World War II

Sikorsky R-4B at National Museum of the United States Air Force

Bell P-59B Airacomet Reluctant Robot

The squadron's first predecessor was activated at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida as the 445th Fighter Squadron in early 1943 as part of the Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics (AAFSAT). AAFSAT's function was to train cadres from newly formed units in combat operations under simulated field conditions as the cores around which new combat groups would be formed.^[3]

The 445th trained pilots and furnished cadres to night fighter units. Later, it engaged in mock combat missions over the AAFSAT range training pilots in combat maneuvers, flying a wide variety of fighters and bombers. It remained at the AAFSAT until March 1944 when the training mission of the groups was replaced by the 903d Army Air Forces Base Unit on 1 April 1944 with Section C taking over the fighter training, and Section D, the bombardment training.^[4]

It moved to Muroc Army Air Base, California, where it became part of the 412th Fighter Group of Fourth Air Force. It was the first United States jet fighter squadron to be activated, and spent most of its early existence in experimental testing of the Bell P-59 Airacomet and Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star aircraft. The squadron developed training programs and trained aircrew and ground personnel as cadres for newly formed jet aircraft-equipped units. Also flight tested the captured Mitsubishi A6M Zero (Zeke-52); the Kellett XR-3 Autogyro, and Sikorsky R-4 Helicopter.^[5]

It was inactivated on 3 July 1946.^[1] its mission being assumed by the 2759th Experimental Wing.

Air Defense Command

445th FIS F-89 Scorpion^{[note 2]}

445th FIS F-101 Voodoo^{[note 3]}

The squadron was reactivated under Air Defense Command (ADC) as the 445th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in March 1953 at Geiger Field, Washington. In July, the first North American F-86D Sabre interceptors were assigned. The pilots and airmen were relatively inexperienced and the maintenance crew small. The high point in July 1954 was "Operation Checkpoint," a joint SAC-ADC exercise that extended for three days. With sunny days and early takeoffs, the pilots' proficiency increased rapidly and aircraft maintenance became the best in ADC.^[6][7]

In August 1955, ADC's Project Arrow replaced the 445th at Geiger with the 497th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron that moved on paper from Portland Airport, Oregon. The 445th transferred on paper to Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, performing air defense duties over the Great Lakes area and upper Midwest equipped with Northrop F-89D Scorpions. The 445th FIS was upgraded to the new F-89G Scorpion in March 1956 (the first F-89G squadron in ADC), and upgraded to the F-89J in September 1957.^[6][7]

It was re-equipped with new McDonnell F-101B Voodoo supersonic interceptor aircraft, and the F-101F operational and conversion trainer in 1960. The two-seat trainer version was equipped with dual controls, but carried the same armament as the F-101B and were fully combat-capable. On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the squadron dispersed one third of its force, equipped with nuclear tipped missiles to Phelps Collins Air National Guard Base at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis.^[8][9] These planes returned to Wurtsmith after the crisis.

The squadron operated the Voodoos until September 1968, when the aircraft were passed along to the Air National Guard and the squadron was inactivated as part of the general drawdown of the ADC active-duty interceptor force.^[6][7]

Flight testing

6512th Test Squadron F-15 Eagle^{[note 4]}

The 6512th Test Squadron was activated at Edwards Air Force Base, California in 1969 by Air Force Systems Command. it managed all aircraft types not assigned to the various centers/Flight Test Squadrons. From 1989, it primarily operated test support, TPS support, and test program aircraft were not associated with CTFs.^[10]

Aircraft types flown by the 6512th/445th included: A/YA-7D, YA-7F, A-7K, NA/OA-37B, NF-4C/D/E, YF-4E, NRF-4C, F-15A/B/C/D/E, F-111A, F-111D, FB-111A (later, F-111G), UH-1N, O-2A, T-37B, T-38A, AT-38B, T-38C, and UV-18. It redesignated as the 445th Flight Test Squadron in October 1992 as part of transfer from Systems Command to Air Force Materiel Command.^[10]

