Legislature of Quebec

Législature du Québec
Third Legislature, 1875 - 1878
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
HousesLegislative Council
Legislative Assembly
Term limits
Four years, subject to earlier dissolution.
History
FoundedJuly 1, 1867
Preceded bySecond Legislature of Quebec, 1871-1875
Succeeded byFourth Legislature of Quebec, 1878-1881
Leadership
Félix-Hyacinthe Lemaire (1875-1876) (Conservative)
John Jones Ross (1876-1878) (Conservative)
Henry Starnes (1878) (Liberal)
Pierre-Étienne Fortin (1875-1876) Conservative
Louis Beaubien (1876-1878) Conservative
Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (1875-1878) Liberal
Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau (1878) Conservative
Structure
SeatsLegislative Council: 24
Legislative Assembly: 65
Legislative Council political groups
Conservatives 21
Liberals 3
Legislative Assembly political groups
Conservatives 44
Liberals 19
Independent Conservatives 2
Elections
Legislative Council voting system
Life appointments
Legislative Assembly voting system
Single member constituencies
First-past-the-post voting
Secret ballot
Adult male franchise with property qualification
Constitution
British North America Act, 1867

The Third Legislature of Quebec was the provincial legislature of Quebec, Canada from 1875 to 1878, following the general election of 1875.

In the 1875 election, Premier Charles Boucher de Boucherville and the Conservative Party of Quebec won a majority in the Legislative Assembly and continued in office with a majority government. However, in 1878, de Boucherville was dismissed from office by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Luc Letellier de Saint-Just, who appointed Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, the leader of the Quebec Liberal Party as premier.

Joly de Lotbinière formed a minority government. It was the first time the Liberals were in office since Quebec had been created in 1867, and the first minority government in Quebec's history. Lotbinière immediately called a general election due to the minority status of his government.

The Legislature held three annual sessions, with the first session called on November 4, 1875. The Legislature was dissolved on March 22, 1878, leading to the 1878 general election on May 1, 1878.

Structure of the Legislature

The Legislature of Quebec was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council.[1] The Lieutenant Governor was appointed by the Governor General of Canada for a term of five years.[2] The Legislative Assembly consisted of sixty-five members, elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post elections.[3] The Legislative Assembly was to last for four years, subject to being dissolved earlier by the Lieutenant Governor.[4] The Legislative Council consisted of twenty-four members, appointed for life by the Government of Quebec.[5]

Elections and qualifications

Right to vote

The 1875 election for the Legislative Assembly had been the first time the secret ballot was used in Quebec.[6] Prior to 1875, voting had been by open ballotting, where voters publicly declared their vote to the polling officials.[7][8]

The right to vote in elections to the Legislative Assembly was not universal. Only male British subjects (by birth or naturalisation), aged 21 or older, were eligible to vote, and only if they met a property qualification. For residents of larger cities, the qualification was to own or occupy real property assessed at three hundred dollars or more. For tenants, the qualification was paying an annual rent of thirty dollars or more. For any other municipality, the qualification was to own or occupy real property assessed at two hundred dollars or more, or twenty dollars in annual value. For tenants in smaller centers, the qualification was paying an annual rent of twenty dollars or more.[9]

Women were completely barred from voting.[9]

Judges and many municipal and provincial officials were also barred from voting, particularly officials with law enforcement duties, or duties relating to public revenue.[10] The Returning Officer in each riding was also barred from voting, except when needed to give a casting vote in the event of a tie vote.[11]

Qualification for the Legislative Assembly

Candidates for election to the Legislative Assembly had to meet stricter qualifications than voters. In addition to being male, twenty-one or older, and a subject of Her Majesty (by birth or naturalisation), a candidate had to be free from all legal incapacity, and be the proprietor in possession of lands or tenements worth at least $2,000, over and above all encumbrances and charges on the property.[12]

Women were completely barred from membership in the Assembly.[12]

Qualification for the Legislative Council

The qualifications for the members of the Legislative Council were the same as for the members of the Senate of Canada.[13]

