World War II

Combat in the European Theater

576th Bomb Squadron B-24H Liberator^{[lower-alpha 3]}

The ground echelon arrived in the United Kingdom on 30 July and arrived at RAF Wendling, the squadron's combat station, the following day. The air echelon had arrived at the station by 15 August. The squadron flew its first combat mission on 9 September. Most of the established B-24 units of VIII Bomber Command were deployed to reinforce efforts in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations when the squadron began operations, and during September and until the other Liberator units returned in early October, the squadron was primarily involved in flying decoy missions near the North Sea, while the command's main raids were being conducted by its Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses.^[8] Until April 1945, the squadron was primarily engaged in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. Strategic targets included an oil refinery at Geilenkirchen, a marshalling yard at Osnabruck, a railway viaduct at Bielefeld, steel plants at Braunschweig an armored vehicle factory at Kassel and gas works at Berlin.^[1][5][7]

The squadron participated in the heavy attacks against the German aircraft manufacturing industry during Big Week in late February 1944. During this campaign it earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for an attack on a component manufacturing plant for the Messerschmitt Me 210 at Gotha. The squadron formed part of the group leading the second wing in the attack. It began to experience heavy fighter opposition soon after crossing the coast in the Netherlands. Although the trailing elements of the first wing to attack had missed the target when a wounded lead bombardier collapsed and inadvertently toggled the plane's bombs, the 392d Group did not follow that formation, but attacked the Gotha factory with an extremely accurate bomb run with 98% of its bombs falling within 2000 feet of the aiming point. Despite losses, the plant was put out of commission for an estimated six to seven weeks.^[5][9]

The squadron was sometimes diverted from its strategic mission to perform air support and interdiction missions. In preparing for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, it participated in Operation Crossbow, attacking V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launching sites, and airfields. On D-Day, it struck coastal defenses and choke points. It struck enemy positions opposing Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo in July 1944. During the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and January 1945, it bombed railroads, bridges and highways to break German lines of communication. It supported airborne attacks by dropping supplies, both near Arnhem in the Netherlands for Operation Market Garden in September 1944 and during Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine in March 1945.^[5]

Reserve operations

The squadron was reactivated at Barksdale Field, Louisiana on 24 September 1947 as a very heavy bombardment squadron.^[1] Its training was supervised by Air Defense Command (ADC)'s 174th AAF Base Unit (later the 2509th Air Force Reserve Training Center).^[11] In 1948 Continental Air Command assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.^[12] The May 1949 Air Force Reserve program called for a new type of unit, the Corollary unit, which was a reserve unit integrated with an active duty unit. The plan called for corollary units at 107 locations and was viewed as the best method to train reservists by mixing them with an existing regular unit to perform duties alongside the regular unit.^[13] The unit was redesignated as a light bomber unit to become a corollary of the 47th Bombardment Wing in June 1949. However, President Truman’s reduced 1949 defense budget also required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force,^[14] and the 47th was inactivated in October.^[15] The squadron was inactivated the following month.^[1]

Intercontinental ballistic missile operations

Atlas missiles on alert at Vandenberg Air Force Base, 1960

The squadron was redesignated the 576th Strategic Missile Squadron and activated on 1 April 1958 at Cooke Air Force Base, where it was assigned to the 704th Strategic Missile Wing.^[1] The squadron was initially equipped with the SM-65D Atlas. It was the first Atlas squadron and Strategic Air Command (SAC)'s first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) squadron. It initially had two missile complexes, designated 576A and 576B, assigned, each with its own launch control center. Site 576A had three missiles on gantries, similar to those used in testing at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, while 576B's three missiles were housed in above ground "coffins."^[16] These missiles were stored horizontally in a blast resistant shelter. The protective roof had to be retracted and the missile erected to a vertical position before it could be launched.^[17] The SM-65D was the first operational Atlas, with more powerful engines and improved ground radio/inertial guidance than earlier test models. The squadron later added Site 576C with one buried coffin launcher with an SM-65E and two sites, 576D and 576E, each with one SM-65F in a hardened silo.^[16] The missiles could not be launched from inside the silo, but had to be lifted along with the launcher to the top of the silo for launch.^[18] The E and F models incorporated all inertial guidance, along with improved engines, survivability, and reentry vehicles.^[16]

