2021–2023 Bulgarian political crisis
Part of the politics of Bulgaria
Protest tent in Sofia with the word "Resignation" written on it
Date4 April 2021– 6 June 2023
Duration2 years, 2 months and 2 days
LocationBulgaria
TypePolitical crisis
CauseDifficulties in forming and retaining
a stable majority governing coalition
OutcomeRotation government between GERB-SDS and PP–DB was created.

The 2021–2023 Bulgarian political crisis was a period of instability in Bulgaria, which has seen the country face five elections over two years: April 2021, July 2021, November 2021, October 2022 and April 2023.

The first two elections failed to result in a governing coalition, but the November 2021 election saw Kiril Petkov create an unstable government which lasted only 7 months. The October 2022 snap election resulted in another gridlock, leading to the April 2023 election.

Background

Picture of a protest in front of the National Assembly

Former Prime Minister Boyko Borisov, and his populist conservative party GERB, had led Bulgaria consecutively since 2016. Borisov's third government was embroiled in numerous corruption scandals during its time in office,[1] specifically surrounding the allocation of EU funds, infrastructure projects and government subsidies.[2]

Scandals including alleged photographs of the former Prime Minister lying on a bed next to a handgun, bars of gold and stacks of money and the "Eight Dwarfs" extortion scandal culminated in protests on 9 July 2020, with the aim of removing Borisov's government and Chief Prosecutor Ivan Geshev.[3][4]

These protests would continue daily until after the government's term concluded on 16 April 2021.[5][6]

The protests saw the rise to prominence of several so called "parties of change",[7] consisting mainly of new political parties which opposed Borisov, and many of whom joined in with the protests.[8][9] The main three electoral coalitions or parties in this bloc were There Is Such a People (ITN), Democratic Bulgaria (DB) and Stand Up! Mafia, Get Out! (IMSV), and polls suggested this bloc garnered large support.[10][11]

2021 elections

April 2021 election

Results map of the April 2021 election

The election took place on 4 April 2021, and was scheduled as a regular election following four years since the 2017 election.

Borisov's governing coalition lost its majority, with the government-supporting parties falling from a combined 134 seats to 75 out of 240, with only GERB staying in the National Assembly.[12] In contrast, all three of the "parties of change" groupings entered the national assembly, winning a total of 92 seats, with 51 of these coming from Slavi Trifonov's ITN. The Socialist Party (BSPzB) also suffered its worst result in a democratic election.[13] The election also saw turnout drop 3.5pp to 49.1%.

The "Anti-Corruption" bloc ruled out working with Borisov and GERB, and as such it was unlikely any government would be formed.[14] President Rumen Radev gave first mandate was given to GERB as the largest party, who failed to form a government with the former foreign minister, Daniel Mitov, as the nominated Prime Ministerial candidate.[15] The second mandate was offered to ITN, who refused after GERB had suggested it would be willing to support an ITN-led government.[12][16] Radev gave the final mandate to Korneliya Ninova of the BSPzB, who refused to form a government after the "parties of change" refused to work with them. Stefan Yanev was appointed by Radev to lead an interim government, and a snap election was called for 11 July.[17]

July 2021 election

Results map of the July 2021 election

The July election saw ITN continue on its upward momentum, topping the polls in the election with 65 seats. The "parties of change" rose to 112 seats, still shy of the 121 needed for a majority.[18] GERB fell to 63 seats, and BSPzB continued its downward trend. Turnout dropped by 8.7pp to 40.4%.

When ITN was handed the mandate by Radev, they opted to form a minority government with the support of the other anti-corruption parties and BSPzB, but the negotiations fell through. GERB ruled out trying to form a government,[19] and BSPzB failed to convince other parties to support the caretaker government for a full 4 year term. Another election was scheduled for 14 November, occurring at the same time as the presidential election.[20][21] Yanev continued as caretaker Prime Minister.

