2018 Russian presidential election
18 March 2018
Opinion polls
Registered109,008,428
Turnout67.50% (Increase2.23pp)
 
Nominee Vladimir Putin Pavel Grudinin Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Party Independent Communist LDPR
Popular vote 56,430,712 8,659,206 4,154,985
Percentage 77.53% 11.90% 5.71%
Results by federal subject
President before election

Vladimir Putin
United Russia

 Elected President

Vladimir Putin
Independent

Ballot paper used on 18 March 2018

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 18 March 2018. Incumbent president Vladimir Putin was eligible to run. He declared his intent to do so on 6 December 2017, being widely expected to win. This came following several months of speculation throughout the second half of 2017 as, although he was widely expected to run for another term, Putin made evasive comments including that he had still not decided whether he would like to "step down" from the post of president, that he would "think about running", and that he "hadn't yet decided whether to run for another term". Different sources predicted that he would run as an independent to capitalize more support from the population, and although he could also have been nominated by the United Russia party as in 2012, Putin chose to run as an independent. Among registered voters in Russia, 67.5% voted in this election.

There were allegations of widespread electoral fraud; including but not limited to ballot box stuffing, forced voting, and threats against election observers. Video widely shared online showed people stuffing papers into ballot boxes. In addition, critics of Putin were barred from running.

Incumbent Vladimir Putin won reelection for his second consecutive (fourth overall) term in office with 77% of the vote. Vladimir Zhirinovsky from the Liberal Democratic Party was the perennial candidate, having unsuccessfully run in five previous presidential elections. Other candidates included Pavel Grudinin (Communist Party), Sergey Baburin (Russian All-People's Union), Ksenia Sobchak (Civic Initiative), Maxim Suraykin (Communists of Russia), Boris Titov (Party of Growth) and Grigory Yavlinsky (Yabloko). Anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny announced his intent to run in December 2016 but was barred from doing so due to a prior criminal conviction, which is widely seen as politically motivated,[1][2][3] for corruption. Consequently, Navalny called for a boycott of the election. He had previously organized several public rallies against corruption among members of Putin's government.

Background

Election logo

The President of Russia is directly elected for a term of six years, since being extended from four years in 2008 during Dmitry Medvedev's administration.[4] According to Article 81 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, a candidate for president must be at least 35 years old, hold no dual nationality, have permanently resided in Russia for the past 10 years, and cannot serve more than two terms consecutively.[5] Parties with representation in the State Duma are able to nominate a candidate to run for the office while candidates from officially registered parties that are not in parliament have to collect at least 100,000 signatures. Independent candidates have to collect at least 300,000 signatures with no more than 7,500 from each federal subject of Russia and also from action groups made up of at least 500 people.[6] The nomination process took place during Russia's winter holiday period, and 31 January 2018 was the last day for submitting signatures in support of contested access candidates.

Change of date

On 3 March 2017, senators Andrey Klishas and Anatoly Shirokov submitted to the State Duma draft amendments to the electoral legislation. One of the amendments involves the transfer of elections from the second to the third Sunday in March, i.e. from 11 to 18 March 2018.[7] According to article 5, paragraph 7 of Russian Federal law No. 19-FZ, "If the Sunday on which presidential elections are to be held coincides with the day preceding a public holiday, or this Sunday falls on week including a public holiday or this Sunday in is declared to be a working day, elections are appointed on the following Sunday". The second week of March includes International Women's Day (8 March), which is an official holiday in Russia.[8] The bill passed through the State Duma and Federation Council without delay in May 2017 and was signed into law by Vladimir Putin on 1 June 2017.[9][10] On 15 December, the upper house of the Federal Assembly, the Federation Council, officially confirmed that 18 March 2018 will be the date of the election, officially beginning the process of campaigning and registration for candidates. This date is significant in the country as it is the fourth anniversary of Russian annexation of Crimea.[11]

A total of 97,000 polling stations were open across the country from 08:00 until 20:00 local time.[12]

Nomination of candidates

Free access

Political parties represented in the State Duma or the legislative bodies of not less than one-third of the federal subjects could nominate a candidate without collecting signatures. The following parties could nominate candidates without collecting signatures: Civic Platform, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, A Just Russia, Rodina and United Russia.

On 1 July 2017, Chairman of Rodina Aleksey Zhuravlyov announced that his party would only support incumbent president Vladimir Putin in the election.[13] On 11 December, the leader of Civic Platform Rifat Shaykhutdinov also said that his party would support Putin.[14] On 24 December, the leader of A Just Russia Sergey Mironov stated that his party would not put forward a candidate. Senior party member Mikhail Yemelyanov confirmed that A Just Russia would support Putin's candidacy.[15]

Contested access

Individuals belonging to a party without any seats in the State Duma had to collect 105,000 signatures to become candidates, while those running as independents had to collect 315,000 and also to form a group of activists made up of at least 500 people.[16] Multiple political commentators, including former presidential hopeful Irina Khakamada, talked about the difficulty of gathering signatures without the support of a political party, a hurdle which cast doubt on many of the claims of the large number of people who said that they would run for president as independents.[17] However, according to CEC Chairwoman Ella Pamfilova, the conditions for contested-access candidates were easier than ever because such potential candidates no longer had to collect 1,000,000 signatures. Pamfilova incorrectly predicted that there could be even more candidates in this election than there were in 2000, when 11 candidates contested the presidency (the largest number of candidates in the history of presidential elections in Russia).[18]

Primaries

Party of Growth

In July 2017, Party of Growth announced that it would hold primaries to nominate a presidential candidate. Four candidates participated in the primaries: Oksana Dmitriyeva, Dmitry Potapenko, Dmitry Marinichev and Alexander Huruji. Voting was conducted via the internet from August to November 2017.[19]

On 10 August 2017, the party's press secretary told the media that the results of the primaries will be taken into account at the party congress which will be held to decide the candidate for Party of Growth. However, the winner of the primaries would not guarantee themselves the right to run on behalf of the party.[20]

On 26 November, it was announced that the party would nominate Boris Titov, who was not involved in the primaries. According to a person from the party leadership, none of the proposed candidates were able to obtain sufficient support.[21]

Left Front

On 2 November 2017, the Left Front headed by Sergei Udaltsov started online primaries for the nomination of a single left-wing candidate. Primaries were held in two rounds, the first round took place from 2 to 23 November, and the second round – from 24 to 30 November.

