M1 155 mm Long Tom
Long Tom in travelling position, US Army Ordnance Museum.
TypeTowed field artillery
Place of originUnited States
Service history
Used byUnited States
Italy
Australia
Greece
Austria
Japan
Jordan
South Korea
Republic of China
Turkey
Pakistan
Croatia
South Africa
United Kingdom
Yugoslavia
Netherlands
WarsWorld War II
Korean War
Cambodian Civil War
Croatian War of Independence
Production history
Designed1918–1938
Produced1940–1945
No. built1,882
Specifications
MassTravel: 13,880 kg (30,600 lb)
LengthTravel: 11 m (36 ft 1 in)[1]
Barrel length6.97 m (22 ft 10 in) L/45
WidthTravel: 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)[1]
HeightTravel: 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in)[1]
Crew14
ShellSeparate loading charge and projectile[1]
Caliber155 mm (6.10 in)
BreechAsbury mechanism
RecoilHydro-pneumatic[1]
CarriageM1 Carriage
Elevation−2°/+65°
Traverse60°
Rate of fire40 rounds per hour
Muzzle velocity853 m/s (2,799 ft/s)
Maximum firing range23.7 km (14.7 mi)

The 155 mm gun M1 was a 155 millimeter caliber field gun developed and used by the United States military. Nicknamed "Long Tom" (an appellation with a long and storied history in U.S. field and naval artillery), it was produced in M1 and M2 variants, later known as the M59. Developed to replace the Canon de 155mm GPF, the gun was deployed as a heavy field weapon during World War II and the Korean War, and also classed as secondary armament for seacoast defense. The gun could fire a 100 lb (45 kg) shell to a maximum range of 14 mi (23 km), with an estimated accuracy life of 1,500 rounds.

The Long Tom was also adopted by a number of other nations, including the United Kingdom, Austria, Israel, and the Netherlands.

Development

A wooden mock-up of a modified GPF gun with equilibrators to increase maximal elevation and range, 1920

Before entering World War I, the United States was poorly equipped with heavy artillery. To address this problem a number of foreign heavy artillery guns were adopted, including the Canon de 155 mm GPF. After the end of the war the Westervelt Board was convened to assess the artillery experience of the combatant powers and map out future directions for the US Army artillery. The conclusion of the board vis-a-vis heavy field artillery was that the French 155 mm GPF should be adopted as the standard heavy field piece but further development work should occur to achieve a heavy field gun with a max. range of 25,000 yards (23 km), a vertical arc of fire from 0° to 65° (for comparison, GPF had only 35°), a projectile not exceeding 100 lb (45 kg) and the capability to be installed on a mount with either caterpillar tracks or rubber tires.[2] A number of prototypes were produced in the 1920s (M1920 and M1920M1 were even standardized) and 1930s (a new design was started from scratch after 1929), the projects were repeatedly put on hold due to lack of funds.[3] Developed in the summer of 1930, the radical split-trail carriage for both 155-mm gun and 8-inch howitzer designated T2 was the first in the US to feature an all-welded construction as well as a 8-wheel 2-axis roll-bearing bogie for high-speed mobility.[4] In 1938 the 155 mm gun T4 on carriage T2 was finally adopted as 155 mm gun M1 on carriage M1.[5]

155 mm gun M1

The new gun design used a barrel similar to the earlier 155 mm GPF, but with an Asbury mechanism that incorporated a vertically-hinged breech plug support. This type of breech used an interrupted-thread breech plug with a lock that opened and closed the breech by moving a single lever.[6] The ammunition for the 155 mm gun was "separate-loading", that is with the shell and the powder charge packaged, shipped and stored separately. The shell is lifted into position behind the breech and then rammed into the chamber to engage the shell's rotating band into the barrel rifling.[7]

Ramming the shell home is followed by loading a number of powder bags, as required for the desired range.[8] The powder charge could be loaded in up to seven charge settings. Once the powder is loaded, the breech plug is closed and locked, and a primer is placed in the breech plug's firing mechanism. After setting the elevation and azimuth, the gun is ready to fire. The firing mechanism is a device for initiating the ammunition primer. The primer then sets off the igniter which ignites the propelling charge of the ammunition. A continuous-pull lanyard first cocks the firing pin, then fires the primer when pulled.[9]

The gun was developed into M1A1 and M2 variants. After World War II, the United States Army re-organized, and the gun was re-designated as the M59.