November 2021 election

Results map of the November 2021 election

After ITN were perceived to have failed to work constructively with other parties to form a government, their support drastically dropped, coming in fourth place behind GERB, DB and BSPzB in some polls.[22]

In August, there was speculation that two popular cabinet ministers from Yanev's first caretaker government, Kiril Petkov and Asen Vasilev could form a new anti-corruption party, and the project was officially launched on 17 September. We Continue the Change (PP) hoped to be a uniting force, which could bring together a government following the elections.[7]

At the election, PP came out on top with 67 seats. The "parties of change" fell to 108 seats, with IBG-NI (formerly ISMV), falling out of the National Assembly. GERB and BSPzB continued to fall in their seat count.[23] Revival (VAZ), a far-right party, also entered the Assembly following protests against the interim government's introduction of a vaccine passport, or "green pass".[24][25] Turnout fell by a further 2pp to 38.4%.

Following the election, Petkov said he would be willing to work with any party which wished to join the fight against corruption in Bulgaria.[26] The Turkish minority interest party Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) and GERB refused to cooperate with PP.[27] On 10 December, the leaders of PP, BSP, ITN and DB announced they had agreed to form a coalition. Radev, who was re-elected as President,[28] gave PP the first mandate.

With the first mandate, PP proposed a government. This was approved by the National Assembly on 13 December.[29]

Investiture
Kiril Petkov (PP)
Ballot → 13 December 2021
Required majority → 121 out of 240
Yes
134 / 240
No
104 / 240
Abstentions
  • • None
0 / 240
Absentees
2 / 240
Result → Yes check
Source[30]

Petkov government

One of the first challenges of the new government was the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In February, defense minister Yanev was dismissed after he denied to call the invasion war, instead using the term "special military operation" as was used by Russia.[31] BSP also threatened to leave the government if Bulgaria sent military aid to Ukraine.[32] Despite this, according to investigations by Welt, Bulgaria used intermediaries to provide Kyiv with supplies of weapons, ammunition and diesel. Bulgaria was also at the forefront of urging that the EU impose sanctions on Russia as soon as possible. However, as a result of this action, the Russian-state affiliated Gazprom severed gas exports to the country.[33][34]

After a dispute about the lifting the veto against North Macedonia to allow them to join the European Union,[35] ITN withdrew from the government on 8 June 2022 making it a minority government.[36] However, 6 of ITN's delegates left the party in order to support Petkov's government.[37]

Removal

On 22 June 2022 a motion of no-confidence succeeded with 123 members of parliament voting against the government.[38] As no party was able to form another government within the current Parliament, President Radev scheduled another election to take place in October 2022 and appointed another interim government, led by Galab Donev, who had been minister for Labour and Social Policy in all of the interim governments, appointed by Radev (Gerdzhikov, Yanev 1 and Yanev 2).

Vote of no-confidence
Ballot → 22 June 2022
Required majority → 121 out of 240
Confidence
116 / 240
No-confidence
123 / 240
Abstentions
  • • None
0 / 240
Absentees
1 / 240
Result → No-confidence check
Source[38]

2022 and 2023 elections

October 2022 election

Results map of the October 2022 election

The parties which formed the previous coalition: PP, BSPzB and DB failed to gain a majority only reaching 98 of the seats. Meanwhile the two pro-Russian and nationalist parties VAZ and the new formed Bulgarian Rise (led by former interim prime minister Yanev) both made gains.[39] GERB became largest party with around 25% and 67 seats. ITN failed to reach the 4% threshold.[40]

It took three days for the Assembly to vote on a chairperson following the election. In the mean time, a dog called "Johnny" received joking endorsements from the public to become the chairman instead. Eventually, Vezhdi Rashidov from GERB was approved as a compromise on 21 October.[41]

The first mandate went to GERB, and they proposed Nikolay Gabrovski. Gabrovski was disapproved by parliament on December 14.[42]

Investiture
Nikolay Gabrovski (GERB)
Ballot → 14 December 2022
Required majority → 121 of 240
Yes
113 / 240
No
125 / 240
Abstentions
  • • None
0 / 240
Absentees
2 / 240
Result → No ☒
Source[42]

During the government formation a debate about the return of paper ballots broke out which was abolished due to concerns of vote buying.[43] GERB, DPS and BSP supported the return and were able to override a veto of president Radev against the changes of the electoral code.[44]