The first round included 77 candidates, among whom were representatives of various left-wing political parties and organizations, including Pavel Grudinin, Yury Boldyrev, Gennady Zyuganov, Sergey Mironov (who later supported Vladimir Putin), Sergey Glazyev, Zakhar Prilepin, Viktor Anpilov, Valery Zorkin, Zhores Alferov, Sergey Baburin (who later was nominated as a candidate from the party Russian All-People's Union), Natalia Lisitsyna (who was later nominated as a candidate from the Russian United Labour Front), Maxim Suraykin (who was nominated as a candidate from the Communists of Russia) and others.[22]

Boldyrev and Grudinin made it through to the second round, which was won by Grudinin, who garnered 4,086 votes (58.4%).[23]

At the end of December 2017, Grudinin was officially nominated as the candidate from the Communist Party.

Third Force

The bloc Third Force held primaries among candidates from ten non-parliamentary parties to nominate presidential candidates. According to the organizers, the primaries would determine four presidential candidates representing different views.[24][25]

The official presentation of the candidates was held on 30 October 2017. The candidates included: Andrei Bogdanov, Andrey Getmanov, Olga Onishchenko, Stanislav Polishchuk, Sirazhdin Ramazanov, Ildar Rezyapov, Vyacheslav Smirnov, Irina Volynets and Alexey Zolotukhin.[26]

However, the block failed to identify a clear winner, then all candidates, except for Olga Onishchenko has declared that they would participate in the elections. Later, however, all of the candidates refused to participate.[27][28][29]

Candidates

Poster with information about the officially registered candidates, placed at an electoral precinct

These candidates were officially registered by the CEC. Candidates are listed in the order they appear on the ballot paper (alphabetical order in Russian).[30]

Candidate name, age,
political party		 Political offices Campaign Details Registration date
Sergey Baburin
(59)
Russian All-People's Union		 People's Deputy of Russia
(1990–1993)
Deputy of the State Duma
(1994–2000, 2003–2007)
Leader of the Russian All-People's Union
(2011–present)
(Campaign • Website)		 On 22 December 2017, the Russian All-People's Union nominated Baburin as its presidential candidate.[31] On 24 December, Baburin filed registration documents with the CEC.[32] The CEC rejected Baburin's bid on 25 December because it identified violations in the information provided regarding 18 of his party's 48 representatives.[33] Baburin resubmitted the documents and they were approved by the CEC.[34] 7 February 2018[35]
Pavel Grudinin
(57)
Communist Party		 Deputy of the Moscow Oblast Duma
(1997–2011)
(Campaign • Website)		 Despite the fact that Communist Party leader and perennial candidate Gennady Zyuganov said his nomination was supported by all leftist forces and he would participate in the elections on behalf of the party, the Zhigulevsk branch of the party voted to supported the candidacy of Grudinin, who also won the primaries of Left Front, a coalition of left-wing parties with no representation in the State Duma. Grudinin did not deny his nomination from the Communist Party.[36] On 21 December 2017 it was reported that Zyuganov proposed to nominate Grudinin.[37] Initially the Communist Party and the National Patriotic Forces of Russia (NPFR) planned to nominate a single candidate: Grudinin (supported by the Communists) or Yury Boldyrev (supported by the NPFR). Boldyrev also participated in the primaries of Left Front in which he lost in the second round to Grudinin.[38] According to the Deputy Alexander Yushchenko, Zyuganov was still among the candidates for the nomination. He named the other candidates as Yury Afonin, Sergey Levchenko and Leonid Kalashnikov. On 22 December Zyuganov, Levchenko and Kalashnikov withdrew their bids, and Zyuganov rejected the candidacies of Afonin and Boldyrev, leaving Grudinin as the sole candidate.[39] Grudinin was officially nominated at the party congress on 23 December.[40] Zyuganov is the head of Grudinin's presidential campaign.[41] Grudinin filed registration documents with the CEC on 28 December[42] and 9 January 2018.[43] 12 January 2018[44]
Vladimir Zhirinovsky
(71)
Liberal Democratic Party		 Deputy of the State Duma
(1993–2022)
Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party
(1991–2022)
(Campaign)		 In June 2015, Zhirinovsky said he plans to participate in presidential elections, but in July of the same year, the politician said that the Liberal Democratic Party, perhaps "will pick a more efficient person."[45][46] Already in March 2016, he announced the names of those were likely to be nominated as a candidate from the Liberal Democratic Party. This included Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Igor Lebedev or deputies Mikhail Degtyarev, Yaroslav Nilov and Alexei Didenko.[47] On 28 October 2016, the LDPR's official website released a statement announcing that the party will nominate Zhirinovsky as their presidential candidate.[48][49] This is the fifth time that he is running for president since the breakup of the Soviet Union (and sixth overall). Zhirinovsky was officially nominated by his party at its 31st congress on 20 December 2017.[50] He submitted to the CEC some of the documents required for registration the next day,[51] and the rest of them on 27 December.[52] At 71, Zhirinovsky is the oldest person to run for president in Russia.[53] 29 December 2017[54]
Vladimir Putin
(65)
Independent		 President of Russia
(2000–2008 and 2012–present)
Prime Minister of Russia
(1999–2000 and 2008–2012)
Leader of United Russia
(2008–2012)
Director of the Federal Security Service
(1998–1999)
(Campaign • Website)		 On 6 December 2017, Putin announced that he would run for a second consecutive term.[55] Putin announced that he would run as an independent at his annual press conference on 14 December.[56] Putin's action group officially put forward his nomination in Moscow on 26 December.[57] Putin filed registration documents with the CEC the next day.[58] The CEC approved his documents on 28 December.[59] On 29 January, Putin handed over the signatures to the CEC. By 2 February, they had been verified – only 232 signatures were deemed invalid.[60] 6 February 2018[61]
Ksenia Sobchak
(36)
Civic Initiative		 None
(Campaign • Website)		 TV anchor, opposition activist and journalist Ksenia Sobchak announced that she would run for president in October 2017.[62] Sobchak is the first female candidate in 14 years and the youngest candidate to run since 2004.[63][64] Sobchak was nominated by Civic Initiative at the party's congress on 23 December and became a member of the party.[65] Sobchak filed registration documents with the CEC on 25 December.[66] Her documents were approved by the CEC on 26 December.[67] 8 February 2018[68]
Maxim Suraykin
(39)
Communists of Russia		 Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communists of Russia
(2012–present)
(Campaign)		 The Central Committee of the Communists of Russia party announced the nomination of its chairman Maxim Suraykin as its candidate for the election in February 2017. Suraykin stated that he aims to at least come in second place, and defeat Zyuganov's larger Communist Party of the Russian Federation.[69] CR nominated Suraykin at the party congress in Moscow on 24 December.[70] He filed registration documents with the CEC on the same day.[71] Suraykin's documents were approved by the CEC on 25 December.[72] 8 February 2018[73]
Boris Titov
(57)
Party of Growth		 Leader of the Party of Growth
(2016–present)
Presidential Commissioner for Entrepreneurs' Rights
(Campaign • Website)		 The leader of the Party of Growth, Presidential Commissioner for Entrepreneurs' Rights Boris Titov declared that he would participate in the presidential election on 26 November 2017. Initially the party conducted primaries in which Titov did not participate, however, according to the party leadership, none of the candidates received sufficient support.[74] Titov was officially nominated by his party on 21 December.[75] He submitted to the CEC the documents required for registration the next day.[76] Titov's documents were approved by the CEC on 25 December.[77] 7 February 2018[78]
Grigory Yavlinsky
(65)
Yabloko		 Chairman of Yabloko
(1993–2008)
Deputy of the
State Duma
(1993–2003)
Deputy of the
Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg
(2011–2016)
(Campaign • Website)		 Suggestions that Yavlinsky would run for president in 2018 were first made in 2013,[79] and he was announced as the candidate from the Yabloko party at a convention in February 2016, having been previously the party's candidate for the presidency in 1996 and 2000. In the weeks following the announcement he began campaigning for the election early by travelling to multiple cities across the country.[80] Yabloko nominated Yavlinsky at its party congress on 22 December.[81] He submitted to the CEC the documents required for registration the next day.[82] Yavlinsky's documents were approved by the CEC on 25 December.[83] 7 February 2018[84]

