Time

• 10⁹ seconds (1 gigasecond) equal 11,574 days, 1 hour, 46 minutes and 40 seconds (approximately 31.7 years, or 31 years, 8 months, 8 days).
• About 10⁹ minutes ago, the Roman Empire was flourishing and Christianity was emerging. (10⁹ minutes is roughly 1,901 years.)
• About 10⁹ hours ago, modern human beings and their ancestors were living in the Stone Age (more precisely, the Middle Paleolithic). (10⁹ hours is roughly 114,080 years.)
• About 10⁹ days ago, Australopithecus, an ape-like creature related to an ancestor of modern humans, roamed the African savannas. (10⁹ days is roughly 2.738 million years.)
• About 10⁹ months ago, dinosaurs walked the Earth during the late Cretaceous. (10⁹ months is roughly 83.3 million years.)
• About 10⁹ years—a gigaannus—ago, the first multicellular eukaryotes appeared on Earth.
• About 10⁹ decades ago, the thin disk of the Milky Way started to form. (10⁹ decades is exactly 10 billion years.)
• The universe is thought to be about 13.8 × 10⁹ years old.^[6]

Distance

• 10⁹ inches is 15,783 miles (25,400 km), more than halfway around the world and thus sufficient to reach any point on the globe from any other point.
• 10⁹ metres (called a gigametre) is almost three times the distance from the Earth to the Moon.
• 10⁹ kilometres (called a terametre) is over six times the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

Area

• A billion square inches could make a square about one half mile on a side.
• A bolt of finely woven 1000-TC bed sheet linen with a billion thread crossings would have an area of 40 square metres (48 sq yd), comparable to the floor area of a motel unit.

Volume

• There are one billion cubic millimetres in a cubic metre, and a billion cubic metres in a cubic kilometre.
• A billion grains of table salt or granulated sugar would occupy a volume of about 2.5 cubic feet (0.071 m³).
• A billion cubic inches would be a volume comparable to a large commercial building slightly larger than a typical supermarket.

Weight

• Any object that weighs one billion kilograms (2.2×10⁹ lb) would weigh about as much as 5,525 empty Boeing 747-400s.
• A cube of iron that weighs one billion pounds (450,000,000 kg) would be 38.62 metres (126.7 ft) on each side.

Products

• As of July 2016, Apple has sold one billion iPhones.^[7] This makes the iPhone one of the most successful product lines in history, surpassing the PlayStation and the Rubik's Cube.
• As of January 2023, Facebook has 2.963 billion users.^[8]

Nature

• A small mountain, slightly larger than Stone Mountain in Georgia, United States, would weigh (have a mass of) a billion tons.
• There are billions of worker ants in the largest ant colony in the world,^[9] which covers almost 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of the Mediterranean coast.
• In 1804, the world population was one billion.

Count

A is a cube; B consists of 1000 cubes the size of cube A, C consists of 1000 cubes the size of cube B; and D consists of 1000 cubes the size of cube C. Thus there are 1 million A-sized cubes in C; and 1,000,000,000 A-sized cubes in D.