The second mandate went to the second largest party PP on 3 January 2023.[45] The third and last mandate was given to BSP which was also unable to form a government thus triggering snap elections, scheduled for 2 April 2023. However, BSP opened up to a potential cooperation with GERB, which has the potential for a breakthrough.[46] Galab Donev was selected by Radev to lead another interim government.[47]

April 2023 election

Results map of the April 2023 election

The election scheduled for 2 April marked the 5th election the country has faced in 2 years. It has been suggested that the political turmoil could potentially impact Bulgaria joining the Eurozone.[47]

PP negotiated with DB, alongside other minor organisations,[48] to run on a joint list together for the 2023 election, a proposal all constituent parties of DB supported. They hope to prioritise justice reform, joining the Schengen Area and the Eurozone.[49][50][51] The two parties were already working together in the upcoming local elections.[52] On 10 February, DB announced they had come to an agreement and would be running on a joint list, PP–DB.[53]

Going into the election, PP–DB hoped to form a minority government, while GERB supported forming a Grand coalition between them and PP–DB, which Borisov said would take time but could solve the political crisis.[54]

The election saw the GERB-led list retain its position in first, and it has reportedly increased its seat count up to 69. PP–DB did worse than expected and were considered the losers of the night, dropping down to 64. VAZ rose above DPS, which itself stayed stable, and ITN narrowly re-entered the assembly. BV fell below the threshold.[55][56][57][58] In terms of government negotiations, GERB stated that they would work with anyone, PP–DB broadly did not wish to join a government alongside GERB, and VAZ suggested that they would not join any government other than one solely led by them.[59][60][57] BSP, DPS and ITN were vaguer about who they would support, but Ninova said the BSP would be open to negotiating with all parties.[61]

At the first sitting of the Assembly on 12 April, no speaker could be elected, with the parliamentarians only sitting for a matter of a few minutes. There was not much progress built on government formation, though GERB and PP–DB pledged to meet and pass laws where the two groupings could see eye-to-eye.[62]

On 22 May, PP and GERB agreed to form a government with a rotational premiership. Nikolay Denkov, PP's candidate would be the Prime Minister for the first 9 months of the government and Mariya Gabriel, the GERB candidate, would serve as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister. After 9 months, the two would switch positions.[63] Petkov claimed the government was not a coalition, and that it was the best they could do, despite breaking their pre-election promise. Petkov also said he hoped the government could survive for at least 18 months, and confirmed he would not be a part of the cabinet.[64] It was reported that DB will support the government, but from the outside with no ministers in government.[65] Alleged recordings from an incriminating PP meeting, including both leaders, were released by Radostin Vassilev, a MP for PP–DB, who left the party. Petkov claimed the recordings did not represent the truth and were manipulated.[66] There were suggestions that these recordings could impact the formation of the PP and GERB cooperation agreement, but Borisov said it would not make an impact.[67]

Denkov, the proposed Prime Minister, released the cabinet composition alongside the proposed Deputy Prime Minister, Gabriel on 2 June. They announced that they had joined in negotiations with DPS, in order to achieve the supermajority of 160 MPs needed to enact constitutional reforms.[68] DPS said they would not prevent the government's formation, but they were more vague regarding their explicit support.[69]

