Adolf Ludwig Cluss | |
|---|---|
 Cluss in 1900 | |
| Born | July 14, 1825 |
| Died | July 24, 1905 (aged 80) Washington D.C., U.S. |
| Resting place | Oak Hill Cemetery Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Nationality | German-born American |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Spouse | Rosa Schmidt |
| Children | Lillian Cluss Anita T. Cluss Adolph S. Cluss Carl Louis Cluss Flora Maude Cluss Robert Cluss Richard Basil Cluss |
| Awards | Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (1867) Member of the Board of Public Works (1872) |
| Buildings | Arts and Industries Building Calvary Baptist Church |
Adolf Ludwig Cluss (July 14, 1825 – July 24, 1905) also known as Adolph Cluss was a German-born American immigrant who became one of the most important, influential and prolific architects in Washington, D.C., in the late 19th century, responsible for the design of numerous schools and other notable public buildings in the capital. Today, several of his buildings are still standing. He was also a City Engineer and a Building Inspector for the Board of Public Works.
Red brick was Cluss' favorite building material; that, and his early communist sympathies, led some to dub him the "Red Architect", though he was a man who in later life became a confirmed Republican.[1]
Life
(ca. 1860)
He was born on July 24, 1825, in Heilbronn in the Kingdom of Württemberg in Southwest Germany. He was the fifth child of Johann Heinrich Abraham Cluss (1792–1857) and Anna Christine Neuz (1796–1827).[2] His father was a master builder, and young Cluss set out as an itinerant carpenter when he left Heilbronn at age nineteen. In his travels, he met and became a friend of Karl Marx and a supporter of communist principles at a time of political and revolutionary ferment in Germany. He joined the Communist League and became a member of the Mainz Worker Council. The failure of the German revolutionary movement in 1848 led him to leave Germany when he was twenty-three, along with other Forty-Eighters who emigrated to the United States at that time. In the United States, he continued his political activity into the 1850s, maintaining an extensive correspondence with Marx and Engels and writing and publishing political articles for the German-American community.[3]
Early life in America
Adolf Cluss immigrated to the United-States in 1848 at the age of 23. He crossed the Atlantic on board the Zürich, a small sailing ship from Le Havre, France to New York City.[4] He spent the first six months in New York City where he perfected his English. He looked for work in Philadelphia, Baltimore and finally settled in Washington, D.C., in the 1849. In the summer of 1849, he started working for the United States Coast Survey as a technical draftsman surveying the Maryland and Virginia coastlines. The following year, he worked at the Washington Navy Yard designing various project for the Ordnance Department. He did not like this position or his life in the city and considered going back to Europe. He considered becoming a bookseller in 1852, requesting funds from his father who did not provide the funds. In 1855, he became a US citizen[5] and transferred to the US Treasury Department as a technical draftsman.[6] He became an abolitionist sometime after that time.[5]
He briefly returned to Europe in 1859 to receive his share of the inheritance this father had left him when he died in 1857 and returned to Philadelphia. He attempted to become a brewer with a friend but the business soon failed and he was back to his old position in the Ordnance Department at the Washington Navy Yard working closely with Admiral John A. Dahlgren.[6]
Private practice
Adolf Cluss started his private practice in 1862. While America was torn apart in the Civil War and while still working at the Navy Yard, Cluss started an architectural office with another German immigrant Josef Wildrich von Kammerhueber. He continued to work full-time at the Navy Yard until the following year and part-time as an architect. His partner was working full-time from Cluss' house on 2nd Street, NW. In 1864, their breakthrough was the Wallach School. Adolf Cluss was 39 years old.[6]
Cluss and Kammerhueber were also civil engineers as many architects at the time. In 1864, the City of Washington requested Cluss and Kammerhueber to write a report on the Washington City Canal and the sewer system. This report led to the Canal being finally covered over in 1871 which had become an open sewer on the National Mall.[7] The partnership ended in 1868.[6] He became an active member of the American Institute of Architects in 1867.[8]
Board of Public Works
Cluss maintained his solo private practice but became a Building Inspector for the Board of Public Works in Washington, DC. The Board was the most powerful entity in the city. Cluss wrote building regulations and was a major proponent of the use of building permits and inspections.[7] On October 18, 1872, he was appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant as a member of the Board of Public Works and City Engineer. This came at the recommendation of Governor Cooke, Alexander "Boss" Shepherd and his predecessor Alfred B. Mullett.[9]
I most earnestly recommend the appointment of Adolph Cluss Esq. to fill the vacancy on the Board of Public Works, caused by my resignation. He is a competent architect and engineer and an earnest and sincere republican, and in my opinion a gentleman of the very highest integrity. I know of no person in the District of Columbia whose appointment would in my opinion give more general satisfaction or who is more competent. Mr. Cluss' appointment would, I think, be highly appreciated by the german republicans of this city.[10]
— Alfred B. Mullett
Cluss had become a member of the local Republican party by then and had led a volunteer committee of local Republicans coordinating parts of the President's inauguration after having been re-elected that same year.[11] He also volunteered in President James A. Garfield's inauguration committee in 1880.[12]
The Board had been working to improve the city by paving and grading roads, adding sewers and planting trees but there was a cost associated with this. The expenditures by the Board of Public Works led the city to be on the brink of bankruptcy. Adolf Cluss testified before a Joint Committee in May 1874. His appointment was revoked by the President on May 25, 1874.[13][14] Congress to pass legislation on June 30, 1874, abolishing the territorial government and replacing it with the three-member Board of Commissioners.