Those requirements were:

  1. Be of the full age of thirty years;
  2. Be a British subject, either natural-born or naturalised;
  3. Possess real property in Quebec worth at least $4,000, over and above any debts or incumbrances on the property;
  4. Have a net worth of at least $4,000, over and above debts and liabilities;
  5. Reside in Quebec;
  6. Reside in, or possess his qualifying real property, in the division he was named to represent.[14]

The provisions of the British North America Act, 1867 did not explicitly bar women from being called to the Senate of Canada. However, until the Persons Case in 1929, it was assumed that women could not be called to the Senate, and were thus also barred from the Legislative Council. In any event, no woman was ever appointed to the Legislative Council.[15]

Events of the Third Legislature

Boucher de Boucherville and the Conservatives won a strong majority in the 1875 election, 44 out of the 65 seats in the Legislative Assembly. In the first session of the Legislature, the government directed an investigation into the Tanneries scandal, which had brought down the government of former Premier Gédéon Ouimet prior to the election.

However, the political situation became unstable when the federal Liberal government appointed a new lieutenant governor, Luc Letellier de St-Just, after the death in office of Lieutenant Governor René-Édouard Caron. Letellier de St-Just was a strongly partisan Liberal, and continued to be so after his appointment to the position of lieutenant governor. He was critical of the measures taken by the Conservative government.[16] At the same time, Boucher de Boucherville appears to have taken for granted that the Lieutenant Governor would automatically give his formal approval to government measures, as required by the principles of responsible government, to the point where Boucher de Boucherville issued some proclamations on behalf of the lieutenant governor, without consulting Letellier de St-Just.[17]

The matter came to a head in 1878, over a series of railway measures. The Quebec government was cash-strapped, and the Legislature passed statutes to require municipalities to contribute to the cost of building railways which ran through them.[17] Letellier de St-Just concluded that these bills were unconstitutional and on March 2, 1878 he dismissed Boucher de Boucherville as premier. He called on the Leader of the Opposition, Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, to form a government, even though the Liberals were in the minority in the Legislative Assembly. One of Joly de Lotbinière's first acts as premier was to advise the Lieutenant Governor to dissolve the Assembly and call a general election, the election of 1878, which returned a minority government for the Liberals.[18]

The dismissal caused a constitutional and political crisis in Quebec, where the dismissal was referred to as a coup d'état.[16] It also had reverberations in Ottawa. The Liberal government of Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie had not been consulted and were caught by surprise. Mackenzie and Wilfrid Laurier privately condemned the dismissal. The government were attacked by the Conservative opposition for the actions of the lieutenant governor, which were alleged to be contrary to the principles of the neutrality of the Crown.[16]

Legislative Assembly

Party standings

The 1875 election returned a majority in the Legislative Assembly for the Conservative Party, led by Premier Boucher de Boucherville.[19]

1875 Election Results
Party Members
  Conservatives 43
  Liberals 19
  Independent Conservative 3
 Total
 65
 Government Majority
 21

Members of the Legislative Assembly

The following candidates were elected to the Legislative Assembly in the 1875 election.[20] The Premier of Quebec is indicated by Bold italics. The Speakers of the Legislative Assembly are indicated by small caps. Cabinet Ministers are indicated by Italics.

