1884 United States House of Representatives elections
November 4, 1884[lower-alpha 1]
All 325 seats in the United States House of Representatives
163 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader John G. Carlisle Thomas Brackett Reed
Party Democratic Republican
Leader's seat Kentucky 6th Maine 1st
Last election 196 seats 117 seats
Seats won 182[1][lower-alpha 2] 141[1][lower-alpha 2]
Seat change Decrease 14 Increase 24
Popular vote 4,954,599 4,665,184
Percentage 50.05% 47.13%
Swing Increase 1.15% Increase 5.52%
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Greenback Independent
Last election 2 seats 5 seats[lower-alpha 3]
Seats won 1[1][lower-alpha 2] 1[lower-alpha 4]
Seat change Decrease 1 Decrease 4
Popular vote 105,668 78,972
Percentage 1.07% 0.80%
Swing Decrease 1.99% Decrease 2.68%
Elections results from the 1884 elections
Speaker before election

John G. Carlisle
Democratic

 Elected Speaker

John G. Carlisle
Democratic

The 1884 United States House of Representatives elections were held for the most part on November 4, 1884, with four states holding theirs early between June and October. They coincided with the election of President Grover Cleveland. Elections were held for 325 seats of the United States House of Representatives, representing 38 states, to serve in the 49th United States Congress. Special elections were also held throughout the year.

In spite of Cleveland's victory, the opposition Republican Party gained back some of the seats lost in 1882, but the Democratic Party retained a majority in the House. Republicans were able to make these slight gains by connecting their pro-business and industry message with progress. The Democrats were also hindered by the Panic of 1884, but were not greatly affected by it since the depression ended quickly.

Election summaries

↓
183 1 141
Democratic [lower-alpha 5] Republican
State Type Total
seats		 Democratic Republican Others
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Alabama District 8 8 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Arkansas District[lower-alpha 6] 5 5 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
California District[lower-alpha 6] 6 1 Decrease 5 5 Increase 5 0 Steady
Colorado At-large 1 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Connecticut District 4 2 Decrease 1 2 Increase 1 0 Steady
Delaware At-large 1 1 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Florida District 2 2 Increase 1 0 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Georgia District[lower-alpha 6] 10 10 Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady
Illinois District 20 10 Increase 1 10 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Indiana District 13 9 Steady 4 Steady 0 Steady
Iowa District 11 3 Increase 1 7 Decrease 1 1[lower-alpha 7] Steady
Kansas District[lower-alpha 6] 7 0 Steady 7 Steady 0 Steady
Kentucky District 11 10 Increase 1 1 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Louisiana District 6 5 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Maine[lower-alpha 8] District[lower-alpha 9] 4 0 Steady 4 Steady 0 Steady
Maryland District 6 5 Increase 1 1 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Massachusetts District 12 2 Decrease 1 10 Increase 1 0 Steady
Michigan District 11 7 Increase 1 4 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Minnesota District 5 0 Steady 5 Steady 0 Steady
Mississippi District 7 7 Increase 2 0 Decrease 1 0 Decrease 1[lower-alpha 10]
Missouri District 14 12 Decrease 2 2 Increase 2 0 Steady
Nebraska District 3 0 Steady 3 Steady 0 Steady
Nevada At-large 1 0 Decrease 1 1 Increase 1 0 Steady
New Hampshire District 2 0 Steady 2 Steady 0 Steady
New Jersey District 7 3 Steady 4 Steady 0 Steady
New York District[lower-alpha 6] 34 17[lower-alpha 4] Decrease 4 17 Increase 4 0 Steady
North Carolina District[lower-alpha 6] 9 8 Increase 1 1 Decrease 1 0 Steady
Ohio[lower-alpha 8] District 21 11 Decrease 2 10 Increase 2 0 Steady
Oregon[lower-alpha 8] At-large 1 0 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Pennsylvania District
+ at-large		 28 8 Decrease 4 20 Increase 5 0 Decrease 1[lower-alpha 7]
Rhode Island District 2 0 Steady 2 Steady 0 Steady
South Carolina District 7 6 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Tennessee District 10 7 Decrease 1 3 Increase 1 0 Steady
Texas District 11 11 Increase 1 0 Steady 0 Decrease 1[lower-alpha 10]
Vermont[lower-alpha 8] District 2 0 Steady 2 Steady 0 Steady
Virginia District[lower-alpha 6] 10 8 Increase 2 2 Increase 2 0 Decrease 4[lower-alpha 11]
West Virginia District 4 3 Steady 1 Steady 0 Steady
Wisconsin District 9 2 Decrease 4 7 Increase 4 0 Steady
Total 325 183[1][lower-alpha 4]
56.3%		 Decrease 12 141[1]
43.4%		 Increase 19 1[1]
0.6%		 Decrease 7
Popular vote
Democratic
 