Campaigning

Sergey Baburin

Baburin campaign logo

Sergey Baburin was nominated at the party congress on 22 December 2017.[31] On 24 December, Baburin filed registration documents with the CEC,[32] but the documents were rejected 25 December because the CEC identified violations in the information provided regarding 18 of his party's 48 representatives.[33] On 29 December, Baburin resubmitted the documents and they were approved by the CEC.[34]

Russian All-People's Union started to collect signatures in support of Baburin on 9 January 2018. Signatures were collected in 56 federal subjects.[85][86] On 30 January 2018, Sergey Baburin handed over the signatures to the CEC. When testing revealed only 3.28% of invalid signatures, Sergey Baburin was admitted to the election.[87][88]

Pavel Grudinin

Grudinin campaign logo

At the end of November 2017, Pavel Grudinin won the primaries of Left Front, a coalition of left-wing parties with no representation in the State Duma. Some branch of the Communist Party voted to support the candidacy of Grudinin and did not deny his nomination from the Communist Party.[36] Despite the fact that in early November the First Secretary of the Communist party, Gennady Zyuganov, said that his nomination is supported by all left-wing organizations, which the media felt was the official statement from Zyuganov to participate in the election, Zyuganov later denied this, saying that the official decision will be made at the party Congress in December. On 21 December, it was reported that Zyuganov proposed to nominate Grudinin.[89]

Initially, the Communist Party and the National Patriotic Forces of Russia (NPFR) planned to nominate a single candidate: Grudinin, supported by the Communists, or Yury Boldyrev, supported by the NPFR. Boldyrev also participated in the primaries of the Left Front, where he lost in the second round to Grudinin.[90] According to Deputy Alexander Yushchenko, Gennady Zyuganov was still among the candidates for the nomination. He named the other candidates as Yury Afonin, Sergey Levchenko, and Leonid Kalashnikov. On 22 December, Zyuganov, Levchenko, and Kalashnikov withdrew their bids, and Zyuganov rejected the candidacies of Afonin and Boldyrev, leaving Grudinin as the sole candidate.[39] Grudinin was officially selected as the presidential candidate from the Communist Party at its congress on 23 December.[91]

Alexei Navalny

Navalny campaign logo

Russian opposition figure and anti-corruption blogger Alexei Navalny started his presidential campaign on 13 December 2016.[92] In early 2017, he traveled to different cities across Russia to open campaign offices and meet with his supporters, despite his involvement in legal cases that might have barred him from running. As noted in an article by Newsweek and by the former Russian presidential administration adviser Gleb Pavlovsky,[93] the American-style campaign by Navalny was unprecedented in modern Russia as most candidates do not start campaigning until a few months before the election. The primary focus of Navalny's campaign was combating corruption within the current government under Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.[94] On 2 March, Navalny published a documentary on YouTube titled He Is Not Dimon To You, detailing the corrupt dealings of Prime Minister Medvedev.[95][96] He then called for mass rallies to be held on 26 March to bring attention to this after the government did not respond to the documentary, which only about 150.000 people attended across Russia. 2017–2018 Russian protests[97][98] 26 March rally was the largest protest held in Russia since the protests in 2011.[99] Navalny called for another protest to be held on Russia Day, which is 12 June.[100]

On his website, Navalny listed the main principles of his presidential program: combating government corruption, improving infrastructure and living standards in Russia, decentralizing power from Moscow, developing the economy instead of remaining in isolation from the West, and reforming the judicial system.[101] His more specific economic proposals included instituting a minimum wage,[102] lowering prices of apartments and reducing bureaucracy of home construction, making healthcare and education free, lowering taxes for many citizens, taxing the gains from privatization, decentralization of financial management and increase in local governance, increasing transparency in state-owned firms, implementing work visas for Central Asian migrants coming into the country for work, and increasing economic cooperation with western European states.[103]

In April 2017, it was reported that Navalny's campaign staff had collected more than 300,000 pledged signatures from people across 40 regions of Russia electronically.[104] More than 75,000 people signed up to volunteer for his campaign and nearly $700,000 has been donated.[105] However, his eligibility was put into question by his five-year suspended sentence for embezzlement of timber from the company Kirovles, when Navalny was working as an aide to Governor Nikita Belykh of the Kirov Oblast. The Russian Supreme Court overturned his sentence in November 2016 after the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) determined that Navalny's rights were violated, and sent the case back to a district court in the city of Kirov for review.[106] In February 2017, the district court upheld Navalny's suspended sentence.[107] The Constitution of Russia does not allow convicted criminals to run for office. Navalny promised to appeal the result to the ECHR, and said he would continue campaigning,[108] while in early May the deputy head of the Russian Central Election Commission (CEC) commented that he would not be allowed to run unless the sentence is overturned.[109] In August, the head of the CEC, Ella Pamfilova, reinforced this sentiment, saying that it would "take a miracle" for Navalny to be granted permission to run.[110] She cited two scenarios in which Navalny could run: if his conviction was overturned, or if the federal election law was rapidly changed to allow those with criminal convictions to run. Pamfilova added that the probability of either scenario was "extremely low". Pamfilova later commented that Navalny could legally run for president by "some time in 2028", i.e., ten years after his sentence expires.[111] The Memorial Human Rights Center recognized Navalny as a political prisoner.[112]

Members of the Navalny campaign were harassed and detained by the police, including his chief of staff Leonid Volkov, who was sentenced to thirty days in jail in early December for organizing an unauthorized rally (requests for rallies in city centers are often denied in Russia[113]) in Nizhny Novgorod.[114][115]

Navalny published his election manifesto on 13 December 2017, two days prior to the official start of campaigning.[116]

He officially submitted his documents for registration as a candidate on 24 December 2017, and was rejected by the CEC the following day due to his conviction. Later that same day, 25 December, Navalny called on his supporters to boycott the election in response. Mass street protests were planned for 28 January 2018.[117]

Vladimir Putin

Putin campaign logo

Vladimir Putin announced his run on 6 December 2017, during his speech at the GAZ automobile plant.[118] A Just Russia,[119] Civic Platform,[14] The Greens,[120] Great Fatherland Party,[121] Labor Party,[122] Party of Pensioners,[123] Patriots of Russia,[124] Rodina,[125] and United Russia[126] endorsed his presidential bid.

