1856–57 United States Senate elections
Various dates
21 of the 62 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
32 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party Third party
 
Party Democratic Republican Whig
Last election 33 seats 3 seats 20 seats
Seats before 37 11 8
Seats won 9 10 0
Seats after 34 18 3
Seat change Decrease 3 Increase 7 Decrease 5
Seats up 12 3 5
  Fourth party Fifth party
 
Party Know Nothing Free Soil
Last election 1 seat 2 seats
Seats before 1 2
Seats won 1 0
Seats after 2 1
Seat change Increase 1 Decrease 1
Seats up 0 1
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Know Nothing Gain      Legislature failed to elect
Majority Party before election


Democratic

 Elected Majority Party


Democratic

The 1856–57 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1856 and 1857, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

The young Republican Party assumed its position as one of the United States's two main political parties. The Whigs and Free Soilers were gone by the time the next Congress began.

Results summary

Senate party division, 35th Congress (1857-1859)

  • Majority party: Democratic (37–42)
  • Minority party: Republican (20)
  • Other party: American (4)
  • Vacant: 1–0
  • Total seats: 62–66

Change in composition

Before the elections

After the January 14, 1856 special election in Pennsylvania.

D1
D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11
D21 D20 D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12
D22 D23 D24 D25 D26
Ran		 D27
Ran		 D28
Ran		 D29
Ran		 D30
Ran		 D31
Ran
Majority → D32
Ran
KN1 V1 V2 V3 D37
Retired		 D36
Retired		 D35
Unknown		 D34
Unknown		 D33
Unknown
FS2
Ran		 FS1 R11
Unknown		 R10
Ran		 R9
Ran		 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4
W2 W3 W4
Unknown		 W5
Retired		 W6
Retired		 W7
Retired		 W8
Retired		 R1 R2 R3
W1

As a result of the elections

D1
D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11
D21 D20 D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12
D22 D23 D24 D25 D26
Re-elected		 D27
Re-elected		 D28
Re-elected		 D29
Re-elected		 D30
Re-elected		 D31
Re-elected
Majority → D32
Hold
FS1 KN1 KN2
Gain		 V1
W Loss		 V2 V3 V4 D34
Gain		 D33
Hold
R18
Gain		 R17
Re-elected
Diff. party		 R16
Hold		 R15
Re-elected		 R14
Re-elected		 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
W2 W3 R1
Gain		 R2
Gain		 R3
Gain		 R4
Gain		 R5
Gain		 R6 R7 R8
W1

Beginning of the next Congress

D1
D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11
D21 D20 D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12
D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28 D29 D30 D31
Majority → D32
KN2 KN3
Changed		 KN4
Changed		 V1 D37
Gain		 D36
Gain		 D35
Gain		 D34
Changed		 D33
Changed
KN1 R20 R19 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12
R2
Changed		 R3
Changed		 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11
R1
Changed
Key:
D# Democratic
FS# Free Soil
KN# Know Nothing
R# Republican
W# Whig
V# Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the 34th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1856 or in 1857 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Pennsylvania
(Class 3)		 Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
Winner elected January 14, 1856.
Democratic gain.
Missouri
(Class 3)		 Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
Winner elected January 12, 1857.
Democratic gain.
California
(Class 3)		 Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
Incumbent was then elected January 13, 1857.
Democratic gain.
Delaware
(Class 2)		 Joseph P. Comegys Whig 1856 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.
Winner elected January 14, 1857.
Democratic gain.
Maine
(Class 1)		 Hannibal Hamlin Democratic 1856 (Appointed) Incumbent resigned to become Governor of Maine.
Winner elected January 16, 1857.
Republican gain.
Winner was not elected to the next term, see below.
Iowa
(Class 3)		 James Harlan Free Soil 1855 Election invalidated January 5, 1857.
Incumbent re-elected January 29, 1857 to a different party.
Republican gain.
Indiana
(Class 3)		 Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
Winner elected February 4, 1857.
Democratic gain.

Races leading to the 35th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1857; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
California John B. Weller Democratic 1852 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1856.
Democratic hold.
Connecticut Isaac Toucey Democratic 1852 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1856.
Republican gain.
Delaware James A. Bayard Jr. Democratic 1851 Incumbent re-elected in 1857.
Florida Stephen Mallory Democratic 1851 Incumbent re-elected in 1857.
Indiana Jesse D. Bright Democratic 1844
1850		 Incumbent re-elected in 1856.
Maine Amos Nourse Republican 1857 (special) Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired.
Winner elected in 1857.
Republican hold.
Maryland Thomas Pratt Whig 1850 (special)
1851		 Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired.
Winner elected in 1856 or 1857.
Know Nothing gain.
Massachusetts Charles Sumner Free Soil 1851 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1857 to a different party.
Republican gain.
Michigan Lewis Cass Democratic 1844 or 1845
1848 (Resigned)
1849 (special)		 Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired.
Winner elected in January 1857.
Republican gain.
Mississippi Stephen Adams Democratic 1852 (special) Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired.
Winner elected in 1856 or 1857.
Democratic hold.
Missouri Henry S. Geyer Whig 1851 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1857.
Democratic gain.
New Jersey John Renshaw Thomson Democratic 1853 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1857.
New York Hamilton Fish Whig 1851 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected February 3, 1857.
Republican gain.
Ohio Benjamin Wade Republican 1851 Incumbent re-elected in 1856.
Pennsylvania Richard Brodhead Democratic 1851 Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired.
Winner elected January 13, 1857.
Republican gain.
Rhode Island Charles T. James Democratic 1850 or 1851 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1856.
Republican gain.
Tennessee James C. Jones Whig 1851 Incumbent retired.
Legislature failed to elect.
Whig loss.
Seat would remain vacant until October 8, 1857, see below.		 [data missing]
Texas Thomas J. Rusk Democratic 1846
1851		 Incumbent re-elected in 1857.
Vermont Solomon Foot Republican 1850 Incumbent re-elected in 1856.
Virginia James M. Mason Democratic 1847 (special)
1850		 Incumbent re-elected in 1856.
Wisconsin Henry Dodge Democratic 1848
1851		 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1857.
Republican gain.

