1881 Haiphong typhoon
Track of the 1881 Haiphong typhoon
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 27, 1881
DissipatedOctober 8, 1881
Typhoon
Lowest pressure957 hPa (mbar); 28.26 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities23,000
Areas affected
Part of the 1881 Pacific typhoon season
Part of a series on the
History of Haiphong
List
Battle of Tonkin River (20–22 October 1849)
1881 Haiphong typhoon (27 September – October 8 1881)
Haiphong incident (23 November 1946)
Operation Custom Tailor (10 May 1972)
Operation End Sweep (6 February – 27 July 1973)
flag Vietnam portal

The 1881 Haiphong typhoon was a devastating typhoon that struck Haiphong, in northern Dai Nam (now Vietnam), and the northern part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines (now the Philippines)[1] on October 8, 1881.[2] The typhoon was first detected east of Southern Luzon on September 27, 1881. The typhoon killed about 23,000 people in total.

Meteorological history

While the storm's strength is uncertain (like many disasters prior to the 20th century),[2] records show that the storm was first detected near the Philippines in late September and the system hit Luzon on September 30. Once it was in the South China Sea, it is speculated the storm strengthened again as it entered the Gulf of Tonkin, passing very close to Hainan before it hit the city of Haiphong.[3] The storm then began to move northwards, before exiting China. The storm would go on to hit the Korean Peninsula, and then Japan.

Impacts

Deadliest Philippine typhoons
Rank Storm Season Fatalities Ref.
1 "Haiphong" 1881 20,000 [4]
2 Yolanda (Haiyan) 2013 6,300 [5]
3 Uring (Thelma) 1991 5,101–8,000 [6]
4 Pablo (Bopha) 2012 1,901 [6]
5 "Angela" 1867 1,800 [7]
6 Winnie 2004 1,593 [7]
7 "October 1897" 1897 1,500 [7][8]
8 Nitang (Ike) 1984 1,426 [9]
9 Reming (Durian) 2006 1,399 [7][6]
10 Frank (Fengshen) 2008 1,371 [nb 1][10][11]

The typhoon first moved through the Philippines, causing heavy damage on Camarines, Tayabas, and Batangas.[12]

The city of Haiphong lies about 10 miles from the coast of the Gulf of Tonkin[2] and also on the Red River in a low elevation area (delta),[3] connected to an access channel. The town was founded seven years before the typhoon struck.[2] Haiphong, being a low-lying port town, was devastated both physically and economically. Its geography only worsened the damage. With the high waves and winds, rice fields were flooded, buildings were decimated (and, as a result, people either were drowned or left stranded), trees were ripped up, etc. By the time the typhoon passed, most of the town was wiped out.[3] Then, due to the inability to operate as a port town, Haiphong's economy also took impact.[2]

The typhoon killed about 3,000 people in Haiphong, Vietnam. There were erroneous reports that the typhoon was the third-deadliest tropical cyclone on record with a death toll of 300,000, but this was likely due to mixing the death toll with the damage total, as the city only had a population of 18,480 in 1897.[13][14]


Aftermath

Deadliest Pacific typhoons
Rank Typhoon Season Fatalities Ref.
1 Nina 1975 229,000 [15]
2 July 1780 Typhoon 1780 100,000 [16]
3 July 1862 Typhoon 1862 80,000 [17]
4 "Shantou" 1922 60,000 [15]
5 "China" 1912 50,000 [15]
6 "Haiphong" 1881 23,000 [18][19][20]
7 "Hong Kong" 1937 10,000 [15]
8 Joan 1964 7,000 [21]
9 Haiyan 2013 6,352 [22]
10 Vera 1959 >5,000 [15]

Any typhoon like the 1881 Haiphong typhoon would be a rare occurrence because its path around Hainan is what made it so strong by the time it hit Haiphong. Any typhoon like this has not happened again since 1881, but analyses predict that it may happen again. The Vietnamese government has also taken action in case of another severe typhoon hitting the area. Haiphong now has a flood defense system including dykes/levees (though not all of them are firm), a flood warning service provided by Vietnam's Meteorological Service, and evacuation plans. However, Haiphong still serves as a port (and a major one today), so any large storms will harm the economy.[3]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The death and missing columns includes deaths caused by Typhoon Fengshen (Frank), in the MV Princess of the Stars disaster.

References

  1. ↑ "Philippine Storm Surge History". Archived from the original on 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Haiphong cyclone | tropical cyclone". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Terry, James P.; Winspear, Nigel; Cuong, Tran Quoc (2012-03-01). "The 'terrific Tongking typhoon' of October 1881 - implications for the Red River Delta (northern Vietnam) in modern times". Weather. 67 (3): 72–75. Bibcode:2012Wthr...67...72T. doi:10.1002/wea.882. ISSN 0043-1656. S2CID 123200315.
  4. ↑ Philippine Storm Surge History. Project NOAH, University of the Philippines. November 23, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  5. ↑ Del Rosario, Eduardo D (August 9, 2011). Final Report on Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) (PDF) (Report). Philippine National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. pp. 77–148. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 Alojado, Dominic (2015). Worst typhoons of the Philippines (1947-2014) (PDF) (Report). Weather Philippines. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "10 Worst Typhoons that Went Down in Philippine History". M2Comms. August 3, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
  8. ↑ Lotilla, Raphael (November 20, 2013). "Flashback: 1897, Leyte and a strong typhoon". Rappler. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  9. ↑ "Deadliest typhoons in the Philippines". ABS-CBNNews. November 8, 2013. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  10. ↑ Padua, David M (June 10, 2011). "Tropical Cyclone Logs: Fengshen (Frank)". Typhoon 2000. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
  11. ↑ Rabonza, Glenn J. (July 31, 2008). Situation Report No. 33 on the Effects of Typhoon "Frank"(Fengshen) (PDF) (Report). National Disaster Coordinating Council (National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Center). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
  12. ↑ Henderson, Faye. "Tropical Cyclone Disasters in the Philippines, A Listing of Major Typhoons by Month through 1979" (PDF). Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance Agency for International Development. p. 14.
  13. ↑ Cerveny, Randall (18 May 2017). "World: Highest Mortality, Tropical Cyclone". Arizona State University. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  14. ↑ Terry et al, 2012
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  16. ↑ Pedro Ribera, Ricardo Garcia-Herrera and Luis Gimeno (July 2008). "Historical Deadly Typhoons in the Philippines". Weather. Royal Meteorological Society. 63 (7): 196. doi:10.1002/wea.275.
  17. ↑ Huang, G; Yim, Wyxx W-S. "Reconstruction of an 8,000-year record of Typhoons in the Pearl River Estuary, China" (PDF). HKU Scholars Hub.
  18. ↑ Cerveny, Randall (18 May 2017). "World: Highest Mortality, Tropical Cyclone". Arizona State University. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  19. ↑ Terry, James P.; Winspear, Nigel; Cuong, Tran Quoc (March 2012). "The 'terrific Tongking typhoon' of October 1881 - implications for the Red River Delta (northern Vietnam) in modern times". Weather. 67 (3): 72–75. doi:10.1002/wea.882.
  20. ↑ Philippine Storm Surge History. Project NOAH, University of the Philippines. 23 November 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  21. ↑ Associated Press (November 16, 1964). "Another Typhoon Descends on Flood Stricken Vietnam". The Milwaukee Journal. p. 2. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  22. ↑ SitRep No.108 re Effects of Typhoon YOLANDA (HAIYAN) (PDF) (Report). National Reduction Risk Reduction And Management Council. April 3, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
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