Carriage M1

The gun carriage provides a stable, yet mobile, base for the gun. The new split-trail carriage featured an eight-wheel integral two-axle bogie and a two-wheel limber that supported the trails for transport. The carriage was a two-piece design. The upper carriage included the side frames with trunnion bearings that supported the recoil mechanism that carried the gun cradle, slide and gun tube. The upper carriage also incorporated the elevating and azimuth gearing. The upper carriage pivoted in azimuth on the lower carriage. The lower carriage included the transport suspension and the split-trail that stabilized and absorbed recoil when the gun was fired.[10]

After the gun was placed in a firing position with the gun pointing in the desired direction, the trails were lowered to the ground and the limber was removed. The carriage wheels would then be raised using built-in ratcheting screw-jacks, lowering the gun carriage to the ground. Once on the ground, the limber-end of the trail legs were separated to form a wide "vee" shape with its apex at the center of the carriage pivot point. A recoil spade at the limber-end of each trail leg required a correctly positioned hole to be dug for the spade, which was attached to the trail end, to transmit the recoil from gun carriage through the trails and into the earth. This made the gun very stable and assisted its accuracy. The removable spades were transported in brackets on the trail legs.[11]

The carriage M1 and M2 were shared with the 8-inch (203 mm) Howitzer M1, differing only in the gun tube, sleigh, cradle, recoil and equilibrators, weight due to the heavier barrel.[12]

The carriage consists of a combination of the following major components:[13]
Bottom carriage Top carriage
Firing support base Elevating mechanism
Trails Traversing mechanism
Retractable suspension system Gun support components
Axle Equilibrator[14]
Brakes Cradle (Connects gun assembly to the top carriage)
Wheels Recoil mechanism
Sleigh (Sliding support for the gun tube)
Gun tube

Specifications

Specifications from TM 9–350
Weight of gun (complete with breech mechanism) 9,595 lb (4,352 kg)
Weight of tube assembly (barrel) 9,190 lb (4,169 kg)
Length of tube 277.37 in (7.05 m)
Length of bore cal. 45 (274.6 in / 6.975m)
Length of rifling 230.57 in (5.856 m)
Powder pressure (normal pressure with maximum charge in a new gun) 40,000 psi (275,790 kPa)
Type of breechblock Interrupted screw
Weight of breech mechanism 405 lb (184 kg)
Type of firing mechanism continuous pull percussion hammer

Service

Long Tom at crew training in England

The Long Tom saw combat for the first time in the North African Campaign on December 24, 1942, with "A" Battery of the 36th Field Artillery Regiment. Eventually it equipped 33 U.S. Army corps-level artillery battalions in the European and Mediterranean Theaters (the 173rd, 190th, 200th, 208th, 240th, 261st, 273rd, 514th–516th, 528th, 530th, 540th, 541st, 546th–549th, 559th, 561st, 634th, 635th, 731st, 733rd, 734th, 766th, 976th–981st, 985th and 989th), and 8 in the Pacific Theater (the 168th, 223rd, 226th, 433rd, 517th, 531st, 532nd, and 983rd). The 353rd, 732nd, and 993rd Field Artillery Battalions were segregated 155 mm gun units that never went overseas. The 353rd was converted to the 1697th Engineer Combat Battalion (Colored) on 19 March 1944 at Camp Van Dorn, Mississippi, the 732nd was converted to the 1695th Engineer Combat Battalion (Colored) on 15 March 1944 at Camp Pickett, Virginia, and the 993rd was converted to the 1696th Engineer Combat Battalion (Colored) on 19 March 1944 at Camp Swift, Texas.[15]

The 155 mm gun was also used by several Marine defense battalions, notably during Operation Cartwheel in 1943.