Ksenia Sobchak

Sobchak campaign logo

Rumors about the nomination of Ksenia Sobchak in the 2018 election appeared a month before she officially announced that she would run for president.[127]

Sobchak officially announced that she would run for president on 19 October 2017, in a YouTube video. In the video, Sobchak said she is the candidate "against all", because since the 2004 election, the "against all" option (or "none of the above" as it is more commonly known in English-speaking countries) has been excluded from the ballot, and Sobchak wants to give people the opportunity to again vote "against all". At the same time, Sobchak said she will withdraw her candidacy if Alexey Navalny is registered as a candidate by the Central Election Commission.[128]

Originally Sobchak put herself forward as an independent candidate. In this case she would have had to collect at least 300,000 signatures in order to be admitted to the election. Soon after, however, Sobchak's campaign team said that would be nominated by a political party, namely the People's Freedom Party or Civic Initiative.[129]

On 15 November 2017, it was announced that Sobchak will be nominated by Civic Initiative at its congress in December.[130]

On 23 December 2017, at Civic Initiative's congress Sobchak was officially nominated for president. On the same day, she joined the party.[131] Sobchak's team began gathering signatures in support of her candidacy on 27 December, soon after her registration documents were approved by the CEC.[132]

Maxim Suraykin

Suraykin campaign logo

In December 2017, it became known that the party Communists of Russia nominated Maxim Suraykin as presidential candidate.[133]

On 28 May 2017, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communists of Russia took the decision on nomination of Maxim Suraykin as presidential candidate.

In November 2017, Maxim Suraykin was one of the candidates proposed by the Left Front as a single candidate from the left opposition. The results of the voting on the website of the Left Front Suraikin won 59 votes.[134]

On 24 December Maxim Suraykin were officially nominated at the Communists Russia National Convention. On the same day he also submitted to the Central Election Commission.[135]

Boris Titov

Titov campaign logo

Initially the Party of Growth conducted primaries which were attended by four candidates: Oksana Dmitriyeva, Dmitry Potapenko, Dmitry Marinichev and Alexander Khurudzhi.[136] Boris Titov did not participate in the primaries. However, at the meeting of the federal council of the party it was decided to nominate Titov. According to a person from the party leadership, none of the proposed candidates were able to obtain sufficient support.[137]

According to Titov, the main task of participation in election is to promote the party's Growth Strategy economic program, which was prepared by the Stolypin Club and presented to President Vladimir Putin in May 2017. During the campaign Titov and his team intend to travel around the country to promote the program.[138]

Titov was officially nominated by his party on 21 December.[75] He submitted to the CEC the documents required for registration the next day.[76] Titov's documents were approved by the CEC on 25 December, which meant that he could begin collecting signatures.[139] A party spokesman commented that the collection signatures in support of Titov will begin in early January 2018.[140]

Grigory Yavlinsky

Yavlinsky campaign logo

Economist Grigory Yavlinsky announced his presidential bid in February 2016 as the candidate for the liberal party Yabloko, though suggestions that he would run were first voiced in 2013 after he was barred from taking part in the 2012 election.[79] His policies mainly focus on improving the economic situation through governance reforms and stopping involvement in conflicts.[141] He was nominated by the party leader, Emilia Slabunova, who stressed the need to unite all "democratic forces" behind one candidate and noted his political experience, and also received an endorsement from opposition politician Vladimir Ryzhkov. Yavlinsky had previously run in the 1996 and 2000 presidential elections, getting 7.4% of the vote in the former. He spoke at a party forum announcing the start of the campaign in February 2017. Among the other proposals he made were to give out several acres of free land to families so they can build home there and develop it, which he said would house 15 million families,[142] and to turn the Russian Armed Forces into a fully professional military by abolishing conscription.[143]

In March 2017, Yavlinsky stated that he will be visiting several major cities in fifteen different regions across the country to raise support. He used Alexei Navalny's recent tour of different cities as an example, refusing to use the traditional model of campaigning a few months before the election. Since he is unable to visit more locations, Slabunova, the leader of Yabloko, and Nikolai Rybakov, his chief of staff, will go to other cities to campaign as well.[80]

On 1 November 2017, Yabloko launched the official website of Yavlinsky's campaign.[144]

Vladimir Zhirinovsky

Zhirinovsky campaign logo

Vladimir Zhirinovsky announced his participation in the presidential elections on 28 October 2016 as the candidate for the Liberal Democratic Party. In the event of his election, Zhirinovsky promised to amend the Constitution of Russia and to radically change the policies of the country. In particular, Zhirinovsky promised to abolish the federal structure of Russia and to return to the Governorates, rename the post of "President of Russia" to the "Supreme Ruler of Russia" and to restore Russia's borders to the borders of the USSR as of 1985.[48]

In March 2017, Zhirinovsky promised to declare a general amnesty if elected president.[145]

Debates

On 14 February 2018, the CEC set the schedule for the distribution of airtime for presidential candidates.[146] Debates took place on five federal TV channels: Russia 1, Russia 24, Channel One, TV Center and PTR, as well as on three radio stations: Radio Rossii, Radio Mayak and Vesti FM. As in previous election campaigns, incumbent President Vladimir Putin refused to participate in the debates.[147][148][149][150]

Debates occurred from 26 February to 15 March.[151] Vladimir Zhirinovsky was the only candidate to attend the first debate, with the other three candidates sending representatives.[152] The second debate, which didn't actually involve any candidate-to-candidate discussion, was attended by six candidates and Boris Titov's representative.[153]

2018 Russian presidential election debates
Date Organizer Moderator  P  Candidate was present  R  Representative attended  A  Both candidate and representative were absent Notes
Baburin Grudinin Zhirinovsky Putin Sobchak Suraykin Titov Yavlinsky
26 February
13:10 MT		 Radio Rossii A R P A R A R A [154]
28 February
09:00 MT		 Channel One Anatoly Kuzichev P P P A P P R P
28 February
23:15 MT		 Russia 1 Vladimir Solovyov P P P A P P P P
1 March Russia 24 P R P A P P R P [155]

Opinion polls

Opinion polls published in the months preceding the election consistently showed Putin with an overwhelming lead over his competitors.