 50.05%
Republican
 
 47.13%
Greenback
 
 1.07%
Independent
 
 0.80%
Others
 
 0.95%
House seats
Democratic
 
 56.00%
Republican
 
 43.38%
Greenback
 
 0.31%
Independent
 
 0.31%
House seats by party holding plurality in state
  80+% Democratic
  80+% Republican
  60+ to 80% Democratic
  60+ to 80% Republican
  Up to 60% Democratic
  Up to 60% Republican
Net gain in party representation
  6+ Democratic gain
  6+ Republican gain
  3-5 Democratic gain
  3-5 Republican gain
  1-2 Democratic gain
  1-2 Republican gain
  no net change

Early election dates

In 1884, four states, with 28 seats among them, held elections early:

Special elections

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Carolina 7 Edmund W. M. Mackey Republican 1880 Incumbent died January 27, 1884.
New member elected March 18, 1884.
Republican hold.
Iowa 7
Indiana 13 William H. Calkins Republican 1876 Incumbent resigned October 20, 1884.
New member elected November 4, 1884.
Anti-Monopoly gain.
Successor had not been a candidate for the next term; see below.
South Carolina 4 John H. Evins Democratic 1876 Incumbent died October 20, 1884.
New member elected November 12, 1884.
Democratic hold.
Successor had not been a candidate for the next term; see below.
Kansas 2

Alabama

Arkansas

California

Two new districts were created for the seats gained in the 1882 reapportionment, eliminating the at-large district that had been created for them.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
California 1 Barclay Henley
Redistricted from the 2nd district		 Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Barclay Henley (Democratic) 49.7%
  • ▌Thomas L. Carothers (Republican) 49.3%
  • ▌C. C. Bateman (Prohibition) 1%
California 2 Charles A. Sumner
Redistricted from the at-large district		 Democratic 1882 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain
California 3 John R. Glascock
Redistricted from the at-large district		 Democratic 1882 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain
California 4 William Rosecrans
Redistricted from the 1st district		 Democratic 1880 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain
  • ▌Green tickY William W. Morrow (Republican) 58.8%
  • ▌R. P. Hastings (Democratic) 40.7%
  • ▌H. S. Fitch (Populist) 0.5%
  • ▌George Babcock (Prohibition) 0.0%
California 5 Pleasant B. Tully
Redistricted from the 4th district		 Democratic 1882 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain
  • ▌Green tickY Charles N. Felton (Republican) 48.8%
  • ▌Frank J. Sullivan (Democratic) 48.4%
  • ▌C. Henderson (Prohibition) 1.4%
  • ▌A. E. Redstone (Independent) 1.4%
California 6 None (District created) New seat
Republican gain
  • ▌Green tickY Henry H. Markham (Republican) 49.1%
  • ▌R. F. Del Valle (Democratic) 47.9%
  • ▌Will D. Gould (Prohibition) 2.3%
  • ▌Isaac Kinley (Populist) 0.7%

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida 1 Robert H. M. Davidson Democratic 1876 Incumbent re-elected.
Florida 2 Horatio Bisbee Jr. Republican 1880 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 1 Thomas B. Reed
Redistricted from the at-large district		 Republican 1876 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Thomas B. Reed (Republican) 51.03%
  • ▌Nathan Cleeves (Democratic) 48.35%
  • ▌Aaron Clark (Greenback) 0.55%
Maine 2 Nelson Dingley Jr.
Redistricted from the at-large district		 Republican 1881 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Nelson Dingley Jr. (Republican) 55.10%
  • ▌David R. Hastings (Democratic) 39.76%
  • ▌Wilder W. Perry (Greenback) 4.39%
  • ▌Reuben S. Hunt (Prohibition) 0.75%
Maine 3 Seth L. Milliken
Redistricted from the at-large district		 Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Seth L. Milliken (Republican) 58.37%
  • ▌Daniel H. Thing (Democratic) 40.30%
  • ▌Luther C. Bateman (Greenback) 0.95%
  • ▌Joseph E. Ladd (Prohibition) 0.37%
Maine 4 Charles A. Boutelle
Redistricted from the at-large district		 Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Charles A. Boutelle (Republican) 56.65%
  • ▌John F. Lynch (Democratic) 40.85%
  • ▌Seth B. Sprague (Prohibition) 1.71%
  • ▌Charles B. Besse (Greenback) 0.79%

