National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
Seal of the 9/11 Commission
Agency overview
FormedNovember 27, 2002 (2002-11-27)
DissolvedAugust 21, 2004 (2004-08-21)
JurisdictionU.S. government
Agency executives
Key document
  • Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003
Website9-11commission.gov (archived)

The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, commonly known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002, to investigate all aspects of the September 11 attacks, the deadliest terrorist attack in world history. It was created by Congressional legislation, which charged it with preparing "a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11 attacks", including preparedness by the U.S. federal government for the attacks, the response following the attacks, and steps that can be taken to guard against a future terrorist attack.

The 9/11 Commission was chaired by Thomas Kean, a two-term former governor of New Jersey from 1982 until 1990, and included five Democrats and five Republicans. The legislation creating the commission was signed into law by President George W. Bush.

The commission's final report, known as the 9/11 Commission Report, was published on July 22, 2004.[1] It is a lengthy 585 pages, including the findings of the commission's extensive interviews and testimony that was received during its investigation. The primary conclusion in the 9/11 Report is that failures of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) permitted the September 11 terrorist attacks to occur and that wiser and more aggressive actions by these agencies could potentially have prevented the attack.

After the publication of its final report, the commission closed on August 21, 2004. The commission's website was shut down, but has been archived.[2]

History

Members of the 9/11 Commission

The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States was established on November 27, 2002, by President George W. Bush and the United States Congress, with former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger initially appointed to head the commission.[3] However, Kissinger resigned only weeks after being appointed, to avoid conflicts of interest.[4] Former U.S. Senator George Mitchell was originally appointed as the vice chairman, but he stepped down on December 10, 2002, not wanting to sever ties to his law firm.[5] On December 15, 2002, Bush appointed former New Jersey Governor Tom Kean to head the commission.[6]

By the spring of 2003, the commission was off to a slow start, needing additional funding to help it meet its target day for the final report, of May 27, 2004.[7] In late March, the Bush administration agreed to provide an additional $9 million for the commission, though this was $2 million short of what the commission requested.[8] The first hearings were held from March 31 to April 1, 2003, in New York City.[9]

Members

9/11 Commission chairman Thomas Kean

The members of the commission's staff included:

U.S. president George W. Bush initially appointed former U.S. Secretary of State and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger as the commission's chairman. Following his appointment, Congress insisted that Kissinger disclose the names of his clients at Kissinger Associates, a New York City-based consulting firm he ran. The firm has long been discreet about its clientele. Kissinger refused to provide Congress with the names of his clients, and resigned as the commission's chairman. U.S. President George W. Bush then appointed Thomas Kean, a two-term governor of New Jersey from 1982 to 1990, as Kissinger's replacement.

Testimony

Present U.S. federal government officials who were called to testify before the 9/11 Commission included:

Former federal government officials who were called to testify before the 9/11 Commission included:

President George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, former President Bill Clinton, and former Vice President Al Gore all gave private testimony. President Bush and Vice President Cheney insisted on testifying together and not under oath, while Clinton and Gore met with the panel separately. As National Security Advisor, Condoleezza Rice claimed that she was not required to testify under oath because the position of national security advisor is an advisory role, independent of authority over a bureaucracy and does not require confirmation by the Senate. Legal scholars disagree on the legitimacy of her claim. Eventually, Rice testified publicly and under oath.[17]

Report

The cover of the 9/11 Commission Report, a 585-page report issued July 22, 2004

The commission issued its final report, the 9/11 Commission Report, on July 22, 2004. After its release, 9/11 Commission chair Thomas Kean declared that both Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush were "not well served" by the FBI and CIA.[18] The commission interviewed over 1,200 people in 10 countries and reviewed over two and a half million pages of documents, including some closely guarded classified national security documents. Before it was released by the commission, the final public report was screened for any potentially classified information and edited as necessary.

The commission later released several supplemental reports on the terrorists' financing, travel, and other matters.

Findings and responses

NORAD falsehoods

John Farmer, Jr., senior counsel to the 9/11 Commission, stated that the 9/11 Commission, "discovered that...what government and military officials had told Congress, the Commission, the media, and the public about who knew what when — was almost entirely, and inexplicably, untrue." Farmer said, "At some level of the government, at some point in time, a decision was made not to tell the truth about the national response to the attacks on the morning of 9/11 ...The [NORAD] tapes told a radically different story from what had been told to us and the public."[19] Thomas Kean, the head of the 9/11 Commission, concurred, saying, "We to this day don't know why NORAD told us what they told us, it was just so far from the truth."[20]

CIA withheld information

Director of U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) George Tenet misled the Commission and was "obviously not forthcoming" in his testimony to the commission, according to Commission chair Thomas Kean. An FBI agent named Doug Miller had been working inside Bin Laden Issue Station, a unit of the CIA dedicated to tracking the activities of Osama bin Laden and his associates. By Spring 2000, the Bin Laden Issue Station learned that Khalid al-Mihdhar, a Saudi national who was an al-Qaeda member, and Nawaf Al Hazmi, another Saudi who at that time was a suspected al-Qaeda operative, had entered the U.S. and were living under their own names in Southern California.