Exit polls

Poll source Invalid ballots
Putin Grudinin Zhirinovsky Sobchak Yavlinsky Titov Suraykin Baburin
FOM 76.3%11.9%6%2%1%0.7%0.7%0.6%
WCIOM 73.9%11.2%6.7%2.5%1.6%1.1%0.8%1.0%1.2%

Elections in Crimea

The European Union had already announced in advance that it would not recognize the results of the Russian presidential election in the annexed Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea. EU foreign affairs chief Federica Mogherini said the EU would follow through with its non-recognition policy and called on Russia to respect the rights of Ukrainian citizens.[156] President of Austria Alexander Van der Bellen also warned that Moscow could not hold a legal election on the Crimean peninsula because the annexation of Crimea was illegal.[157]

The EU and the OSCE had made it clear that they would not send any election observers to Crimea, as neither organizations see it as a legitimate part of Russia. Russian authorities then invited a number of friendly and sometimes marginalized foreign politicians to give the elections in Crimea the appearance of international acceptance. Leonid Slutsky, chairman of the parliament's foreign affairs committee, named Andreas Maurer[158] from the Left, Hendrik Weber from an organization called People's Diplomacy Norway, Pedro Agramunt and Thierry Mariani. Russia commissioned Slutsky's own organization, the Russian Peace Foundation, and the Polish association European Council on Democracy and Human Rights, which in the past had brought election observers from right-wing populist and right-wing extremist circles to Crimea, to organize their trips.[159][160][161]

Results

The final results of the elections were approved by the CEC on 23 March 2018.[162]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Vladimir PutinIndependent56,430,71277.53
Pavel GrudininCommunist Party8,659,20611.90
Vladimir ZhirinovskyLiberal Democratic Party4,154,9855.71
Ksenia SobchakCivic Initiative1,238,0311.70
Grigory YavlinskyYabloko769,6441.06
Boris TitovParty of Growth556,8010.76
Maxim SuraykinCommunists of Russia499,3420.69
Sergey BaburinRussian All-People's Union479,0130.66
Total72,787,734100.00
Valid votes72,787,73498.92
Invalid/blank votes791,2581.08
Total votes73,578,992100.00
Registered voters/turnout109,008,42867.50
Source: CEC