Maryland

Massachusetts

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1 Robert T. Davis Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Robert T. Davis (Republican) 66.53%
  • ▌Weston Howland (Democratic) 25.08%
  • ▌T. Dwight Stow (Democratic) 4.92%
  • ▌Edward H. Hatfield (Prohibition) 3.47%
Massachusetts 2 John Davis Long Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John Davis Long (Republican) 53.00%
  • ▌William Everett (Democratic) 34.30%
  • ▌Edgar E. Dean (Greenback) 9.27%
  • ▌George Buttrick (Prohibition) 3.43%
Massachusetts 3 Ambrose A. Ranney Republican 1880 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Ambrose A. Ranney (Republican) 53.00%
  • ▌Horatio E. Swasey (Democratic) 36.05%
  • ▌Eleazer B. Loring (Greenback) 9.40%
  • ▌John W. Field (Prohibition) 1.54%
Massachusetts 4 Patrick A. Collins Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 5 Leopold Morse Democratic 1876 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Massachusetts 6 Henry B. Lovering Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 7 Eben F. Stone Republican 1880 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Eben F. Stone (Republican) 47.90%
  • ▌Richard S. Spofford (Democratic) 36.95%
  • ▌John I. Baker (Greenback) 15.16%
Massachusetts 8 William A. Russell Republican 1878 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Charles Herbert Allen (Republican) 53.75%
  • ▌Charles S. Lilley (Democratic) 40.16%
  • ▌Hiram W. Eastman (Greenback) 4.49%
  • ▌John W. Reed (Prohibition) 1.61%
Massachusetts 9 Theodore Lyman III Independent Republican 1882 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
  • ▌Green tickYFrederick D. Ely (Republican) 47.41%
  • ▌Henry E. Fales (Democratic) 24.35%
  • ▌Theodore Lyman III (Ind. Republican) 16.47%
  • ▌Henry E. Lemon (Greenback) 9.39%
  • ▌Edmund M. Stowe (Prohibition) 2.38%
Massachusetts 10 William W. Rice Republican 1876 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY William W. Rice (Republican) 58.78%
  • ▌James E. Eastbrook (Democratic) 27.62%
  • ▌James H. Mellen (Greenback) 11.12%
  • ▌William H. Earle (Prohibition) 2.48%
Massachusetts 11 William Whiting II Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY William Whiting II (Republican) 60.01%
  • ▌David Hill (Democratic) 34.04%
  • ▌James Oliver (Greenback) 3.21%
  • ▌Wilbur F. Whitney (Prohibition) 2.74%
Massachusetts 12 Francis W. Rockwell Republican Jan. 1884 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Francis W. Rockwell (Republican) 51.78%
  • ▌Jarvis N. Dunham (Democratic) 43.20%
  • ▌Joseph D. Cadle (Greenback) 3.40%
  • ▌John Blackmer (Prohibition) 1.75%

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi 1 Henry L. Muldrow Democratic 1876 Incumbent retired to become First Assistant Secretary of the Interior.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY John M. Allen (Democratic) 81.70%
  • ▌Green C. Chandler (Republican) 18.30%[5]
Mississippi 2 James R. Chalmers Independent 1882[lower-alpha 12] Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Mississippi 3 Elza Jeffords Republican 1882 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain.
Mississippi 4 Hernando Money Democratic 1874 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Mississippi 5 Otho R. Singleton Democratic 1874 Incumbent re-elected.
Mississippi 6 Henry S. Van Eaton Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
Mississippi 7 Ethelbert Barksdale Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.

Missouri

Nebraska

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Nebraska 1 Archibald J. Weaver Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Archibald J. Weaver (Republican) 49.95%
  • ▌Charles H. Brown (Democratic) 47.80%
  • ▌E. J. O'Neil (Prohibition) 2.26%[12]
Nebraska 2 James Laird Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY James Laird (Republican) 52.94%
  • ▌J. H. Stickel (Democratic) 44.12%
  • ▌B. Crabb (Prohibition) 2.94%[13]
Nebraska 3 Edward K. Valentine Republican 1878 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
South Carolina 1 Samuel Dibble Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Samuel Dibble (Democratic) 73.5%
  • ▌W. N. Taft (Republican) 26.5%
South Carolina 2 George D. Tillman Democratic 1878 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY George D. Tillman (Democratic) 84.4%
  • ▌E. J. Dickerson (Republican) 14.2%
  • Others 1.4%
South Carolina 3 D. Wyatt Aiken Democratic 1876 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY D. Wyatt Aiken (Democratic) 93.5%
  • ▌John R. Tolbert (Republican) 6.5%
South Carolina 4 John H. Evins Democratic 1876 Incumbent died October 20, 1884.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Winner was not elected to finish the current term.
South Carolina 5 John J. Hemphill Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John J. Hemphill (Democratic) 74.5%
  • ▌C. C. Macoy (Republican) 21.8%
  • Others 3.7%
South Carolina 6 George W. Dargan Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY George W. Dargan (Democratic) 74.0%
  • ▌Edmund H. Deas (Republican) 23.3%
  • Others 2.7%
South Carolina 7 Robert Smalls Republican 1884 (special) Incumbent re-elected.