Investiture
Nikolai Denkov (PP)
Ballot → 6 June 2023
Required majority → 121 of 240
Yes
131 / 240
No
69 / 240
Abstentions
  • • None
0 / 240
Absentees
40 / 240
Result → Yes check
Source[70]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "All for a photo: Boyko Borisov's downfall in Bulgaria". Atalayar. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  2. ↑ "How Bulgaria became the EU's mafia state". POLITICO. 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  3. ↑ "Да изхвърлим мафията". Защо протестираха хората на 9 юли (in Bulgarian), 10 July 2020, retrieved 2023-01-25
  4. ↑ "Протест пред президентството". bTV Media Group - bTV. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  5. ↑ "Парламентът прие оставката на правителството на Бойко Борисов". Fakti.bg - Да извадим фактите наяве (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  6. ↑ "Analysis | Why Bulgaria's government has survived months of anti-corruption protests". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  7. 1 2 "New centrist faction to run in Bulgaria's third election this year". Reuters. 2021-09-19. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  8. ↑ Tsoneva, Jana. "What is happening with the Bulgarian protest movement?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  9. ↑ "Bulgaria: Manolova and Poisonous Trio Will Run for Election Together - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". www.novinite.com. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  10. ↑ "Общественото недоволство променя политическата конфигурация - юли 2020 - MarketLinks". www.marketlinks.bg. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  11. ↑ "Нагласи на българите спрямо основните партии, институции и протестите (септември 2020) - ТРЕНД". Trend (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  12. 1 2 "Borisov faces rising anti-establishment vote in Bulgaria elections". Financial Times. 2021-04-05. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  13. ↑ Junes, Tom (2021-04-06). "Election Surprises End Bulgaria's Political Stability". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  14. ↑ "Bulgarian PM Seeks Coalition Government But Says Effort 'Unlikely To Succeed'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 7 April 2021. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  15. ↑ "Bulgaria's GERB party fails to form a government, new polls loom". Reuters. 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  16. ↑ "Bulgaria: Trifonov's party formally refuses mandate to form government". The Sofia Globe. 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  17. ↑ Tsolova, Tsvetelia (2021-05-05). "Bulgaria's president to call July election and appoint technocrat interim government". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  18. ↑ "Pop star's anti-elite party wins Bulgarian election". Financial Times. 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  19. ↑ "Bulgaria's Winning Party Withdraws Proposed Cabinet, Paving Way For New Vote". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  20. ↑ "Bulgaria could be heading for third general election in a year". euronews. 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  21. ↑ "Bulgaria faces fresh elections as Socialists refuse to form a government". Reuters. 2021-09-02. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  22. ↑ "Моментна снимка на електоралните нагласи". Галъп интернешънъл (in Bulgarian). 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  23. ↑ "Bulgaria's We Continue The Change wins snap vote with 25.67% support - final results". seenews.com. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  24. ↑ Todorov, Svetoslav (2022-01-26). "Risks of 'Revival': The Bulgarian Far-Right's Latest Incarnation". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  25. ↑ "Hundreds protest against Bulgaria's COVID health pass". Reuters. 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  26. ↑ "Tough Coalition Talks Loom In Bulgaria After Inconclusive Elections". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  27. ↑ "Bulgaria presidential poll seen testing anti-graft reform appetite". RFI. 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  28. ↑ "Резултати :: Избори за президент и вицепрезидент 21 ноември 2021". results.cik.bg. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  29. ↑ "Bulgarian parliament backs Kiril Petkov as PM". POLITICO. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  30. ↑ "Рергистрации и гласувания по ПГ" (PDF). National Assembly. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  31. ↑ "Bulgarien: Verteidigungsminister Janew im Streit um Ukraine-Konflikt entlassen". N-TV. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  32. ↑ "Wie Balkanpolitik und Ukraine-Krise Bulgarien ins Chaos stürzten". Telepolis. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  33. ↑ "Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine". POLITICO. 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  34. ↑ "Bulgarien: Das Land, das heimlich die Ukraine rettete - WELT". DIE WELT (in German). 24 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  35. ↑ "Bulgariens Rest-Regierung vor dem Fall". Frankfurter Rundschau. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  36. ↑ "Bulgaria's ITN party exits coalition government". Reuters. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  37. ↑ Leviev-Sawyer, Clive (2022-06-13). "Bulgaria: Recriminations fly as ITN quits government, and some quit ITN". The Sofia Globe. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  38. 1 2 "Regierung in Bulgarien durch Misstrauensvotum gestürzt". SRF. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  39. ↑ "Former Bulgarian premier faces struggle to build coalition". Financial Times. 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  40. ↑ "Im Dauerwahlmodus". Jungle World. 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  41. ↑ "Саботажи, Митрофанова и кучето Джони: Краткият, но цветен живот на 48-ото Народно събрание". euronewsbulgaria.com. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