By federal subject

Region Putin Grudinin Zhirinovsky Sobchak Yavlinsky Titov Suraykin Baburin Invalid votes
Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  %
 Adygea 203,095 81.17 28,711 11.48 8,923 3.57 2,060 0.82 1,197 0.48 1,088 0.43 1,317 0.53 1,165 0.47 2,647 0.47
 Altai Krai 770,278 64.66 281,978 23.67 84,785 7.12 11,778 0.99 7,259 0.61 5,532 0.46 7,885 0.66 7,581 0.64 14,203 0.64
 Altai Republic 72,674 70.62 21,259 20.66 5,376 5.22 929 0.90 483 0.47 340 0.33 431 0.42 446 0.43 974 0.43
 Amur Oblast 264,493 67.04 73,485 18.62 37,909 9.61 4,428 1.12 2,466 0.63 2,080 0.53 1,951 0.49 2,358 0.6 5,383 0.60
 Arkhangelsk Oblast 407,190 75.27 51,868 9.59 46,925 8.67 10,588 1.96 6,239 1.15 4,982 0.92 3,842 0.71 4,448 0.82 4,880 0.82
 Astrakhan Oblast 342,195 76.95 64,047 14.40 19,339 4.35 5,060 1.14 2,504 0.56 2,233 0.50 2,823 0.63 2,185 0.49 4,340 0.49
 Baikonur 7,568 78.35 1,026 10.60 628 6.50 130 1.35 70 0.72 50 0.52 51 0.53 32 0.33 104 0.33
 Bashkortostan 1,784,626 77.69 277,797 12.09 115,635 5.03 28,983 1.26 19,390 0.84 15,891 0.69 20,429 0.89 15,845 0.69 18,506 0.69
 Belgorod Oblast 711,392 79.71 93,102 10.43 49,685 5.57 8,474 0.95 4,445 0.50 4,835 0.54 6,534 0.73 5,218 0.58 8,749 0.58
 Bryansk Oblast 636,087 81.60 68,375 8.77 43,940 5.64 7,463 0.96 3,524 0.45 4,175 0.54 4,265 0.55 4,472 0.57 7,177 0.57
 Buryatia 334,381 73.72 66,876 14.74 29,087 6.41 7,618 1.68 3,631 0.80 1,882 0.40 2,471 0.54 1,746 0.38 5,980 0.38
 Chechnya 593,806 91.44 30,012 4.62 1,631 0.25 3,531 0.54 4,848 0.75 3,285 0.51 2,093 0.32 7,679 1.18 2,497 1.18
 Chelyabinsk Oblast 1,275,822 73.00 227,134 12.99 121,670 6.96 31,326 1.79 21,573 1.23 16,181 0.93 13,243 0.76 13,468 0.77 27,234 0.77
 Chukotka 22,709 82.31 1,616 5.86 2,018 7.31 358 1.30 160 0.58 180 0.65 142 0.51 115 0.42 293 0.42
 Chuvashia 539,036 77.29 85,780 12.30 36,890 5.29 9,500 1.36 3,878 0.56 3,950 0.57 4,907 0.70 3,710 0.53 9,763 0.53
 Republic of Crimea 994,569 92.15 23,773 2.20 19,506 1.81 17,764 1.65 5,138 0.48 2,785 0.26 2,267 0.21 2,098 0.19 11,395 0.19
 Dagestan 1,295,128 90.76 103,942 7.28 3,830 0.27 3,741 0.26 2,465 0.17 5,379 0.38 4,395 0.31 1,781 0.12 6,265 0.12
 Ingushetia 149,488 83.17 10,187 5.67 6,570 3.66 2,974 1.65 4,251 2.37 3,304 1.84 677 0.38 1,580 0.88 710 0.88
 Irkutsk Oblast 763,810 73.06 166,540 15.93 67,373 6.44 12,646 1.21 7,545 0.72 5,339 0.51 5,240 0.50 5,480 0.52 11,545 0.52
 Ivanovo Oblast 338,335 71.37 70,211 14.81 37,408 7.89 7,772 1.64 4,142 0.87 3,696 0.78 3,526 0.74 4,286 0.9 4,663 0.90
 Jewish Autonomous Oblast 52,374 67.48 14,066 18.12 7,387 9.52 771 0.99 369 0.48 407 0.52 404 0.52 501 0.65 1 331 0.65
 Kabardino-Balkaria 452,480 93.38 20,133 4.15 5,006 1.03 1,121 0.23 1,171 0.24 1,658 0.34 1,141 0.24 1,222 0.25 628 0.25
 Kaliningrad Oblast 379,875 76.35 50,755 10.20 29,893 6.01 12 640 2.54 7 299 1.47 4 772 0.96 3 319 0.67 3 395 0.68 5 627 0.68
 Kalmykia 114,833 81.66 16,399 11.66 2,734 1.94 2,117 1.51 937 0.67 632 0.45 675 0.48 502 0.36 1,790 0.36
 Kaluga Oblast 414,027 76.16 59,802 11.00 37,905 6.97 8,070 1.48 5,071 0.93 4,200 0.77 3,943 0.73 4,197 0.77 6,425 0.77
 Kamchatka Krai 112,401 69.44 27,432 16.95 13,733 8.48 2,210 1.37 1,159 0.72 1,131 0.70 966 0.60 912 0.56 1 920 0.56
 Karachay-Cherkessia 223,534 87.64 17,819 6.99 7,076 2.77 1,132 0.44 747 0.29 454 0.18 2,533 0.99 676 0.27 1,101 0.27
 Karelia 216,899 73.04 33,693 11.35 23,254 7.83 6,777 2.28 5,215 1.76 3,201 1.08 1,927 0.65 2,343 0.79 3,656 0.79
 Kemerovo Oblast 1,422,919 85.42 101,153 6.07 83,777 5.03 14,002 0.84 10,471 0.63 7,213 0.43 7,556 0.45 7,972 0.48 10,657 0.48
 Khabarovsk Krai 426,385 65.78 119,389 18.42 60,414 9.32 11,199 1.73 5,435 0.84 5,354 0.83 4,485 0.69 4,612 0.71 10,969 0.71
 Khakassia 169,615 69.16 45,276 18.46 17,610 7.18 3 372 1.37 1,605 0.65 1,624 0.66 1,593 0.65 1,567 0.64 2,986 0.64
 Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug 600,404 76.23 94,785 12.02 53,569 6.79 10,884 1.38 5,060 0.64 4,363 0.55 4,095 0.52 3,916 0.5 10,824 0.50
 Kirov Oblast 465,948 70.41 90,650 13.70 63,771 9.64 11,034 1.67 6,303 0.95 5,784 0.87 5,655 0.85 5,157 0.78 7,455 0.78
 Komi Republic 290,716 71.44 46,094 11.33 41,680 10.24 8,179 2.01 4,080 1.00 3,809 0.94 3,215 0.79 3,234 0.79 5,908 0.79
 Kostroma Oblast 221,449 68.71 52,135 16.18 29,834 9.26 4,852 1.51 3,106 0.96 2,879 0.89 2,309 0.72 2,665 0.83 3,048 0.83
 Krasnodar Krai 2,564,012 81.35 316,316 10.04 144,008 4.57 30,697 0.97 16,461 0.52 21,413 0.68 17,100 0.54 15,876 0.5 26,090 0.50
 Krasnoyarsk Krai 941,151 74.28 161,925 12.78 93,628 7.39 20,415 1.61 11,225 0.89 8,479 0.67 7,761 0.61 8,072 0.64 14,327 0.64
 Kurgan Oblast 318,703 73.30 59,425 13.67 38,002 8.74 4,590 1.06 2,313 0.53 2,178 0.50 3,020 0.69 2,682 0.62 3,873 0.62
 Kursk Oblast 482,257 81.01 56,948 9.57 33,326 5.60 5,631 0.95 2,527 0.42 2,640 0.44 3,316 0.56 3,421 0.57 5,207 0.57
 Leningrad Oblast 703,423 79.01 78,545 8.82 48,465 5.44 18,715 2.10 10,719 1.20 8,129 0.91 5,655 0.64 6,136 0.69 10,539 0.69
 Lipetsk Oblast 542,199 80.83 67,299 10.03 33,739 5.03 6,714 1.00 3,494 0.52 3,259 0.49 3,994 0.60 3,834 0.57 6,225 0.57
 Magadan Oblast 53,341 72.30 10,364 14.07 6,185 8.34 1,007 1.36 491 0.67 458 0.62 408 0.55 417 0.57 1 108 0.57
 Mari El 263,725 73.99 51,873 14.55 24,516 6.88 4,821 1.35 2,144 0.60 2,128 0.60 2,028 0.57 2,013 0.56 3,146 0.56
 Mordovia 406,480 85.35 33,894 7.12 20,758 4.36 3,561 0.75 1,726 0.36 1,636 0.34 2,781 0.58 1,863 0.39 3,549 0.39