It retired the F-111s in 1990, and the A-7s and F-4s in 1992. The last A-37s were retired after a mishap in 1994. It transferred the UH-1Ns to other bases c. 1994–95. It absorbed F-15s from the inactivated 415th Flight Test Squadron on 1 October 1994. From that date, it primarily flew F-15A/B/C/D/E, TA-38A/C, and AT-38B. It was inactivated in late 2001 but activated again in early 2004 in a series of reorganizations at Edwards.^[10]

Since 2014, efforts had been underway to consolidate the 445th Flight Test Squadron into three other combined test forces, and on 1 May 2015, base leadership and 445th FLTS personnel were on hand to finally bid farewell to the historic squadron known as "Test Operations" during an inactivation ceremony at Club Muroc. As of May 2015, the 445th FTS was merged into the 416th Flight Test Squadron also based at Edwards.^[11] When active, the 445th was the oldest Flight Test Squadron at the airbase. The squadron last flew the F-16C/D Fighting Falcons and T-38C Talons.

The squadron was redesignated the 445th Test Squadron once again and activated at Edwards on 29 June 2022.^[1]

Assignments

• 50th Fighter Group, 24 February 1943
• Tactical Air Division, Army Air Forces Tactical Center, 10 February 1944
• 412th Fighter Group, 11 March 1944 – 3 July 1946
• 530th Air Defense Group, 20 March 1953
• 412th Fighter Group, 18 August 1955
• Sault Sainte Marie Air Defense Sector, 1 April 1960
• Detroit Air Defense Sector, 15 July 1963
• 34th Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 30 September 1968
• 6512th Test Group (later 6510 Test Wing), 1 October 1969
• Air Force Flight Test Center, 1 January 1973
• 6510th Test Wing (later 412th Test Wing), 1 March 1978
• 412th Operations Group, 1 October 1993 – 30 November 2001
• 412th Operations Group, 11 March 2004 – 1 May 2015
• 412th Operations Group, 29 June 2022 – present^[1]

Stations

• Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, 24 February 1943
• Muroc Army Air Field, California, 11 March 1944
• Palmdale Army Air Field, California, 1 June 1944
• Bakersfield Airport, California, 11 October 1944
• Santa Maria Army Air Field, California, 10 July 1945
• March Field, California, 3 December 1945 – 3 July 1946
• Geiger Field, Washington, 20 March 1953
• Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, 18 Aug 1955 – 30 Sep 1968
• Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1 Oct 1969 – 30 Nov 2001
• Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1 March 2004 – 1 May 2015^[12][11]
• Edwards Air Force Base, California, 29 June 2022 – present^[1]

Aircraft

Notes

Explanatory notes

Citations

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Cornett, Lloyd H; Johnson, Mildred W (1980). A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization, 1946 - 1980 (PDF). Peterson AFB, CO: Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
• Huetter, Ted; Gelzer, Christian (2010). Edwards Air Force Base. Images of Aviation. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-73858-077-7. (link to Amazon site)
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (eprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• McMullen, Richard F. (1964) "The Fighter Interceptor Force 1962–1964" ADC Historical Study No. 27, Air Defense Command, Ent Air Force Base, CO (Confidential, declassified 22 March 2000)
• Rogers, Brian. (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.
• "ADCOM's Fighter Interceptor Squadrons". The Interceptor. Aerospace Defense Command. 21 (1): 5–11, 26–31, 40–45, 54–59. January 1979.
• "The Development of Tactical Doctrines at AAFSAT and AAFTAC, Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 13" (PDF). July 1944. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
• NORAD/CONAD Participation in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Historical Reference Paper No. 8, Directorate of Command History Continental Air Defense Command, Ent AFB, CO, 1 Feb 63 (Top Secret NOFORN declassified 9 March 1996)