  42. 1 2 "The Bulgarian Parliament did not Support the proposed "Gabrovski" Cabinet". novinite.com. 2022-11-14. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  43. ↑ "Bulgaria's President Vetoed changes to the Electoral Code - The Parties are likely to Reject it". novinite.com. 2022-12-14. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  44. ↑ "Bulgaria: 3 Parties rejected the President's Veto and Kept the Paper Ballot". novinite.com. 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  45. ↑ "Bulgaria's President handed over the Second Mandate for a Government to "We Continue the Change"". novinite.com. 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  46. ↑ "BSP returned the Mandate to Form a Government: Bulgarians expect a Date for Early Elections". novinite.com. 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  47. 1 2 "Bulgaria gears for its fifth election in two years on April 2". Reuters. 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  48. ↑ "ПП и ДБ ще влязат в обединение и с граждански организации в името на обща кауза за просперитет, обяви Кирил Петков". bta.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-02-02.
  49. ↑ ""We Continue the Change" is Negotiating with "Democratic Bulgaria" for Joint Participation in the Elections - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". www.novinite.com. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  50. ↑ news.bg (2023-01-29). "ДБ в поколенчески дълг търсят идеологическа физиономия". News.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  51. ↑ ""Продължаваме промяната" и "Демократична България" преговарят за коалиция (ОБЗОР)". bTV Новините (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-01-31.
  52. ↑ news.bg (2023-01-29). "Кирил Петков сигурен, че ПП и ДБ ще са първи на изборите". News.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  53. ↑ Зехирова, Златина (2023-02-10). ""Продължаваме промяната - Демократична България" e коалицията, която ще участва на изборите". Dnevnik (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  54. ↑ "Bulgarian election contenders present their case on Euronews". euronews. 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
  55. ↑ "Выборы в Болгарии: проевропейские партии победили, но могут опять не суметь сформировать правительство". BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  56. ↑ Дневник (2023-04-03). "След изборите: При 100% обработени протоколи ГЕРБ печели изборите, "Има такъв народ" влиза в парламента". Dnevnik (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  57. 1 2 Зехирова, Златина (2023-04-03). ""Какво правим сега": лидерите обсъждат щети и възможности за правителство". Dnevnik (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  58. ↑ Nenov, Stoyan (2023-04-03). "Bulgaria set for tough coalition talks after fifth inconclusive election". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  59. ↑ Дневник, Екип на (2023-04-05). "След изборите: Борисов призова за коалиция и правителство". Dnevnik (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  60. ↑ "ПП няма да подкрепи правителство на ГЕРБ – DW – 5.04.2023". dw.com (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  61. ↑ Capital.bg (4 April 2023). "Корнелия Нинова пази опциите си за участие в кабинет". www.capital.bg (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  62. ↑ Христова, Анна (2023-04-13). "Парламентът ще пробва да заработи с три закона и преговори за председател, но в мълчание за кабинет". Dnevnik (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  63. ↑ Христова, Анна (2023-04-13). "102-ото правителство академично до февруари - Денков пръв, после 9 месеца Габриел премиер (Обзор)". 24chasa.com (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-05-22.
  64. ↑ "WCC-DB's Petkov: This format is not a coalition with GERB". The Sofia Globe. 2023-05-23. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  65. ↑ "WCC-DB's Petkov: This format is not a coalition with GERB". The Sofia Globe. 2023-05-23. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  66. ↑ "Bulgaria: The MP who Leaked the Recordings Fears for his Life - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". www.novinite.com. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  67. ↑ Георгиев, Андриян (2023-05-26). "Радостин Василев пусна запис с анонсираните от Кирил Петков компромати и го обвини в предателство (допълнена)". Dnevnik (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  68. ↑ "Bulgaria: Denkov and Mariya Gabriel presented the Project for a Regular Government - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". www.novinite.com. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  69. ↑ "DPS will not Prevent the Formation of a Cabinet - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". www.novinite.com. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  70. ↑ "Bulgaria's National Assembly elects Denkov government". 6 June 2023.
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