Tennessee

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 Augustus H. Pettibone Republican 1880 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 2 Leonidas C. Houk Republican 1878 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 3 George G. Dibrell Democratic 1874 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Tennessee 4 Benton McMillin Democratic 1878 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 5 Richard Warner Democratic 1880 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY James D. Richardson (Democratic) 58.46%
  • ▌James A. Warder (Republican) 31.43%
  • ▌Matt Martin (Ind. Democratic) 8.28%
  • ▌J. R. Beasley (Ind. Greenback) 1.83%[19]
Tennessee 6 Andrew J. Caldwell Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 7 John G. Ballentine Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 8 John M. Taylor Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 9 Rice A. Pierce Democratic 1882 Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Tennessee 10 H. Casey Young Democratic 1882 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain.

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

West Virginia

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
West Virginia 1 Nathan Goff Jr. Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
West Virginia 2 William L. Wilson Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
West Virginia 3 Charles P. Snyder Democratic 1883 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
West Virginia 4 Eustace Gibson Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.

Wisconsin

Wisconsin elected nine members of congress on Election Day, November 4, 1884.[29][30]

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Wisconsin 1 John Winans Democratic 1882 Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Wisconsin 2 Daniel H. Sumner Democratic 1882 Incumbent lost re-nomination.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.
Wisconsin 3 Burr W. Jones Democratic 1882 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Wisconsin 4 Peter V. Deuster Democratic 1878 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Wisconsin 5 Joseph Rankin Democratic 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Joseph Rankin (Democratic) 59.2%
  • ▌Charles Luling (Republican) 38.5%
  • ▌John E. Thomas (Greenback) 1.6%
  • ▌D. I. Miller (Prohibition) 0.4%
  • ▌William Miller (Write-in) 0.2%
Wisconsin 6 Richard W. Guenther Republican 1880 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 7 Gilbert M. Woodward Democratic 1882 Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Wisconsin 8 William T. Price Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 9 Isaac Stephenson Republican 1882 Incumbent re-elected.

Non-voting delegates

Idaho Territory

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
Idaho Territory at-large Theodore F. Singiser Republican 1882 Incumbent lost re-election.
New delegate elected.
Democratic gain.

Montana Territory

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
Montana Territory at-large Martin Maginnis Democratic 1872 Incumbent retired.
New delegate elected.
Democratic hold.

Wyoming Territory

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
Wyoming Territory at-large Morton E. Post Democratic 1880 Incumbent retired.
New delegate elected.
Republican gain.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Four states held early elections between June 2 and October 14.
  2. 1 2 3 Dubin (p. 271) counts 182 Democrats, 142 Republicans, and 1 Greenback at the start of the 49th United States Congress.
  3. ↑ Included 2 Independent Democrats and 1 Independent Republican.
  4. 1 2 3 Includes 1 Independent Democrat, Truman A. Merriman of NY-11.
  5. ↑ There was 1 Greenback member.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 At-large seats eliminated in redistricting.
  7. 1 2 Greenback Party
  8. 1 2 3 4 Elections held early.
  9. ↑ Changed from at-large.
  10. 1 2 Independent in previous election.
  11. ↑ Readjuster Party
  12. ↑ Initial victor was Van. H. Manning, but election was overturned in 1884.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Martis, pp. 138–139.
  2. ↑ "SC - District 07 Special Election". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  3. ↑ "Our Campaigns - IN - District 13 Special Election Race - Nov 04, 1884". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  4. ↑ "Our Campaigns - SC - District 04 Special Election Race - Nov 12, 1884".
  5. ↑ "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  6. ↑ "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  7. ↑ "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  8. ↑ "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  9. ↑ "MS - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  10. ↑ "MS - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  11. ↑ "MS - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  12. ↑ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Nov 4, 1884". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  13. ↑ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 02 Race - Nov 4, 1884". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  14. ↑ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 03 Race - Nov 4, 1884". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  15. ↑ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  16. ↑ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  17. ↑ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  18. ↑ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  19. ↑ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  20. ↑ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  21. ↑ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  22. ↑ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  23. ↑ "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  24. ↑ "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  25. ↑ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  26. ↑ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  27. ↑ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  28. ↑ "WV District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  29. ↑ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2021 – via Wayback Machine.
  30. ↑ Heg, J. E., ed. (1885). "Biographical" (PDF). The Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin (Report). Madison, Wisconsin: State of Wisconsin. pp. 413–415. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  31. ↑ "ID Territorial Delegate". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  32. ↑ "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 04, 1884". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  33. ↑ "WY Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

Bibliography

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