Elections during the 35th Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1857 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
New Hampshire
(Class 3)		 James Bell Republican 1855 Incumbent died May 25, 1857.
Winner elected June 27, 1857.
Republican hold.
Tennessee
(Class 1)		 Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
Winner elected October 8, 1857.
Democratic gain.
South Carolina
(Class 3)		 Andrew Butler Democratic 1846 (Appointed)
? (special)
1848
1854		 Incumbent died May 25, 1857.
Winner elected December 7, 1857.
Democratic hold.

Complete list of states

Maryland

1857 United States Senate election in Maryland
1857
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate Anthony Kennedy
Party Whig
Legislative vote -
Percentage -%

Anthony Kennedy won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat.[2]

New York

The New York election was held February 3, 1857, by the New York State Legislature. Whig Hamilton Fish had been elected in 1851 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1857.

In 1855, the Whig Party and the Anti-Nebraska Party merged in New York to form the Republican Party.

At the State election in November 1855, 16 Republicans, 11 Americans, 4 Democrats and 1 Temperance man were elected for a two-year term (1856-1857) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1856, 81 Republicans, 31 Democrats and 8 Americans were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1857. The 80th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 18, 1857, at Albany, New York.

Preston King was nominated by a caucus of Republican State legislators. King had been a Democratic congressman from 1843 to 1847, a Free Soil congressman from 1849 to 1853, and had joined the Republican Party upon its foundation at the State convention in September 1855. The convention nominated King for Secretary of State, but he was defeated by Joel T. Headley in a four-way race. Secretary of State Joel T. Headley was the candidate of the American Party. State Senator Daniel E. Sickles was the candidate of the Democratic Party.

In the Assembly the vote confirmed the party caucus selections. When State Senator Sickles received votes, the same objection to his eligibility was raised as was in 1833 regarding Nathaniel P. Tallmadge. This time, Speaker DeWitt C. Littlejohn ruled that the objection was "partially tenable and partially not so." However, the Speaker held that any member could vote for anybody, and only if the candidate received sufficient votes to win the election, a decision would be required. Otherwise, like in this case, the eligibility of an also-ran was irrelevant.

In the State Senate, only 24 votes were given. Zenas Clark (Rep.) and John B. Halsted (Rep.) were sick at home. Eaton J. Richardson (Rep.) paired with Sidney Sweet (Am.). Joseph H. Petty (Am.) was absent. William Kelly (Dem.), Mark Spencer (Dem.), and the Democratic candidate Sickles himself, declined to vote.

State Senator Justin A. Smith (Am.) raised the question if the vote for Sickles could be counted. A new State Constitution had been adopted in 1846, which had clarified the question of eligibility of State legislators. Smith quoted from the State Constitution: "No member of the Legislature shall receive any civil appointment within this State, or to the Senate of the United States, from the Governor, the Governor and Senate, or from the Legislature, during the term for which he shall have been elected; and all votes given for any such member, for any such office or appointment, shall be void." Lt. Gov. Henry R. Selden (later a judge of the New York Court of Appeals) decided to count the vote, holding that the United States Constitution described the eligibility for the office and devolved on the State legislatures only the power to prescribe the "times, places and manners of holding the elections for that office", thus not implying a right for the State governments to exclude any person who would be eligible under the U.S. Constitution.[3]

Preston King was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.

House Republican Democrat American
State Senate (32 members) Preston King 14 Daniel E. Sickles 1 Joel T. Headley 9
State Assembly (128 members) Preston King 77 Daniel E. Sickles 33 Joel T. Headley 6

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania (special)

The Class 3 election was held on January 14, 1856. William Bigler was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[4]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly had previously convened on February 13, 1855, for the regularly scheduled Senate election for the term beginning on March 4, 1855. Two ballots were recorded on February 13, followed by three on February 27, 1855. On the fifth and final ballot during this convention, former Senator Simon Cameron had led with 55 votes to future Senator Charles R. Buckalew's 23. No candidate was elected, however, and the hung election convention adjourned by a vote of 66 to 65. Upon the expiration of incumbent James Cooper's term on March 4, 1855, the seat was vacated and would remain vacant until William Bigler's election in January 1856.[5]

On January 14, 1856, the election convention of the General Assembly re-convened and elected Democratic former Governor of Pennsylvania William Bigler on the first ballot to serve the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1855, and would expire on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State legislature results[4]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William Bigler 82 61.65
Republican Edward Joy Morris 43 32.33
Unknown John C. Flenniken 1 0.75
N/A Not voting 7 5.26
Totals 133 100.00%

Pennsylvania (regular)

The Class 1 election in Pennsylvania was held on January 13, 1857. Simon Cameron was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[6]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1857, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1857. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State legislature results[6][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Simon Cameron 67 50.38
Democratic John W. Forney 58 43.61
Democratic Henry D. Foster 7 5.26
Democratic William Wilkins 1 0.75
Totals 133 100.00%

See also

References

  1. ↑ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ↑ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1857". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  3. ↑ Journal of the Senate of the State of New York (80th Session) (pages 171f)
  4. 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 14 January 1856" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  5. ↑ "U.S. Senate Election - 13 February 1855, 27 February 1855" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  6. 1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 13 January 1857" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  7. ↑ "PA US Senate - 1857". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
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