Return to private practice
In 1877, he partnered with architect Frederick Daniel with an office at 701 15th Street, NW[15] but the partnership came to an end in 1878. The following year, he started working with architect Paul Schulze. The partnership came to an end in 1889 when Cluss retired from his private practice having built almost 90 buildings including at least eleven schools, as well as markets, government buildings, museums, residences and churches.[6] Cluss' schoolhouse designs were particularly innovative and influential, though only two of his red-brick school masterpieces remain, Franklin School and Sumner School in downtown Washington. The Franklin School was completed in 1869 earning the Washington public school system a Medal for Progress.[16] He designed four major buildings on the National Mall, including the still-standing Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building. He built six houses of worship including Calvary Baptist Church which still stands.
Two of the city's largest food markets, Center Market (1872) and Eastern Market (1873), were built to his design. The first was torn down in 1931 to be replaced by the National Archives Building. The second is still standing having surviving a fire in 2007. His flagship store for Lansburgh's opened in 1882.[17]
Cluss was also active as a builder of mansions for the Washington elite, such as Stewart's Castle on Dupont Circle. In 1880, he was hired to create what became Washington's first luxury apartment building, Portland Flats, an ornate, six-floor, 39-unit creation on the south side of Thomas Circle. Almost all of Cluss' residential creations have been demolished—Portland Flats, for instance, was torn down in 1962 to make way for an office building.[18]
In 1877, he was commission to oversee the reconstruction of the Old Patent Office Building (today the National Portrait Gallery) in Washington, D.C.[19]
American Institute of Architects involvement
Adolf Cluss was an active member of the American Institute of Architects. He became a fellow of the Institute in 1876.
He also attended several conventions over the years:
- 21st Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects – October 19 to October 21, 1887, in Chicago, IL.[20]
- 22nd Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects – October 17 to October 19, 1888, in Buffalo, New York, during which he presented a paper: Mortars and Concretes of Antiquity and Modern Times.[21] He attended the conversation with some of his daughters as reported by the transcript of the convention.[22]
- 24nd Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects – October 22, 1890, in Washington, DC.[23]
- 25th Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects – October 28, 1891, in Boston, MA[24]
- 32nd Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects – November 1, 1898, in Washington, D.C. Presented a communication on Acoustics.[25]
He was one of the founding members of the Washington, D.C., chapter in 1887. He attended Annual Meetings of the Washington Chapter including the January 7, 1898, meeting.[26]
In 1889, he was elected for one year as a member of the Board of Directors of the American Institute of Architects.[27][28]
Inspector of Federal Buildings
He became an Inspector of Federal Buildings in the Office of the Supervising Architect under the United States Department of the Treasury[29] in 1889[30] after closing his private office in June of that year.[31] He inspected the Ellis Island buildings in February 1892[32] and wrote a report on July 15, 1892, a few months after the first Immigration Station opened. He testified in front of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization on how the humidity was a concern in the building only a few months after it was built.[33] He also inspected many other buildings around the country including the Post Office designed by Alfred B. Mullet in Chicago.[34]
On September 1, 1894, a few months after the death of his wife and after the victory by the Democrats, he was asked for his resignation by Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle.[35] He had solicited letters of support from several prominent people but was replaced by a Democrat.[36]
Personal life
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On February 8, 1859, he married Rosa Schmidt (1835–1894) at Zion Lutheran Church in Baltimore, Maryland.[37][38][39] They lived in a row house at 413 2nd Street, NW between D Street, NW and E Street, NW[15][30] for thirty-five years. They raised seven children in that house.[39]
- Lillian Cluss: She was born on January 2, 1860. She had married William Daw and lived above the Daw's pharmacy at 23rd and H Street NW. She died on February 16, 1935.[40]
- Anita T. Cluss: She was born on September in 6, 1861. She was a harpist at St. John's Church and in the Georgetown Orchestra.[41][42] She died on November 25, 1917.[40]
- Adolph S. Cluss: He was born on January 29, 1863. He worked as a clerk for his father. He died in 1886 at the age of 23 of typhoid fever.