Name Party Riding
  Sydney Robert Bellingham Conservative Argenteuil
  Pierre-Samuel Gendron[note 1] Conservative Bagot
  François-Xavier Dulac Conservative Beauce
  Élie-Hercule Bisson Liberal Beauharnois
  Pierre Fradet Conservative Bellechasse
  Louis Sylvestre Liberal Berthier
  Pierre-Clovis Beauchesne[note 2] Conservative Bonaventure
  William Warren Lynch Conservative Brome
  Raymond Préfontaine Liberal Chambly
  Dominique-Napoléon Saint-Cyr Conservative Champlain
  Onésime Gauthier Conservative Charlevoix
  Édouard Laberge Liberal Châteauguay
  William Evan Price Conservative Chicoutimi et Saguenay
  William Sawyer Conservative Compton
  Gédéon Ouimet[note 3] Conservative Deux-Montagnes
  Louis-Napoléon Larochelle Conservative Dorchester
  William John Watts Independent Conservative Drummond et Arthabaska
  Pierre-Étienne Fortin.[note 4] Conservative Gaspé
  Louis Beaubien Conservative Hochelaga
  Alexander Cameron[note 5] Liberal Huntingdon
  Louis Molleur Liberal Iberville
  Pamphile-Gaspard Verreault Conservative Islet
  Narcisse Lecavalier Conservative Jacques Cartier
  Vincent-Paul Lavallée Conservative Joliette
  Charles-François Roy[note 6] Conservative Kamouraska
  Léon-Benoît-Alfred Charlebois Conservative Laprairie
  Onuphe Peltier Conservative L'Assomption
  Louis-Onésime Loranger Conservative Laval
  Étienne-Théodore Pâquet Conservative Lévis
  Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière Liberal Lotbinière
  Moïse Houde Conservative Maskinongé
  George Irvine[note 7] Liberal Mégantic
  George Barnard Baker[note 8] Conservative Missisquoi
  Louis-Gustave Martin Conservative Montcalm
  Auguste-Charles-Philippe Landry[note 9] Conservative Montmagny
  Auguste-Réal Angers Conservative Montmorency
  Alexander Walker Ogilvie Conservative Montréal Centre
  Louis-Olivier Taillon Conservative Montréal Est
  John Wait McGauvran Conservative Montreal Ouest
  Laurent-David Lafontaine Liberal Napierville
  François-Xavier-Ovide Méthot[note 10] Conservative Nicolet
  Louis Duhamel Conservative Ottawa
  Levi Ruggles Church Conservative Pontiac
  Praxède Larue Conservative Portneuf
  Pierre Garneau Conservative Québec-Comté
  Rémi-Ferdinand Rinfret dit Malouin Liberal Québec-Centre
  Joseph Shehyn Liberal Québec-Est
  John Hearn[note 11] Conservative Québec-Ouest
  Michel Mathieu Conservative Richelieu
  Jacques Picard Conservative Richmond et Wolfe
  Alexandre Chauveau Independent Conservative Rimouski
  Victor Robert Liberal Rouville
  Pierre Bachand Liberal St. Hyacinthe
  Félix-Gabriel Marchand Liberal St. Jean
  Élie Lacerte Conservative St. Maurice
  Maurice Laframboise Liberal Shefford
  Joseph Gibb Robertson Conservative Sherbrooke
  Humbert Saveuse de Beaujeu Independent Conservative Soulanges
  John Thornton Conservative Stanstead
  Georges-Honoré Deschênes Conservative Témiscouata
  Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau[note 12] Conservative Terrebonne
  Henri-Gédéon Malhiot[note 13] Conservative Trois-Rivières
  Émery Lalonde, Sr. Conservative Vaudreuil
  Joseph Daigle Liberal Verchères
  Jonathan Saxton Campbell Würtele Liberal Yamaska

Reasons for Vacancies

  1. ↑ Resigned seat to accept position as prothonotary for the judicial district of Montreal, June 12, 1876.[21]
  2. ↑ Election annulled, December 19, 1876.[22]
  3. ↑ Resigned seat to accept position as Superintendent of Public Instruction, January 28, 1876.[23]
  4. ↑ Election annulled, March 7, 1877.[24]
  5. ↑ Election annulled, March 31, 1876.[25]
  6. ↑ Resigned seat to stand for election to House of Commons, February 12, 1877.[26]
  7. ↑ Resigned on appointment as commissioner of the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway, January 28, 1876.[27]
  8. ↑ Accepted a Cabinet position, an office of profit, triggering by-election, January 24, 1876.[28]
  9. ↑ Election annulled May 29, 1876.[29]
  10. ↑ Election annulled by the Superior Court, June 28, 1876.[30]
  11. ↑ Resigned seat on appointment to the Legislative Council, November 9, 1877.[31]
  12. ↑ Accepted a Cabinet position, an office of profit, triggering by-election, January 24, 1876.[32]
  13. ↑ Resigned on appointment as commissioner of the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway, January 28, 1876.[33]

By-elections

There were thirteen by-elections during the term of the Third Legislature.[34][20] Cabinet ministers are indicated by italics.