The preferable prime mover was initially the Mack NO 6×6 7½ ton truck; from 1943 on, it was supplemented by the tracked M4 High Speed Tractor.[16] 72 rounds of ammunition plus propelling charges could be carried in the M21 4-ton, 2-wheel ammunition trailer; 16 rounds of ammunition plus propelling charges could be carried in the M10 1-ton, 2-wheel ammunition trailer that was often used because of shortages of the former. The later heavy M23 8-ton, 4-wheel ammunition trailer introduced in 1945 could carry 96 rounds of ammunition plus propelling charges.

A small number of Long Tom guns were authorised for supply via Lend-Lease channels, to the United Kingdom (184) and France (25).[17] The authorised establishment of British batteries (excluding training units), including four batteries from the Dominion of Newfoundland, totalled 88 guns.

Variants

M2 during the Battle of Okinawa.
M40 in the US Army Ordnance Museum.

Gun variants:

  • M1920 – prototype.
  • T4 – prototype.
  • M1 (1938) – first production variant, 20 built.
  • M1A1 (1941) – modified breech ring.
    • M1A1E1 – prototype with chromium-plated bore.
    • M1A1E3 – prototype with liquid cooling.
  • M2 Standard (1945) – with modified breech ring.

Carriage variants:

  • T2 – prototype.
  • M1 (1938).
  • M1A1 – refurbished T2 carriages.
  • M2 Standard

Limber variants:

  • M1 Standard (1938)
  • M5 Heavy (1945)

The gun was also mounted on a modified M4 medium tank chassis, in mount M13. The resulting vehicle was initially designated 155 mm Gun Motor Carriage T83 and eventually standardized as 155 mm Gun Motor Carriage M40.[18] 155 mm Gun Motor Carriage T79, based on T23 Medium Tank chassis, never advanced past proposal stage.[19] A portable "Panama mount" M1 was also provided.

Ammunition

British gunners cleaning shells, Italy, February 1945

The gun utilized separate loading, bagged charge ammunition. The propelling charge consisted of base (9.23 kg) and increment (4.69 kg). The data in the table below is for supercharge (base and increment).

Projectiles.[18][20][21]
Type Model Weight Filler Muzzle velocity Range
APBC/HE AP M112 Shell 45.36 kg (100.0 lb) Explosive D 2746 ft/s (837 m/s) 24,075 yds (22,014 m)
HE HE M101 Shell 42.96 kg (94.7 lb) TNT 2800 ft/s (853 m/s) 25,714 yds (23,513 m)
Smoke WP M104 Shell 44.53 kg (98.2 lb) White phosphorus (WP) 2800 ft/s (853 m/s) 25,940 yds (23,720 m)
Smoke FS M104 Shell Sulfur trioxide in chlorosulfonic acid 2800 ft/s (853 m/s) 25,940 yds (23,720 m)
Chemical H M104 Shell Mustard gas, 5.3 kg (12 lb) 2800 ft/s (853 m/s) 25,940 yds (23,720 m)
Dummy Dummy Mk I Projectile – – –
Dummy Dummy M7 Projectile 43.09 kg (95.0 lb) – – –
Armor penetration, mm[18][22][23]
Distance
Ammunition 457 m
(500 yd)		 914 m
(1,000 yd)		 1,371 m
(1,500 yd)
AP M112 Shell (homogeneous armor, meet angle 30°) 160 152
AP M112 Shell (face hardened armor, meet angle 30°) 135 130
AP M112 Shell (homogeneous armor, meet angle 0°) 193 191 183
Concrete penetration, mm[18]
Ammunition 914 m (1,000 yd) 4,572 m (5,000 yd)
HE M101 Shell (meet angle 0°) 2,011 1,402
Different methods of measurement were used in different countries / periods. Therefore, direct comparison is often impossible.

Existing examples

Pakistan

  • Pakistan Army Museum, Rawalpindi

Austria

Australia

  • Fort Lytton Military Museum, Brisbane.[25]

Canada

  • St. John's Newfoundland, Royal Canadian Legion Pleasantville Branch 56. [26]

Germany

  • Grafenwoehr Training Area – this particular cannon is apparently a return from Italy, based on Italian language markings added, and old Pirelli tires.

