PPP announced their plans to introduce a bill that would ban dog meat consumption by 2027 if the bill is enacted by the end of 2023.[155][156][157]

The PPP advocates for the abolishment of the "Korean age" and the standardisation of age counting in South Korea. Lee Yong-ho, the chief of Yoon's transition committee, said the different age counting methods in the country creates "persistent confusion" and "unnecessary social and economic costs".[158]

As South Korea's birthrate dropped lower, key politicians in the PPP have started moving away from the conservative immigration policies of the past and began to support a more liberal approach. The Yoon administration supported the creation of an "immigration office" (이민청), which was discussed and failed since the past liberal Kim Dae-jung government.[159] On the other hand, the party's position on foreign voting rights is more restrictive, arguing that foreigners from countries that do not grant voting rights to South Koreans living abroad should be deprived of all voting rights."[160][161]

Foreign policy

PPP has generally taken a friendly stance towards the United States. PPP's conservative wing is generally more pro-American, though differences in diplomatic views occur depending on individual party members.

PPP's position on China is ambiguous, but sometimes critical. However, conservatives in South Korea place more importance on economic pragmatism than liberals, so they try to avoid friction with China on Cross-Strait relations, Korean culture and Korean history.[162] However, apart from PPP's foreign policy, there are controversies about whether PPP politically exploits anti-Chinese sentiment for political gains, which leads to hate speech and violence against Chinese people.[163][164] PPP has stated that it views China and North Korea separately; after Yoon wrote an Instagram caption signalling "myeolkong", meaning "destroy communists".[165]

In regards to Japan, the PPP has a more conciliatory approach compared to the more hawkish DPK. PPP does not seek direct compensation or apology from the Japanese government and companies for victims of forced labour, a war crime committed by the Empire of Japan and Japanese companies during World War II, but instead expresses its stance to receive voluntary donations from South Korean companies through a foundation.[166]

The PPP is fiercely anti-communist and advocates a hawkish policy against North Korea.[167] This has let them to usually perform well electorally in constituencies that border the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Many PPP politicians support South Korea having nuclear weapons on its own, in order to counter the threat of North Korea's nuclear weapons.[168]

Leadership

Leaders

  • Note: ERC – as head of Emergency Response Committee
No. Name Photo Term of office Election results
Took office Left office
1 Hwang Kyo-ahn
(resigned)
17 February 202015 April 2020No election
— Shim Jae-chul
(acting)
16 April 20208 May 2020Succeeded
— Joo Ho-young
(acting)
8 May 202027 May 2020Succeeded
— Kim Chong-in
(ERC)
27 May 20208 April 2021Appointed
— Joo Ho-young
(acting)
8 April 202130 April 2021Succeeded
— Kim Gi-hyeon
(acting)
30 April 202111 June 2021Succeeded
2 Lee Jun-seok
11 June 20219 August 2022
2021
Lee Jun-seok – 43.81%
Na Kyung-won – 37.13%
Joo Ho-young – 14.02%
Cho Kyoung-tae – 2.80%
Hong Moon-pyo – 2.21%
— Kweon Seong-dong
(acting)
8 July 20229 August 2022Succeeded
— Joo Ho-young
(ERC)
9 August 202226 August 2022Appointed
— Kweon Seong-dong
(acting)
26 August 20228 September 2022Succeeded
— Chung Jin-suk
(ERC)
8 September 20228 March 2023Appointed
3 Kim Gi-hyeon
8 March 202313 December 2023
2023
Kim Gi-hyeon – 52.93%
Ahn Cheol-soo – 23.37%
Chun Ha-ram – 14.98%
Hwang Kyo-ahn – 8.72%
— Yoon Jae-ok
(acting)		13 December 202326 December 2023Succeeded
— Han Dong-hoon
(ERC)
26 December 2023IncumbentAppointed

Floor Leaders

No. Name Photo Term of office
Took office Left office
1 Shim Jae-chul
(resigned)
17 February 20208 May 2020
2 Joo Ho-young
8 May 202030 April 2021
3 Kim Gi-hyeon
30 April 20218 April 2022
4 Kweon Seong-dong
8 April 202219 September 2022
5 Joo Ho-young
19 September 20227 April 2023
6 Yoon Jae-ok7 April 2023Incumbent

Secretary-General

No. Name Photo Term of office
Took office Left office
1 Park Wan-soo17 February 202028 May 2020
2 Kim Seon-dong28 May 202014 October 2020
3 Cheong Yang-seog
19 October 202011 June 2021
4 Han Ki-ho17 June 202117 November 2021
5 Kweon Seong-dong
18 November 20215 January 2022
6 Kwon Young-se
6 January 202210 March 2022
7 Han Ki-ho10 March 20228 August 2022
8 Kim Seok-ki18 August 202210 March 2023
9 Lee Chul-gyu13 March 202316 October 2023
10 Lee Man-hee16 October 202329 December 2023
11 Jang Dong-hyeok29 December 2023Incumbent