1,000,000,001 to 1,999,999,999

• 1,000,000,007 = smallest prime number with 10 digits.^[10]
• 1,000,006,281 = smallest triangular number with 10 digits and the 44,721st triangular number.
• 1,000,014,129 = 31623², the smallest ten-digit square.
• 1,003,003,001 = 1001³, palindromic cube
• 1,021,147,343 = 1007³
• 1,023,456,789 = smallest integer containing all digits
• 1,024,192,512 = 1008³
• 1,026,753,849 = 32043², the smallest pandigital square in base 10.
• 1,069,863,695 = number of square (0,1)-matrices without zero rows and with exactly 9 entries equal to 1^[11]
• 1,073,741,824 = 32768² = 1024³ = 64⁵ = 32⁶ = 8¹⁰ = 4¹⁵ = 2³⁰
• 1,073,742,724 = Leyland number
• 1,073,792,449 = Leyland number
• 1,093,104,961 = number of (unordered, unlabeled) rooted trimmed trees with 28 nodes^[12]
• 1,104,891,746 = number of partially ordered set with 12 unlabeled elements^[13]
• 1,111,111,111 = repunit, also a special number relating to the passing of Unix time.
• 1,129,760,415 = 23rd Motzkin number.^[14]
• 1,134,903,170 = 45th Fibonacci number.
• 1,139,733,677 = k such that the sum of the squares of the first k primes is divisible by k.^[15]
• 1,160,290,625 = 65⁵
• 1,162,261,467 = 3¹⁹
• 1,162,268,326 = Leyland number
• 1,173,741,824 = Leyland number
• 1,220,703,125 = 5¹³
• 1,221,074,418 = Leyland number
• 1,232,922,769 = Centered hexagonal number.
• 1,234,567,890 = pandigital number with the digits in order.
• 1,252,332,576 = 66⁵
• 1,280,000,000 = 20⁷
• 1,291,467,969 = 35937² = 1089³ = 33⁶
• 1,311,738,121 = 25th Pell number.^[16]
• 1,350,125,107 = 67⁵
• 1,382,958,545 = 15th Bell number.^[17]
• 1,392,251,012 = number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 27 nucleotides^[18]
• 1,405,695,061 = Markov prime
• 1,406,818,759 = 30th Wedderburn–Etherington number.^[19]
• 1,421,542,641 = logarithmic number.^[20]
• 1,425,893,465 = Population of the People's Republic of China in 2018.^[21][22]
• 1,453,933,568 = 68⁵
• 1,464,407,113 = number of series-reduced trees with 39 nodes^[23]
• 1,466,439,680 = number of independent vertex sets and vertex covers in the 21-sunlet graph^[24]
• 1,475,789,056 = 38416² = 196⁴ = 14⁸
• 1,528,823,808 = 1152³
• 1,533,776,805 = pentagonal triangular number
• 1,544,804,416 = 39304² = 1156³ = 34⁶
• 1,564,031,349 = 69⁵
• 1,631,432,881 = 40391², square triangular number
• 1,661,392,258 = n such that n | (3ⁿ + 5)^[25]
• 1,673,196,525 = Lowest common multiple of the odd integers from 1 to 25
• 1,677,922,740 = number of series-reduced planted trees with 36 nodes^[26]
• 1,680,700,000 = 70⁵
• 1,767,263,190 = ${\displaystyle C(19)={\frac {\binom {2\times 19}{19}}{19+1}}={\frac {(2\times 19)!}{19!\times (19+1)!}}}$^[27]
• 1,787,109,376 = 1-automorphic number^[28]
• 1,801,088,541 = 21⁷
• 1,804,229,351 = 71⁵
• 1,808,141,741 = number of partitions of 280 into divisors of 280^[29]
• 1,808,676,326 = number of 38-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent^[30]
• 1,836,311,903 = 46th Fibonacci number.
• 1,838,265,625 = 42875² = 1225³ = 35⁶
• 1,848,549,332 = number of partitions of 270 into divisors of 270^[29]
• 1,857,283,156 = number of 37-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed^[31]
• 1,882,341,361 = The smallest prime whose reversal is a square triangular number (triangular of 57121).
• 1,934,917,632 = 72⁵
• 1,934,502,740 = number of parallelogram polyominoes with 27 cells.^[32]
• 1,996,813,914 = Leyland number
• 1,977,326,743 = 7¹¹
• 1,921,525,212 = number of partitions of 264 into divisors of 264^[29]

2,000,000,000 to 2,999,999,999

• 2,038,074,743 = 100,000,000th prime number
• 2,062,142,876 = number of centered hydrocarbons with 30 carbon atoms^[33]
• 2,073,071,593 = 73⁵
• 2,147,483,563 = prime number, used as the modulus for the combined linear congruential generator
• 2,147,483,647 = 8th Mersenne prime, 3rd double Mersenne prime, and the largest signed 32-bit integer.
• 2,147,483,648 = 2³¹
• 2,147,484,609 = Leyland number
• 2,176,782,336 = 46656² = 1296³ = 216⁴ = 36⁶ = 6¹²
• 2,179,768,320 = Leyland number
• 2,214,502,422 = 6th primary pseudoperfect number.^[34]
• 2,219,006,624 = 74⁵
• 2,222,222,222 = repdigit
• 2,276,423,485 = number of ways to partition {1,2,...,12} and then partition each cell (block) into subcells.^[35]
• 2,333,606,816 = ${\displaystyle \sum _{d|34}{\binom {34}{d}}}$^[36]
• 2,357,947,691 = 1331³ = 11⁹
• 2,373,046,875 = 75⁵
• 2,494,357,888 = 22⁷
• 2,535,525,376 = 76⁵
• 2,562,890,625 = 50625² = 225⁴ = 15⁸
• 2,565,726,409 = 50653² = 1369³ = 37⁶
• 2,573,571,875 = 5⁵×7^7[37]
• 2,695,730,992 = number of (unordered, unlabeled) rooted trimmed trees with 29 nodes^[12]
• 2,706,784,157 = 77⁵
• 2,873,403,980 = number of uniform rooted trees with 27 nodes^[38]
• 2,834,510,744 = number of nonequivalent dissections of an 22-gon into 19 polygons by nonintersecting diagonals up to rotation^[39]
• 2,887,174,368 = 78⁵
• 2,971,215,073 = 11th Fibonacci prime (47th Fibonacci number) and a Markov prime.