By-elections, 1876-1877
Name Party Riding Reason for Vacancy By-election Date
  George Barnard Baker Conservative Missisquoi Accepted a Cabinet position, an office of profit, triggering by-election; re-elected. February 10, 1876
  Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau Conservative Terrebonne Accepted a Cabinet position, an office of profit, triggering by-election; re-elected. February 10, 1876
  Charles Champagne Conservative Deux-Montagnes Incumbent resigned to take position as Superintendent of Public Instruction. March 3, 1876
  Andrew Kennedy Conservative Mégantic Incumbent resigned to take position as commissioner of the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway. April 18, 1876
  Henri-René-Arthur Turcotte Independent Conservative Trois-Rivières Incumbent resigned to take position as commissioner of the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway. April 18, 1876
  Alexander Cameron Liberal Huntingdon Election annulled; re-elected in by-election. April 24, 1876
  Flavien Dupont Conservative Bagot Incumbent resigned to take position as prothonotary for the judicial district of Montreal. July 7, 1876
  Charles-Édouard Houde Conservative Nicolet Election of incumbent annulled by Superior Court. August 18, 1876
  Louis-Napoléon Fortin Liberal Montmagny Election of incumbent annulled. November 30, 1876
  Joseph-Israël Tarte Conservative Bonaventure Election of incumbent annulled. February 22, 1877
  Joseph Dumont Liberal Kamouraska Incumbent resigned to stand for election to House of Commons March 19, 1877
  Pierre-Étienne Fortin Conservative Gaspé Election annulled; re-elected in by-election. July 2, 1877
  Richard Alleyn Conservative Québec-Ouest Incumbent resigned on appointment to Legislative Council. December 17, 1877.

Legislative Council

Party standings

The Conservatives had a strong majority in the Legislative Council throughout the Third Legislature.

Standings at First Session, 1875
Party Members
  Conservatives 22
  Liberals 2
Total: 24
Government Majority: 20

Members during the Third Legislature

The Premier of Quebec is indicated by Bold italics. The Speakers of the Legislative Council are indicated by small caps. Cabinet members are indicated by italics.

Members 1875-1878
Legislative Council Divisions Member Party Term Start Term End
Alma Beaudry, Jean-Louis Conservative November 2, 1867 June 25, 1886
Bedford Wood, Thomas Conservative November 2, 1867 November 13, 1898
De la Durantaye Beaubien, Joseph-Octave Conservative November 2, 1867 November 7, 1877
Vacant November 8, 1877 May 27, 1878
De la Vallière Proulx, Jean-Baptiste-Georges Liberal November 2, 1867 January 27, 1884
De Lanaudière Dostaler, Pierre-Eustache Conservative November 2, 1867 January 4, 1884
De Lorimier Rodier, Charles-Séraphin† Conservative November 2, 1867 February 3, 1876
Vacant February 4, 1876 April 30, 1876
Laviolette, Joseph-Gaspard Conservative May 1, 1876 March 11, 1897
De Salaberry Starnes, Henry Liberal November 2, 1867 March 3, 1896
Grandville Dionne, Élisée Conservative November 2, 1867 August 22, 1892
Gulf Savage, Thomas Conservative November 19, 1873 February 27, 1887
Inkerman Bryson, George (Sr.) Conservative November 2, 1867 January 13, 1900
Kennebec Richard, Louis† Conservative February 5, 1874 November 13, 1876
Vacant November 14, 1876 October 29, 1877
Gaudet, Joseph Conservative October 30, 1877 August 4, 1882
La Salle Panet, Louis Conservative November 2, 1867 May 15, 1884
Lauzon Chaussegros de Léry, Alexandre-René Conservative November 2, 1867 December 19, 1880
Mille-Isles Lemaire, Félix-Hyacinthe Conservative November 2, 1867 December 17, 1879
Montarville Boucher de Boucherville, Charles-Eugène Conservative November 2, 1867 September 10, 1915
Repentigny Archambeault, Louis Conservative November 2, 1867 June 6, 1888
Rigaud Prud'homme, Eustache Conservative November 2, 1867 April 28, 1888
Rougemont Fraser de Berry, John† Conservative November 2, 1867 November 15, 1876
Vacant November 16, 1876 October 29, 1877
Boucher de la Bruère, Pierre Conservative October 30, 1877 April 5, 1895
Saurel Roy, Pierre-Euclide Conservative November 19, 1873 October 31, 1882
Shawinigan Ross, John Jones Conservative November 2, 1867 May 4, 1901
Stadacona Sharples, John (Sr.)† Conservative February 27, 1874 December 19, 1876
Vacant December 20, 1876 October 29, 1877
Hearn, John Conservative October 30, 1877 February 19, 1892
The Laurentides Gingras, Jean-Élie Conservative November 2, 1867 December 10, 1887
Victoria Ferrier, James Conservative November 2, 1867 May 30, 1888
Wellington Webb, William Hoste Conservative October 7, 1875 March 11, 1887