 Moscow 3,201,257 70.87 563,670 12.48 211,995 4.69 184,285 4.08 143,039 3.17 70,323 1.56 32,664 0.72 43,317 0.96 66,626 0.96
 Moscow Oblast 2,758,911 74.49 476,897 12.88 203,869 5.50 78,893 2.13 49,664 1.34 36,133 0.98 24,523 0.66 26,448 0.71 48,175 0.71
 Murmansk Oblast 303,796 76.37 35,240 8.86 31,434 7.90 8,931 2.25 4,660 1.17 3,426 0.86 2,578 0.65 2,827 0.71 4,915 0.71
 Nenets Autonomous Okrug 17,863 71.15 3,397 13.53 2,482 9.89 448 1.78 158 0.63 172 0.69 135 0.54 185 0.74 267 0.74
 Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 1,334,417 77.27 183,465 10.62 111,744 6.74 27,728 1.61 16,107 0.93 14,053 0.81 12,320 0.71 12,037 0.7 15,107 0.70
 North Ossetia–Alania 377,648 81.51 51,026 11.01 13,954 3.01 1,034 0.22 1,017 0.22 5,699 1.23 8,398 1.81 1,071 0.23 3,470 0.23
 Novgorod Oblast 209,286 72.65 36,661 12.73 22,000 7.64 5,303 1.84 4,143 1.44 2,456 0.85 2,420 0.84 2,345 0.81 3,448 0.81
 Novosibirsk Oblast 926,958 71.06 213,707 16.39 85,790 6.58 21,067 1.62 14,654 1.12 9,080 0.70 8,005 0.61 8,473 0.65 16,625 0.65
 Omsk Oblast 624,934 67.31 189,303 20.39 57,901 6.24 14,282 1.54 7,592 0.82 5,832 0.63 5,653 0.61 10,496 1.13 12,487 1.13
 Orenburg Oblast 731,838 72.97 155,156 15.47 67,777 6.76 11,539 1.15 5,748 0.57 6,003 0.60 7,846 0.78 6,137 0.61 10,938 0.61
 Oryol Oblast 349,743 76.77 55,482 12.18 27,617 6.06 5,777 1.27 2,698 0.59 3,187 0.70 3,187 0.70 3,210 0.7 4,670 0.70
 Penza Oblast 625,928 79.98 78,135 9.98 43,823 5.60 9,048 1.16 4,697 0.60 4,037 0.52 5,614 0.72 4,616 0.59 6,740 0.59
 Perm Krai 993,076 75.35 138,977 10.55 90,132 6.84 28,963 2.20 16,918 1.28 11,859 0.90 10,154 0.77 9,624 0.73 18,203 0.73
 Primorsky Krai 589,384 65.26 193,166 21.39 63,754 7.06 15,079 1.67 8,019 0.89 6,676 0.74 5,814 0.64 6,605 0.73 14,571 0.73
 Pskov Oblast 258,584 75.05 39,407 11.44 23,688 6.87 5,794 1.86 5,533 1.61 2,656 0.77 2,782 0.81 2,952 0.86 3,165 0.86
 Rostov Oblast 1,641,189 78.97 236,287 11.37 106,905 5.14 23,036 1.11 13,761 0.66 13,046 0.63 14,121 0.68 11,741 0.56 18,200 0.56
 Ryazan Oblast 458,882 76.34 76,023 12.65 37,091 6.17 7,777 1.29 4,068 0.68 3,654 0.61 3 731 0.62 4,094 0.68 5,756 0.68
 Saint Petersburg 1,735,236 75.01 209,112 9.04 94,569 4.09 100,059 4.33 73,532 3.18 36,254 1.57 15,295 0.66 20,450 0.88 28,951 0.88
 Sakha 294,166 64.38 124,518 27.25 18,089 3.96 7,494 1.64 2,604 0.57 2,010 0.44 1,711 0.37 1,696 0.37 4,636 0.37
 Sakhalin Oblast 153,289 66.92 41,201 17.99 20,075 8.76 3,874 1.69 1,938 0.85 1,654 0.72 1,496 0.65 1,586 0.69 3,942 0.69
 Samara Oblast 1,234,759 75.82 189,314 11.63 98,007 6.02 32,392 1.99 17,892 1.10 12,324 0.76 11,543 0.71 10,805 0.66 21,460 0.66
 Saratov Oblast 987,373 78.33 148,585 11.79 66,254 5.26 15,067 1.20 9,268 0.74 7,485 0.59 8,326 0.66 7,436 0.59 10,736 0.59
 Sevastopol 218,303 90.19 8,698 3.59 6,988 2.89 3,083 1.27 903 0.37 896 0.37 569 0.24 576 0.24 2,040 0.24
 Smolensk Oblast 347,859 73.49 62,351 13.17 36,894 7.79 6,724 1.42 3,426 0.72 3,304 0.70 3,519 0.74 3,894 0.82 5,399 0.82
 Stavropol Krai 1,118,523 80.55 157,345 11.33 58,778 4.23 11,656 0.84 6,130 0.44 6,985 0.50 8,008 0.58 7,593 0.55 13,559 0.55
 Sverdlovsk Oblast 1,555,532 74.60 241,365 11.58 141,683 6.79 44,258 2.12 27,144 1.30 19,428 0.93 13,317 0.64 15,154 0.73 27,282 0.73
 Tambov Oblast 494,966 81.81 55,183 9.12 31,418 5.19 5,311 0.88 3,210 0.53 2,521 0.42 3,593 0.59 3,137 0.52 5,652 0.52
 Tatarstan 1,854,119 82.09 204,618 9.06 67,929 3.01 29,951 1.33 19,643 0.87 13,361 0.59 37,969 1.68 13,030 0.58 18,045 0.58
 Tomsk Oblast 328,296 71.23 70,163 15.22 31,466 6.83 10,091 2.19 5,886 1.28 3,986 0.86 2,757 0.60 2,976 0.65 5,307 0.65
 Tula Oblast 648,117 79.20 77,552 9.48 48,748 5.96 11,689 1.43 7,537 0.92 5,331 0.65 5,379 0.66 5,692 0.7 8,333 0.70
 Tuva 150,795 91.98 5,762 3.51 2,809 1.71 1,779 1.09 451 0.28 339 0.21 439 0.27 406 0.25 1,160 0.25
 Tver Oblast 459,198 74.55 77,050 12.51 43,421 7.05 10,144 1.65 5,635 0.91 4,846 0.79 4,902 0.80 4,718 0.77 6,027 0.77
 Tyumen Oblast 672,385 79.75 69,294 8.22 64,376 7.63 11,723 1.39 4,808 0.57 4,577 0.54 4,249 0.50 4,543 0.54 7,152 0.54
 Udmurtia 571,623 76.23 84,981 11.33 50,859 6.78 11,518 1.54 5,142 0.69 6,188 0.83 5,301 0.71 4,958 0.66 9,308 0.66
 Ulyanovsk Oblast 477,654 74.27 94,809 14.74 40,028 6.22 7,146 1.11 3,567 0.55 4,197 0.65 4,752 0.74 3,972 0.62 7,023 0.62
 Vladimir Oblast 546,042 73.65 93,649 12.63 58,822 7.93 10,777 1.45 6,147 0.83 6,098 0.82 5,075 0.68 5,440 0.73 9,351 0.73
 Volgograd Oblast 929,541 77.55 140,708 11.74 69,909 5.83 14,403 1.20 10,242 0.85 6,851 0.57 8,116 0.68 8,040 0.67 10,850 0.67
 Vologda Oblast 453,576 72.41 75,644 12.08 54,556 8.71 13,365 2.13 8,048 1.28 5,333 0.85 4,567 0.73 5,184 0.83 6,090 0.83
 Voronezh Oblast 952,642 78.88 136,435 11.30 64,905 5.37 13,024 1.08 7,561 0.63 7,277 0.60 8,561 0.71 7,830 0.65 9,435 0.65
Voting abroad 403,306 85.02 23,871 5.03 8,224 1.73 19,203 4.05 7,433 1.57 3,079 0.65 1,439 0.30 2,010 0.42 5,801 0.42
 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 291,409 85.54 19,448 5.72 19,409 5.70 2,394 0.70 1,367 0.40 1,154 0.34 1,794 0.53 1,052 0.31 2,616 0.31
 Yaroslavl Oblast 472,666 71.84 85,256 12.96 49,621 7.54 15,607 2.37 11,738 1.78 6,710 1.02 4,377 0.67 5,329 0.81 6,636 0.81
 Zabaykalsky Krai 329,911 72.03 62,375 13.62 45,804 10.00 4,750 1.04 2,095 0.46 2,111 0.46 2,772 0.61 2,450 0.53 5,767 0.53
 Russia 56,430,712 76.69 8,659,206 11.77 4,154,985 5.65 1,238,031 1.68 769,644 1.05 556,801 0.76 499,342 0.68 479,013 0.65 791,258 1.08
Source: CEC