Israel

Japan

Netherlands

M1 155mm gun on display at Pivka Military History Park, Pivka, Slovenia

Slovenia

United Kingdom

United States

M1 on display at Georgia Veterans State Park

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Foss, Christopher (1977). Jane's pocket book of towed artillery. New York: Collier. p. 135. ISBN 0020806000. OCLC 911907988.
  2. ↑ http://morrisswett.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15766coll2/id/529/rec/1 Archived 2017-03-01 at the Wayback Machine The Report of the Westervelt Board 1919 p 29-31
  3. ↑ Hogg, Ian V. (2001). Allied Artillery of World War Two. Crowood Press, Ramsbury. p. 76. ISBN 1-86126-165-9.
  4. ↑ https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1980/NOV_DEC_1980/NOV_DEC_1980_FULL_EDITION.pdf, p. 44
  5. ↑ TM 9-3305 p 2-8, Figure 2-12, M1 155-mm gun on M2 (Long Tom) carriage.
  6. ↑ "Breachblock". Archived from the original on 2013-02-08. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  7. ↑ "TM 9-3305 p 5-1, Figure 5-2, Hand loading and ramming for weapons firing separate-loading ammunition". Archived from the original on 2013-04-07. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
  8. ↑ TM 9-3305 p 4-1, Figure 4-2. Lands and grooves and Figure 4-3. Projectile with rotating band.
  9. ↑ TM 9-3305 p 4-15, Figure 4-27 M13 firing mechanism.
  10. ↑ TM 9-3305 p 7-2, Figure 7-1, Top and bottom carriages.
  11. ↑ "Popular Science Magazine November 1942". November 1942. Archived from the original on 2020-03-15. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
  12. ↑ TM 9-3305 p 2-11, Figure 2-18. M1 8-inch howitzer on M1 (M1 5) carriage.
  13. ↑ TM 9-3305 p 7-3, Figure 7-2, gun support assembly.
  14. ↑ TM 9-3305 p 7-7, Figure 7-6. Pneumatic equilibrator.
  15. ↑ Stanton, Shelby (1984). Order of Battle, U.S. Army, World War II. Novato: Presidio Press. p. 394-424.
  16. ↑ Zaloga – US Field Artillery of World War II, pp. 20–22.
  17. ↑ Zaloga, US Field Artillery of World War II, p. 37.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Hunnicutt – Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, p 353-355, 570.
  19. ↑ Hunnicutt – Pershing, A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series, p 158.
  20. ↑ Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Ammunition, p 197-202.
  21. ↑ Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide, p 490-518.
  22. ↑ "Untitled Document" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
  23. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2017-06-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ↑ "Bunkermuseum Wurzenpass/Kärnten". Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  25. ↑ "155mm Long Tom Gun | Fort Lytton Historic Military Precinct". fortlytton.org.au. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  26. ↑ "Artillery in Canada (10) Newfoundland and Labrador: St. John's, and HMCS Cabot".
  27. ↑ File:PikiWiki Israel 32427 Israel Defense Forces.JPG
  28. ↑ "北千歳駐屯地基地祭レポート". Tori-meshi Blog. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  29. ↑ "土浦武器学校の３". Goinkyox. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  30. ↑ File:Museum Bevrijdende Vleugels 3.JPG

References

  • Bishop, Chris (1998). Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8.
  • Hunnicutt, R. P. (1994). Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-080-5.
  • Hunnicutt, R. P. (1996). Pershing, A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series. Feist Publications. ISBN 1-112-95450-3.
  • Williford, Glen M (2016). American Breechloading Mobile Artillery 1875–1953. Thomas D. Batha. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-5049-8.
  • Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). US Field Artillery of World War II. New Vanguard 131. illustrated by Brian Delf. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-061-1.
  • Hunnicutt, R. P. (1996). Pershing, A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series. Feist Publications. ISBN 1-112-95450-3.
  • Technical Manual TM 9–350, 155-MM Gun M2; Carriage Ml AND M1A1; Gun Mount M13; Heavy Carriage Limber M2 AND M5; AND Firing PlatformM Ml. War Department, 1944.
  • Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition. War Department, 1944.
  • Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide. War Department, 1944.
  • Technical Manual TM 9-3305, Principles of Artillery Weapons. Department of the Army, May 1981.
  • Field Manual FM 6–40, Field Artillery Gunnery. War Department, June 1945.
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