Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954, titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation.[1][2] Such an agreement is called a 123 Agreement.[3] To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-three 123 Agreements with 48 countries.[4] A 2009 123 agreement signed with the United Arab Emirates by the Obama Administration was called the "gold standard" of 123 agreements."
Countries with which the U.S. has or had or is working towards having a 123 Agreement include:
- Japan (with automatic re-processing rights)[8]
- Euratom (with automatic re-processing rights)[8]
- China (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)[8]
- Switzerland
- India (With advance consent to reprocessing)[9]
- Russia (On September 8, 2008 Pres. George W. Bush notified the United States Congress that there was no basis for further consideration of a 123 agreement with Russia.)[10]
- United Arab Emirates[11]
- Egypt[12]
- Thailand[7]
- Argentina[7]
- Australia[7]
- Bangladesh[7]
- Brazil[7]
- Canada[7]
- Colombia[7]
- Indonesia[7]
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)[7]
- Turkey[7]
- Kazakhstan[7]
- Republic of Korea[7]
- South Africa[7]
- Taiwan[7]
Proposed
References
- ↑ "NUREG0980 Vol.1,No.6 - Nuclear Regulatory Legislation" (PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2007.
- ↑ Kerr, Paul K.; Nikitin, Mary Beth D. (December 27, 2016). Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ↑ Nuclear Nonproliferation Issue, Issue Brief for Congress, May 10, 2002.
- ↑ "123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation". National Nuclear Security Administration.
- ↑ "NRC: SECY-01-0033 - Proposed Renewal of the Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Morocco". Retrieved 2001-03-02.
- ↑ "NRC: SECY-98-62 - Proposed Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Ukraine". 1998-04-01.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation, NNSA
- 1 2 3 "Long haul ahead". Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ↑ "NDTV.com: House of Reps passes N-deal, next test US Senate". Archived from the original on 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ↑ "Statement on U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement". 8 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
- ↑ UAE Embassy, Press Release, December 17, 2009
- ↑ State Department, November 10, 2008
- ↑ House, The White (2022-11-20). "FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Launches New Initiatives to Strengthen U.S.-Philippines Alliance". The White House. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ↑ "NRC: SECY-98-006 - Proposed Agreement for Cooperation Between the U.S. and Romania". 1998-01-12. Archived from the original on November 18, 2004.
External links
123 Agreement With India
123 Agreement With UAE
- U.S. to Sign Nuclear Pact With U.A.E. Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2009
- U.S.-United Arab Emirates Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation, State Department
- Resources on the United Arab Emirates Nuclear Energy Program Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Voice of America News, December 12, 2008
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