Vacancies of less than one month are not shown.
† Died in office.

Executive Council during Third Legislature

There were two different ministries during the term of the Third Legislature, under Premiers Boucher de Boucherville (1875-1878) and Joly de Lotbinière (1878).

Third Quebec Ministry: Boucher de Boucherville Cabinet (1875-1878)

Charles Boucher de Boucherville, Third Premier of Quebec, 1874-1878

Following the 1875 election, Boucher de Boucherville made some changes to the Cabinet, but largely retained the previous composition.[35]

Members of the Executive Council: 1875-1878
Position Minister Term Start Term End
Premier and President of the Executive Council Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville* 1875 1878
Agriculture and Public Works Pierre Garneau 1875 1876
Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville* 1876 1878
Attorney General Levi Ruggles Church 1875 1876
Auguste-Réal Angers 1876 1878
Crown lands Henri-Gédéon Malhiot 1875 1876
Pierre Garneau 1876 1878
Public Instruction Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville* 1875 1876
Secretary and Registrar Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville* 1875 1876
Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau 1876 1878
Solicitor General Auguste-Réal Angers 1875 1876
George Barnard Baker 1876 1878
Speaker of the Legislative Council Félix-Hyacinthe Lemaire* 1875 1876
John Jones Ross* 1876 1878
Treasurer Joseph Gibb Robertson 1875 1876
Levi Ruggles Church 1876 1878
Ministers without portfolio John Jones Ross* 1876
George Barnard Baker 1876
Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau 1876
* Members of the Legislative Council

Fourth Quebec Ministry: Joly de Lotbinière Cabinet (1878 - 1879)

Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, Fourth Premier of Quebec

Following the dismissal of Boucher de Boucherville in 1878, the Lieutenant Governor appointed Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière as Premier. Because of his lack of majority in the Assembly, Joly de Lotbinière found it necessary to appoint two individuals to Cabinet who did not initially have seats in the Assembly: David Alexander Ross as Attorney General and François Langelier as Commissioner of Crown lands. The only Cabinet member from the Legislative Council was Henry Starnes, the Speaker. Joly de Lotbinière then immediately advised the Lieutenant Governor to dissolve the Legislative Assembly and call a general election. Returned to office, Joly de Lotbinière initially retained the ministers in the same positions, but carried out a Cabinet shuffle the next year, in 1879. In 1879, Joly de Lotbinière appointed Honoré Mercier to cabinet, even though Mercier did not initially have a seat in the Legislative Assembly.[36]