FBI agent Miller wanted to inform the FBI of their entry and presence in the U.S., but the CIA blocked Miller's efforts to do so. Miller's contemporaneous draft cable to the FBI reporting on this, which the CIA prevented Miller from sending at the time, was found much later. Khalid al Mihdhar and Nawaf al Hazmi were both hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77. The CIA then failed to reveal to the Commission that over a year before 9/11 it had been tracking the two hijackers' entry into and whereabouts inside the United States.[21][22] Co-chair Kean believes the CIA's failure to be forthcoming with this information to the commission was deliberate, not a mistake, saying: "Oh, it wasn't careless oversight. It was purposeful. No question about that in my mind ... In the DNA of these organizations was secrecy."[21]

Criticism

The commission was criticized for alleged conflicts of interest on the part of commissioners and staff, including those of Philip D. Zelikow, the commission's executive director who co-authored a book with Condoleezza Rice.[23][24] The commission's final report, the 9/11 Commission Report, has been the subject of criticism by both commissioners themselves and by others.[25][26]

Legacy

Months after the commission had officially issued its report and ceased its functions, Thomas Kean, the commission's chair, and other commissioners toured the country to draw attention to the recommendations of the commission for reducing the terror risk, claiming that some of their recommendations were being ignored. Kean and vice-chair Lee Hamilton wrote a book about the constraints they faced as commissioners, titled Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission.

The book was released on August 15, 2006, and chronicles the work of Kean and Hamilton on the commission. In the book, Kean and Hamilton charge that the 9/11 Commission was "set up to fail," and write that the commission was so frustrated with repeated misstatements by officials from The Pentagon and the Federal Aviation Administration during the investigation that it considered a separate investigation into possible obstruction of justice by Pentagon and FAA officials.[27]

References

  1. ↑ "The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Report)". GovInfo.gov. U.S. Government Printing Office. July 22, 2004. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
  2. ↑ "Home". National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. September 20, 2004. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  3. ↑ "Investigating Sept. 11". NewsHour. PBS. November 27, 2002. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  4. ↑ "Kissinger resigns as head of 9/11 commission". Cable News Network. December 13, 2002. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved August 7, 2006.
  5. ↑ "Mitchell quits 9/11 probe". CNN. December 10, 2002. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  6. ↑ "Bush taps ex-New Jersey governor for 9/11 panel". CNN. December 16, 2002. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  7. ↑ Burger, Timothy J. (March 26, 2003). "Commission Funding Woes". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  8. ↑ "Probe Wins Boost in Aid". New York Daily News. March 30, 2003. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  9. ↑ Chen, David W. (April 1, 2003). "Beyond Numbers, 9/11 Panel Hears Families' Anguish". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  10. ↑ ""The White House Has Played Cover-Up"–Former 9/11 Commission Member Max Cleland Blasts Bush". Democracy Now!. March 23, 2004. Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
  11. ↑ Philip Shenon (February 5, 2008). The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Investigation. Grand Central Publishing. pp. 345–. ISBN 978-0-446-51131-5.
  12. ↑ Tony Blankley (2009). American Grit: What It Will Take to Survive and Win in the 21st Century. Simon and Schuster. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-1-59698-061-7.
  13. ↑ James R. Holbein (January 1, 2005). The 9/11 Commission: proceedings and analysis. Oceana Publications. p. xxv. ISBN 978-0-379-21528-1.
  14. ↑ Jehl, Douglas (August 9, 2005). "Four in 9/11 Plot Are Called Tied to Qaeda in '00". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "9/11 commission finishes Bush, Cheney session". NBC News. April 29, 2004. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
  16. ↑ Kill the Messenger. SBS Australia, 2007. Documentary.
  17. ↑ Burger, Timothy J. (December 20, 2003). "Condi and the 9/11 Commission". Time. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
  18. ↑ Shovelan, John (July 23, 2004). "9/11 Commission finds 'deep institutional failings'". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on February 21, 2006. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  19. ↑ Levins, Harry (September 6, 2009). "The Ground Truth". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on December 17, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  20. ↑ Farmer, John (2009). The Ground Truth: The Untold Story of America Under Attack on 9/11. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1-59448-894-8.
  21. 1 2 Salon, 14 Oct. 2011, "Insiders Voice Doubts about CIA's 9/11 Story: Former FBI Agents Say the Agency's Bin Laden Unit Misled Them about Two Hijackers" Archived December 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ PBS, NOVA, 3 Feb. 2009, "The Spy Factory" Archived April 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ Zelikow, Philip D.; Rice, Condoleezza (1995). Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674353244.
  24. ↑ Hope Yen (February 3, 2008). "Ties between White House, Sept 11 Chief". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
  25. ↑ "9/11: Truth, Lies and Conspiracy Interview: Lee Hamilton". CBC News, Canada. August 21, 2006. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
  26. ↑ Eggen, Dan (August 2, 2006). "9/11 Panel Suspected Deception by Pentagon". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
  27. ↑ Yen, Hope (August 4, 2006). "Book: Sept. 11 Panel Doubted Officials". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2010.

Further reading

  • Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission, by Thomas H Kean and Lee H. Hamilton (Random House, August 2006) ISBN 0-307-26377-0
  • The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Investigation, by Philip Shenon (the Twelve - Jan. 2008), ISBN 978-0-446-58075-5
  • The Next Ten Years of Post-9/11 Security Efforts, Q&A with 9/11 Commissioner Slade Gorton (July 2011)
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