On 16 October 1958, the Air Force accepted the first Atlas launcher (Site 576A-1) from the contractor. On 18 February 1959, the squadron accepted its first Atlas missile.^[19] On 1 July, the 704th Wing was inactivated and the squadron was assigned directly to the 1st Missile Division.^[1][17] The squadron became the first SAC unit to place an ICBM on alert, when it placed one of its Atlas D missiles on alert at site 576A-1 on 31 October 1959 at what was now Vandenberg Air Force Base.^[20][18] The squadron also performed testing of the Atlas. On 22 April 1960, it performed the first successful launch of an Atlas D from a coffin (Site 576B-2).^[21]

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, on 20 October 1962, SAC directed that all degraded missile alert sorties be returned to full alert status. The SAC/Air Force Systems Command (AFSC) Agreement for Emergency Combat Capability was invoked. AFSC took immediate measures to turn over its Atlas E and Atlas F missiles at Vandenberg to SAC and two missiles were transferred to the squadron's control. By 15 November, the Atlas missiles had been returned to AFSC.^[22] The squadron took its first Atlas D missiles off alert on 1 May 1964. After Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed the acceleration of withdrawing Atlas missiles from service, the last D model was off alert by October, the last E model by March 1965, and the last F model by April 1965.^[23] On 2 April 1966, the squadron was inactivated.^[4]

Intercontinental ballistic missile testing

Technicians from the 576th work on a Minuteman III component at Vandenberg AFB 3 February 2014^{[lower-alpha 4]}

The squadron was redesignated the 576th Test Squadron and activated on 1 September 1991 as part of the 310th Training and Test Wing at Vandenberg Air Force Base. When SAC was disestablished on 1 July 1992, the 310th Wing transferred to Air Force Space Command. One year later, the 310th inactivated and the squadron was reassigned and became an element of the 30th Space Wing. One year after that, the squadron became the 586th Flight Test Squadron and on 22 February 1996, the squadron was reassigned to the Space Warfare Center, located at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado. The following month, the 30th Maintenance Squadron and portions of the 30th Logistics Support Squadron merged into the 576th. This merger aligned all personnel directly involved with ICBM testing at Vandenberg under one commander.^[4]

On 1 December 2009 the 576th was reassigned, along with the Air Force's ICBM mission, to Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC), reporting to the command director of operations. Although it was reassigned to Twentieth Air Force on 1 October 2016, the director retained operational and functional oversight of the unit.^[4] In November 2022, AFGSC formed the 377th Test and Evaluation Group and assigned the 576th to it. The group also includes two new support squadrons to prepare for the development of the LGM-35 Sentinel system.^[24]

Assignments

Stations

Aircraft and missiles

• Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945^[1]
• SM-65 Atlas Missile, 1958–1966^[1]
• Tested LGM-118 Peacekeeper, 1991–2004
• Tested LGM-30G Minuteman III, 1991–present

Awards and campaigns

Award streamer	Award	Dates	Notes
	Distinguished Unit Citation	24 February 1944	576th Bombardment Squadron Gotha, Germany[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 July 1962 – 30 June 1964	576th Strategic Missile Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 September 1991 – 15 May 1993	576th Test Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 November 1991 – 30 September 1993	576th Test Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 October 1996 – 30 September 1997	576th Flight Test Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 September 2004 – 31 August 2005	576th Flight Test Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 September 2005 – 31 August 2006	576th Flight Test Squadron[1]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 September 2006 – 31 August 2007	576th Flight Test Squadron[1]
	Air Force Organizational Excellence Award	1 August 1999 – 31 July 2001	576th Flight Test Squadron[1]
	Air Force Organizational Excellence Award	1 September 2002 – 1 September 2003	576th Flight Test Squadron[1]

Campaign Streamer	Campaign	Dates	Notes
	Air Offensive, Europe	31 July 1943 – 5 June 1944	576th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Air Combat, EAME Theater	31 July 1943 – 11 May 1945	576th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Normandy	6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944	576th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Northern France	25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944	576th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Rhineland	15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945	576th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Ardennes-Alsace	16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945	576th Bombardment Squadron[1]
	Central Europe	22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945	576th Bombardment Squadron[1]

Notes

Explanatory notes

Citations

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
• Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946-1994 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
• Kipp, Robert; Peake, Lynn; Wolk, Herman. "Strategic Air Command Operations in the Cuban Crisis of 1962, SAC Historical Study No. 90 (Top Secret NOFORN, FRD, redacted and declassified)". Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
• Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
• Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Narducci, Henry M. (1988). Strategic Air Command and the Alert Program: A Brief History. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• SAC Missile Chronology 1939-1988 (PDF). Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. 1990. ISBN 978-1521159439. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
• Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-1987-7.