Election results

President

Election Candidate Votes  % Result
2022 Yoon Suk Yeol 16,394,815 48.56 Elected

Legislature

Election Leader Constituency Party list Seats Position Status
Votes  % Seats +/- Votes  % Seats +/- No. +/–
2020 Hwang Kyo-ahn 11,915,277 41.46
103 / 300
 new 2nd Opposition

Local

Election Leader Metropolitan Mayors
and Governors		 Provincial and
Metropolitan Councillors		 Municipal
mayors		 Municipal
councillors
2022 Lee Jun-seok
12 / 17
540 / 872
145 / 226
1,435 / 2,987

By-elections

Election Leader National
Assembly		 Metropolitan Mayors
and Governors		 Municipal
mayors		 Provincial and
Metropolitan councillors		 Municipal
councillors
2020 Hwang Kyo-ahn — —
3 / 8
10 / 17
17 / 33
2021 Kim Chong-in —
2 / 2
2 / 2
5 / 8
6 / 9
March 2022 Lee Jun-seok
4 / 5
 — — — —
June 2022
5 / 7
 — — — —
April 2023 Kim Gi-hyeon
0 / 1
 —
0 / 1
2 / 2
2 / 4
October 2023 — —
0 / 1
 — —

Notes

  1. ↑ historically
  2. ↑ as the United Future Party
  3. ↑ as People Power Party, official
  4. ↑ as United Future Party

References

  1. ↑ 國民力量, 国民の力 or other variants are translated names in Chinese and Japanese.
  1. ↑ People Power Party. "걸어온 길" (in Korean). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  2. ↑ 2019년도 정당의 활동개황 및 회계보고
  3. ↑ "The return of free market and liberal democracy". Inclusive Korea. May 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  4. ↑ "[속보]尹 "지난 1년간 과거 정부의 반시장적 정책, 시장 중심 민간경제로 전환"" [“Over the past year, the past government’s anti-market policies have shifted to a market-oriented private economy.”]. 서울경제. 16 May 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  5. ↑ "'자유' 부르짖으며 '관치'를 꾀하다"" [Crying for ‘freedom’ and seeking ‘government collusion’]. 경향신문. 7 May 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  6. ↑ "윤석열 대통령 취임…'자유민주주의와 시장경제체제, 국민이 주인인 나라 재건'강조"" [President Yoon Seok-yeol takes office... Emphasis on ‘liberal democracy, market economic system, and rebuilding a country where the people are the masters’"]. insidevina. 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  7. ↑ "한덕수 총리 "자유‧연대‧시장경제‧공정이 윤석열 정부 경제철학"" [Prime Minister Han Deok-soo "Freedom, solidarity, market economy and fairness are the economic philosophy of the Yoon Seok-yeol government".]. 뉴스핌. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  8. ↑ "[윤석열 시대] 경제정책 핵심은 '시장경제'" [[Yoon Seok-yeol’s era] The core of the economic policy is ‘market economy,"]. bizwatch. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  9. ↑ [3][4][5][6][7][8]
  10. 1 2 "Korean Dilemma". The Statesman (India). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023. Politically, the conservatives are on the rise in South Korea, and the country has just elected its new President, Yoon Suk-yeol, from the nationalist-conservative, People Power Party (PPP).
  11. 1 2
  12. 1 2 Shorrock, Tim (May 2020). "Electoral Triumph Spurs Green New Deal in South Korea". {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  13. 1 2 3 "'대통령 윤석열'의 문자, 이준석 겨냥 "내부 총질이나 하던…"". 26 July 2022.
  14. ↑ Shim, Elizabeth (28 February 2020). "South Korea president voices concern about Chinese reprisal". United Press International (UPI). Retrieved 16 March 2020. Hwang Kyo-ahn, leader of the conservative United Future Party, the main opposition, told Moon it might not be too late to implement a ban to prevent a further increase in cases of COVID-19.
  15. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe (19 February 2020). "Ex-North Korean Diplomat Runs for South Korean Parliament". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2020. South Korea's main conservative political opposition, the United Future Party, selected him to run in National Assembly elections in April.
  16. ↑ Si-young, Choi (2 March 2020). "Public divided over expanding China entry ban". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 16 March 2020. Almost 9 out of 10 supporters of the conservative main opposition United Future Party favored a wider ban that covers all of China.
  17. ↑ Ju-min, Park (2 March 2020). "Wristwatch overshadows South Korea sect leader's coronavirus apology". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2020. United Future Party, a conservative political movement formerly headed by Park, denied Lee and the party had any political connections.
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