3,000,000,000 to 3,999,999,999

• 3,010,936,384 = 54872² = 1444³ = 38⁶
• 3,077,056,399 = 79⁵
• 3,166,815,962 = 26th Pell number.^[16]
• 3,192,727,797 = 24th Motzkin number.^[14]
• 3,276,800,000 = 80⁵
• 3,323,236,238 = 31st Wedderburn–Etherington number.^[19]
• 3,333,333,333 = repdigit
• 3,404,825,447 = 23⁷
• 3,405,691,582 = hexadecimal CAFEBABE; used as a placeholder in programming.
• 3,405,697,037 = hexadecimal CAFED00D; used as a placeholder in programming.
• 3,461,824,644 = number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 28 nucleotides^[18]
• 3,486,784,401 = 59049² = 243⁴ = 81⁵ = 9¹⁰ = 3²⁰
• 3,486,792,401 = Leyland number
• 3,518,743,761 = 59319² = 1521³ = 39⁶
• 3,520,581,954 = number of series-reduced planted trees with 37 nodes^[26]
• 3,524,337,980 = number of 39-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent^[30]
• 3,616,828,364 = number of 38-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed^[31]
• 3,663,002,302 = number of prime numbers having eleven digits^[40]
• 3,665,821,697 = 437 × 2²³ + 1; smallest Proth prime for k = 437
• 3,697,909,056 = number of primitive polynomials of degree 37 over GF(2)^[41]
• 3,707,398,432 = 82⁵
• 3,735,928,559 = hexadecimal DEADBEEF; used as a placeholder in programming.
• 3,735,929,054 = hexadecimal DEADC0DE; used as a placeholder in programming.
• 3,816,547,290 = 10 digit polydivisble number
• 3,939,040,643 = 83⁵

4,000,000,000 to 4,999,999,999

• 4,006,387,712 = number of independent vertex sets and vertex covers in the 22-sunlet graph^[24]
• 4,021,227,877 = least k >= 1 such that the remainder when 6^k is divided by k is 5^[42]
• 4,096,000,000 = 64000² = 1600³ = 40⁶
• 4,118,054,813 = number of primes under 10¹¹
• 4,182,119,424 = 84⁵
• 4,294,967,291 = Largest prime 32-bit unsigned integer.
• 4,294,967,295 = Maximum 32-bit unsigned integer (FFFFFFFF₁₆), perfect totient number, product of all known Fermat primes ${\displaystyle F_{0}}$ through ${\displaystyle F_{4}}$.
• 4,294,967,296 = 65536² = 256⁴ = 16⁸ = 4¹⁶ = 2³²
• 4,294,967,297 = ${\displaystyle F_{5}}$, the first composite Fermat number.
• 4,294,968,320 = Leyland number
• 4,295,032,832 = Leyland number
• 4,437,053,125 = 85⁵
• 4,444,444,444 = repdigit
• 4,467,033,943 – number of parallelogram polyominoes with 28 cells.^[32]
• 4,486,784,401 = Leyland number
• 4,500,000,000 = Approximate age of the Earth in years
• 4,586,471,424 = 24⁷
• 4,704,270,176 = 86⁵
• 4,750,104,241 = 68921² = 1681³ = 41⁶
• 4,807,526,976 = 48th Fibonacci number.
• 4,984,209,207 = 87⁵