Members of the Executive Council: 1878-1879
Position Minister Term Start Term End
Premier and President of the Executive Council Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière 1878 1879
Agriculture and Public Works Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière 1878 1879
Attorney General David Alexander Ross** 1878 1879
Crown lands François Langelier** 1878 1879
Félix-Gabriel Marchand 1879
Secretary and Registrar Félix-Gabriel Marchand 1878 1879
Alexandre Chauveau 1879
Solicitor General Alexandre Chauveau 1878 1879
Honoré Mercier** 1879
Speaker of the Legislative Council Henry Starnes* 1878 1879
Treasurer Pierre Bachand 1878 1879
François Langelier 1879
* Member of the Legislative Council
**Appointed minister without seat in the Legislature

Leaders of the Opposition

There were two leaders of the Opposition during the Third Legislature. Joly de Lotbinière was leader for most of the term of the Legislature, from 1875 to 1878.[37] When Joly de Lotbinière was appointed premier in 1878, Boucher de Boucherville technically became the leader of the Opposition, but he did not sit in that capacity, as the Legislature was not in session. Joly de Lotbinière called an election two weeks after being appointed premier, without any sittings of the Legislature.

Legislative sessions

The Legislature had three annual sessions:

  • First session: November 4, 1875 to December 24, 1875, with thirty-eight sitting days.
  • Second session: November 10, 1876 to December 28, 1876, with thirty-five sitting days.
  • Third and final session: December 19, 1877 to March 9, 1878, with forty-two sitting days.

The Legislature was dissolved on March 22, 1878.[38]

References

  1. ↑ British North America Act, 1867 [now known as the Constitution Act, 1867], s. 71.
  2. ↑ British North America Act, 1867, s. 58.
  3. ↑ British North America Act, 1867, s. 80.
  4. ↑ British North America Act, 1867, s. 85.
  5. ↑ British North America Act, 1867, s. 72.
  6. ↑ The Quebec Election Act, SQ 1875, c. 7, ss. 181-185, 187.
  7. ↑ British North America Act, 1867, s. 84.
  8. ↑ An Act respecting Elections of Members of the Legislature, Consolidated Statutes of Canada 1859, c. 6, ss. 51-54.
  9. 1 2 The Quebec Election Act, s. 8.
  10. ↑ The Quebec Election Act, s. 11.
  11. ↑ The Quebec Election Act, s. 205.
  12. 1 2 The Quebec Election Act, s. 124.
  13. ↑ British North America Act, 1867, s. 73.
  14. ↑ British North America Act, 1867, s. 23.
  15. ↑ Quebec National Assembly: Les membres du Conseil législatif (par divisions).
  16. 1 2 3 Dictionary of Canadian Biography: "Letellier de Saint-Just, Luc".
  17. 1 2 Dictionary of Canadian Biography: Boucher de Boucherville, Sir Charles.
  18. ↑ Canadian Dictionary of Biography: "Joly de Lotbinière, Sir Henri-Gustave".
  19. ↑ Quebec National Assembly: La répartition des sièges aux élections générales.
  20. 1 2 Quebec National Assembly: Les résultats électoraux depuis 1867.
  21. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Pierre-Samuel Gendron
  22. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Pierre-Clovis Beauchesne
  23. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Gédéon Ouimet
  24. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Pierre Fortin
  25. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Alexander Cameron
  26. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Charles-François Roy
  27. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: George Irvine
  28. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: George Barnard Baker
  29. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Auguste-Charles-Philippe Landry
  30. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: François-Xavier Méthot (fils)
  31. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: John Hearn
  32. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau
  33. ↑ Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Henri-Gédéon Malhiot
  34. ↑ Quebec National Assembly: Les élections partielles.
  35. ↑ Quebec National Assembly: Cabinet Boucher de Boucherville (Conservative), September 22, 1874 to March 8, 1878.
  36. ↑ Quebec National Assembly: Cabinet Joly de Lotbinière (Liberal) (March 8, 1878 to October 31, 1879).
  37. ↑ Quebec National Assembly: Les chefs de l'opposition officielle depuis 1869.
  38. ↑ Quebec National Assembly: Les législatures et leurs sessions depuis 1867.
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