AOUW group in front of an Odd Fellows Hall building in San Francisco

The Ancient Order of United Workmen (AOUW) was a fraternal organization in the United States and Canada, providing mutual social and financial support after the American Civil War. It was the first of the "fraternal benefit societies", organizations that would offer insurance as well as sickness, accident, death and burial policies.[1]

History

AOUW founder John J. Upchurch

The order began when John Jordan Upchurch, a mechanic on the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad living in Meadville, Pennsylvania, became dissatisfied with a group he had joined, the League of Friendship, Mechanical Order of the Sun.[2] The latter society had established a lodge, called a subordinate League, in Meadville on April 20, 1868, and its membership was composed almost entirely of mechanics, engineers, firemen and day labors working on the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad and in the local shops. Upchurch joined the local lodge on June 16, its eighth meeting, and soon rose to become its presiding officer. Another person who would go on to have an important role in the AOUW, William W. Walker, was a charter member. The League of Friendship, Mechanical Order of the Suns avowed purpose was to advance and foster the interests of its members and provide financial assistance on an ad hoc basis. The local lodge was reported to have had a peak membership of about one hundred. Dissension began, apparently, over accusations of improper conduct on part of the Grand Council, the governing body of the League. After the Grand Council ordered a tax from the Meadville League that members thought was inappropriate, many members left. On October 27, 1868, the subordinate League decided to disband.[3]

AOUW lodge in a former church, Seattle, 1909

The constitution of the AOUW provided that only white persons were eligible for membership.[4] Upchurch's original idea was to have an order which would unite the conflicting interests of capital and labor, but it soon became more interested in ameliorating working conditions for its members and establishing an insurance fund. The later became the prime focus after October 6, 1869, when the Provisional Grand Lodge accepted an amendment to the charter suggested by Upchurch to reorganize the insurance fund. Previously the Order would simply pay out $500 on the death of a member to his legal heirs. Upchurch's reform instead required each new member to pay a $1 initiation fee to the insurance fund and granted a $2,000 death benefit. When a member died, the fund would be replenished by a new $1 on each member. Those refusing to pay the assessment, and subordinate lodges which failed to forward the money to an insurance fund within a month were ejected from the order. This system came to be called the post mortem plar or the assessment as needed plan.[5]

Providing insurance for workingmen was a novel idea in the late 1860s. Previously, insurance was usually limited to businessmen and manufacturers. Numerous bankruptcies of commercial life insurance firms and religious objections had also hindered the development of insurance. The AOUW was convinced that their fraternal structure and less expensive overhead costs made them more likely to succeed than commercial life insurance firms.[5]

The organization prospered and by 1885 the Order was the largest fraternal benefit group in the United States. By this point many other groups had imitated the fraternal insurance concept. In 1886 the AOUW took the initiative in calling sixteen of these groups together for a conference to discuss their common issues. The result was the National Fraternal Congress, a group that still exists today as the National Fraternal Congress of America.[6]

On August 1, 1893. an amendment to the general laws of the Supreme Lodge said: "Any member of the order who shall after August 1, 1893, enter into any business of selling, by retail, intoxicating liquors as a beverage, shall be expelled from the order." To do so would deprive them of the $2,000 death benefit.[7]

The Grand Lodge of Ontario split from its American parent very early, and in 1898, was already holding its 20th annual session.[8] The Grand Lodge of Quebec and Maritime Provinces was separated from the American parent group in 1907 and were soon renamed The Royal Guardians.

The Supreme Lodge structure was abolished in 1929, replaced by a congress. In 1952 the AOUW dissolved and each state affiliate was left to decide its fate. In Massachusetts the state society merged into the New England Order of Protection. In North Dakota the affiliate became the Pioneer Mutual Life Insurance Company, while in Texas the group simply went into receivership. Only the affiliate in Washington state kept the Order active and under its original name. In 1979 the Washington-based Order had 3,000 members, published a AOUW Emblem and met in a "supreme lodge" biennially.[6]

Membership was originally restricted to whites, but this was rescinded at some point. The religious aspects of the Orders ritual was removed in 1932.[6]

Upchurch was a freemason, and incorporated various traditions of freemasonry including local "lodges" (branches), regalia and initiation ceremonies.[9]

The Ancient Order of United Workmen of North Dakota evolved into the Pioneer Mutual Life Insurance Company,[10] which was taken over by American United Life Insurance Company and is now part of OneAmerica.[11]

The AOUW also had lodges in Canada set up by John Milne, a banker and mayor of Essex, Ontario.[9][12] The assets and operations of the Ancient Order of United Workmen of Ontario were acquired by the Independent Order of Foresters in 1926.[13]

Auxiliaries and side degrees

A female auxiliary, the Degree of Honor, was created at the 1873 convention in Cincinnati. This group created its own Superior Lodge in 1896 and became independent of the AOUW in 1910.[14]

There was also a "fun" or side degree called the Order of Mogullians.[15]

On June 23, 1893 J. Varnum Mott, M.D. founded the Workmen's Benefit Association in Boston. It was limited to members of the AOUW and supplied "additional insurance", including a $1,000 death benefit. There were 5,500 members in the late 1890s.[16]

Buildings

Notable buildings of the Ancient Order of United Workmen include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Alvin J. Schmidt Fraternal Orders (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), 1930, p. 82.
  2. ↑ "The Birth of Fraternalism". Degree of Honor Online Museum. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  3. ↑ Sackett, Myron Ward, 1841– Early history of fraternal beneficiary societies in America Meadville, Pa., The Tribune publishing company pp. 9–10
  4. ↑ "United Workmen, Ancient Order of" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
  5. 1 2 Schmidt p. 357
  6. 1 2 3 Schmidt p. 358
  7. ↑ Johnson, T. & J.W., 1911– "Pennsylvania County Court Reports: containing cases decided in the courts of several counties of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Vol. 37: Ida May Nickum v. Grand Lodge, p. 104."
  8. ↑ The Ottawa Journal, 1 Feb 1898, p. 5, https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/43909564/
  9. 1 2 Ancient Order of United Workmen PhoenixMasonry.org
  10. ↑ "Google Finance – Stock Market Prices, Real-time Quotes & Business News".
  11. ↑ The Companies of OneAmerica
  12. ↑ Cochrane, William (1893). The Canadian Album: Men of Canada; Or, Success by Example, in Religion. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
  13. ↑ 135th Anniversary (1874-2009) Archived 2011-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, Independent Order of Foresters: see page for 1920–1929. Retrieved 2010-07-20
  14. ↑ Schmidt pp.88-9
  15. ↑ Stevens, Albert Clark, 1854 The Cyclopædia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to More than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States (New York: Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company), 1899, p. 129
  16. ↑ Stevens, Albert Clark, 1854- The Cyclopædia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to More than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States (New York: Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company), 1899, p. 196
  17. ↑ "Wasco County scenic images". As of February 2023 this included an image of an AOUW lodge in Antelope, Oregon

Further reading

  • Yates, Keith L. The Fogarty years 1972
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