Reactions

India was the first world power to react to the election results, saying in a congratulatory message to Putin that it vowed to push ties with Russia to a "higher level."[163] Other countries which sent their congratulations included: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Croatia,[164] Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guatemala,[165] Hungary, China,[163] Iran, Israel,[166] Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia,[167] Moldova, North Korea,[168] Philippines,[169] Saudi Arabia, Serbia,[170] Singapore,[171] Sudan,[172] Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United States,[173] Uzbekistan and Venezuela.[174]

Western reaction to the election result was predominantly muted as the election came at a time of heightened tensions between the West and Russia due to the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, the ongoing U.S. investigation of the alleged Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and a series of other issues.[175] The European Union said that violations and shortcomings in the election flouted international standards while the White House deputy press secretary Hogan Gidley initially said that there was no congratulatory phone call scheduled between U.S. president Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin.[175][176][163] Donald Trump later congratulated Putin in a phone call while the president of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker later congratulated Putin;[177][178] their actions in turn drew criticism.[179][180][181][182] France and Germany acknowledged Putin's victory but both countries avoided explicitly using the word "congratulate", instead "wishing success" to Putin for his new six-year term in office.[179]

Voting irregularities were reported by independent election monitoring group Golos. Edward Snowden criticized what he claimed was ballot stuffing and Russian opposition entities Alexei Navalny and Open Russia criticized what they alleged to be voting fraud.[184][175] Ella Pamfilova, the head of the Central Electoral Commission, said that there were no serious violations and those involved in the violations would be caught; she later said that Putin's level of support showed that society had united in the face of pressure from abroad.[184][175] According to one monitor group who observed voters in a number of voting stations which showed "suspicious" results in previous elections, the actual turnout at these stations was 21-34% while official results from these stations showed 76-86% (in one station 8,765 physical voters were counted, official results showed 13,235 votes). The group concluded that in these elections the government and local administration officers chose to simply falsify the voting protocols rather than use easy-to-spot ballot stuffing or carousel voting.[185] Election statistician Sergey Shpilkin said that while this election was slightly "cleaner" than the preceding ones, there were around 10 million votes added in favor of Putin illegally.[186]

Prominent Russian dissident[187] Garry Kasparov said that the elections were a "charade."[188]

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) said that the election "took place in an overly controlled legal and political environment marked by continued pressure on critical voices, while the Central Election Commission (CEC) administered the election efficiently and openly."[189]

The head observer of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation described the election as "transparent, credible, democratic" while Maxim Grigoriev, deputy head of the monitoring group of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation called it "unprecedentedly clean".[184]

References

  1. ↑ "Alexei Navalny: Russian opposition leader found guilty of embezzlement". theguardian.com. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  2. ↑ "Russian opposition leader's fraud conviction arbitrary, Europe's top rights court says". reuters.com. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  3. ↑ "Alexei Navalny: Russia's vociferous Putin critic". bbc.com. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  4. ↑ Stefanov, Mike (22 December 2008). "Russian presidential term extended to 6 years". CNN. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  5. ↑ Chapter 4. The President of the Russian Federation. Constitution of the Russian Federation.
  6. ↑ "Совет Федерации объявил начало кампании по выборам президента России". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  7. ↑ Поправки в законы о выборах могут принять к июню, считает Клишас (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 7 March 2017.
  8. ↑ Федеральный закон от 10.01.2003 г. № 19-ФЗ. Kremlin.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  9. ↑ "Russia To Move 2018 Presidential Vote To Day Marking Seizure of Crimea". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  10. ↑ "Внесены изменения в закон о выборах Президента Российской Федерации". Президент России (in Russian). Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  11. ↑ "Campaign officially starts for Russia's presidential election". The Japan News. 19 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017.
  12. ↑ "Russian presidential election 2018". TASS. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  13. ↑ "Доклад Алексея Журавлева на III Съезде партии "РОДИНА"". rodina.ru. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  14. 1 2 ""Гражданская платформа" поддержит Путина на выборах президента России". ТАСС. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  15. ↑ ""Справедливая Россия" поддержит Путина на выборах президента". РБК. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  16. ↑ Совет Федерации объявил начало кампании по выборам президента России. Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  17. ↑ "Госпожа претендент". Газета "Коммерсантъ". 19 October 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  18. ↑ "В ЦИК ожидают большого количества желающих баллотироваться в президенты". ТАСС. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  19. ↑ Рост. primaries.rost.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  20. ↑ "Члены Партии роста предложили Путину уйти с поста президента". РБК. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  21. ↑ Ведомости (26 November 2017). "Борис Титов объявил об участии в выборах президента России". Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  22. ↑ Кандидат 2018 – Левый Фронт. Кандидат 2018 – Левый Фронт (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  23. ↑ Кандидат 2018 – Левый Фронт. Кандидат 2018 – Левый Фронт (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  24. ↑ Ридус. Десять непарламентских партий объединились в блок "Третья сила". Ридус (in Russian). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  25. ↑ "Третья сила" "выкристаллизирует" до четырех кандидатов в президенты РФ. ИА REGNUM (in Russian). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  26. ↑ Третья сила. Ruposters.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  27. ↑ Победители без побеждённых. EG.RU (in Russian). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  28. ↑ "Ирина Волынец отказалась баллотироваться в президенты". Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  29. ↑ Полищук снял свою кандидатуру с выборов президента. Российская газета (in Russian). 31 January 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  30. ↑ "Кандидаты на должность Президента Российской Федерации". cikrf.ru. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  31. 1 2 "Российский общенародный союз" выдвинул Бабурина кандидатом в президенты. РИА Новости (in Russian). Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  32. 1 2 Бабурин подал в ЦИК документы для выдвижения в президенты от своей партии. РИА Новости (in Russian). 24 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  33. 1 2 ЦИК предложил трем потенциальным кандидатам устранить нарушения при выдвижении. РИА Новости (in Russian). 25 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  34. 1 2 ЦИК разрешил Бабурину открыть избирательный счет и начать сбор подписей. ТАСС (in Russian). Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  35. ↑ ЦИК зарегистрировал Бабурина кандидатом на пост президента (in Russian). РИА Новости. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  36. 1 2 "КПРФ может выдвинуть в президенты главу "Совхоза имени Ленина" Грудинина". ng.ru. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  37. ↑ СМИ: КПРФ может выдвинуть кандидатом в президенты не Зюганова (in Russian). Retrieved 25 December 2017.
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  49. ↑ Владимир Жириновский снова собрался в президенты | Vladimir Zhirinovsky again running for presidency. Kommersant. Published 28 October 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2017. (in Russian)
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