5,000,000,000 to 5,999,999,999

• 5,159,780,352 = 1728³ = 12⁹ = 1,000,000,000₁₂ AKA a great-great-great-gross (1,000,000₁₂ great-grosses or 1000₁₂ great-great-grosses)
• 5,277,319,168 = 88⁵
• 5,345,531,935 = number of centered hydrocarbons with 31 carbon atoms^[33]
• 5,354,228,880 = superior highly composite number, smallest number divisible by all the numbers 1 through 24
• 5,489,031,744 = 74088² = 1764³ = 42⁶
• 5,555,555,555 = repdigit
• 5,584,059,449 = 89⁵
• 5,726,623,061 = 101010101010101010101010101010101 in binary
• 5,784,634,181 = 13th alternating factorial.^[43]
• 5,904,900,000 = 90⁵

6,000,000,000 to 6,999,999,999

• 6,103,515,625 = 78125² = 25⁷ = 5¹⁴
• 6,104,053,449 = Leyland number
• 6,210,001,000 = only self-descriptive number in base 10.
• 6,227,020,800 = 13!
• 6,240,321,451 = 91⁵
• 6,321,363,049 = 79507² = 1849³ = 43⁶
• 6,469,693,230 = tenth primorial
• 6,564,120,420 = ${\displaystyle C(20)={\frac {\binom {2\times 20}{20}}{20+1}}={\frac {(2\times 20)!}{20!\times (20+1)!}}}$^[27]
• 6,590,815,232 = 92⁵
• 6,659,914,175 = number of (unordered, unlabeled) rooted trimmed trees with 30 nodes^[12]
• 6,666,666,666 = repdigit
• 6,956,883,693 = 93⁵
• 6,975,757,441 = 83521² = 289⁴ = 17⁸
• 6,983,776,800 = 15th colossally abundant number,^[44] 15th superior highly composite number^[45]

7,000,000,000 to 7,999,999,999

• 7,007,009,909 = smallest number in base 10 to take 100 iterations to form a palindrome^[46]
• 7,048,151,672 = number of 39-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed^[31]
• 7,256,313,856 = 85184² = 1936³ = 44⁶
• 7,339,040,224 = 94⁵
• 7,371,308,068 = number of partitions of 252 into divisors of 252^[29]
• 7,391,026,522 = number of planar partitions of 49^[47]
• 7,464,000,000 = Estimated population of the Earth in 2016 according to Worldometers^[48]
• 7,544,428,973 = number of uniform rooted trees with 28 nodes^[38]
• 7,645,370,045 = 27th Pell number.^[16]
• 7,737,809,375 = 95⁵
• 7,777,777,777 = repdigit
• 7,778,742,049 = 49th Fibonacci number.
• 7,795,000,000 = Estimated population of the Earth in 2020 according to Worldometers^[48]
• 7,862,958,391 = 32nd Wedderburn–Etherington number.^[19]

8,000,000,000 to 8,999,999,999

• 8,031,810,176 = 26⁷
• 8,153,726,976 = 96⁵
• 8,212,890,625 = 1-automorphic number^[28]
• 8,303,765,625 = 91125² = 2025³ = 45⁶
• 8,549,176,320 = pandigital number with the digits arranged in alphabetical order by English name
• 8,587,340,257 = 97⁵
• 8,589,866,963 = number of subsets of {1,2,...,33} with relatively prime elements^[49]
• 8,589,869,056 = 6th perfect number.^[50]
• 8,589,934,592 = 2048³ = 8¹¹ = 2³³
• 8,589,935,681 = Leyland prime
• 8,622,571,758 = number of secondary structures of RNA molecules with 29 nucleotides^[18]
• 8,804,293,473 = Leyland number
• 8,888,888,888 = repdigit

9,000,000,000 to 9,999,999,999

• 9,039,207,968 = 98⁵
• 9,043,402,501 = 25th Motzkin number.^[14]
• 9,393,931,000 = 2110³
• 9,474,296,896 = 97336² = 2116³ = 46⁶
• 9,509,900,499 = 99⁵
• 9,814,072,356 = 99066², the largest pandigital square, largest pandigital pure power.
• 9,876,543,210 = largest number without repeated digits in base 10.
• 9,999,800,001 = 99999², the largest ten-digit square.
• 9,999,999,967 = greatest prime number with 10 digits^[51]
• 9,999,999,999 = largest 10-digit number, repdigit