- Carl Louis Cluss: He was born on August 14, 1865. He worked as pharmacist. He died 1894 (6 months after his mother) of typhoid fever at the age of 29.
- Flora Maude Cluss: she was born in December 1870. She married Henry S. Lathrop (of New York) on January 21, 1901, and then moved to New York.[43] She died around 1953.[40]
- Robert Cluss: He was born on November 4, 1873. He died in April 1893 at the age of 19 of tuberculosis.
- Richard Basil Cluss: He was born on September 30, 1875.[38][39]
His wife died on April 10, 1894[44] a year after her son Robert of a lengthy respiratory illness. Following the death of Robert, Carl and Rosa Schmidt, Flora and Anita moved to their sister Lillian's house.[39]
As published in the Evening Star on March 18, 1897, Cluss was on the Delinquent District of Columbia Real Estate Tax List owing $8.41 as of July 1, 1896.[45]
In the spring and summer of 1898, Cluss traveled to Germany, Italy and Central Europe and visited his older sister's (Caroline De Millas née Cluss) family in Heidelberg, Germany.[46]
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Adolf Cluss died on July 24, 1905, in Washington, D.C., at the age of 80 years. He is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery (Plot: Van Ness, Lot 161 East).[39][47]
Interviews and publications
- November 13, 1872: Our Modes of Building – Evening Star. Opinion of Architect Cluss on mansard roofs and the risque of fire following the Great Boston fire of 1872.[48]
- May 1875: Modern Street – Pavements – Popular Science Monthly.[49]
- October 1876: Architecture and Architects at the Capital of the United States from its Foundation until 1875 – The American Architect and Building News (Supplement) presented at the Tenth Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects on October 11, 1876, in Philadelphia, PA.[50]
- October 1888: Mortars and Concretes of Antiquity and Modern Times – The Inland Architect and News Record (October 1888), Building Budget (October 1888) and Building (November 10, 1888). Presented but not read at the 22nd Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects in Buffalo, NY from October 17 to October 19, 1888.[51][52]
- November 1898: Professor W. C. Sabine of Harvard University presented a paper title Acoustics followed by a communication by Adolf Cluss at the 32nd Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects in Washington, DC.[25][53]
Legacy
Today, several buildings designed and built by Adolf Cluss still stand in the Washington, D.C., area:
- Calvary Baptist Church
- Eastern Market
- Franklin School
- Sumner School
- Metropolitan Hook & Ladder Company Fire Engine House – 438 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
- Smithsonian Institution, Arts and Industries Building
- Masonic Temple
- Alexandria City Hall
In 2005, after a ceremonial resolution by the DC Council,[54] DC Mayor Anthony A. Williams made a proclamation that 2005 would be "Adolf Cluss Year" from July 2005 to June 2006. Joint exhibitions would be presented in Washington, D.C., at the Charles Sumner School Museum and at the Stadtarchiv in his birthplace of Heilbronn, Germany.[55] Both exhibits closed but a website remains: Adolf-Cluss.org
A small street in Washington, D.C., was named in his honor: Adolf Cluss Court. It connects C St SE to D St SE between 12th Street SE and 13th St SE. 38°53′05.1″N 76°59′21.3″W / 38.884750°N 76.989250°W[56]
A bridge is named in his honor in his birthplace of Heilbronn, Germany over the Neckar river, at 49°08′37.2″N 9°12′59.3″E / 49.143667°N 9.216472°E.[57]
Buildings
A descriptive list of Cluss's known buildings and an interactive map showing their locations can be found here.[58]
While Adolf Cluss designed and built close to 90 different buildings in his career, few survive today. In green are the buildings still standing today.
Churches
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foundry Methodist Church[9] | Construction: 1864-66 Demolished: 1902 |
Northeast corner of 14th and G St NW Washington, DC 38°53′54.7″N 77°01′54.0″W / 38.898528°N 77.031667°W |
This church designed by Cluss and Kammerhueber was to replace the original church built in 1815. Due to the Civil War, iron and lumber were in shortage leading to a slower progress in construction and doubling the cost of construction. This was an auditorium church which had become popular among Protestant churches after 1850. This allowed for good acoustics, a space for organs and choirs along with unobstructed view of the altar. It was two-stories high to fully utilize the space. The Sanctuary was on second floor while the ground floor had Bible Study rooms and Sunday School classrooms. A similar model can be seen in his other churches: Calvary Baptist Church, St. Stephen's Roman Catholic Church, and Chapel of St. Paul. With the area becoming more commercial, the congregation sold the building in 1902 to move to their new church on 16th and P S NW and it was demolished the same year.[59] Today stands the Colorado Building on the old Foundry Methodist Church site. |
 |
| Calvary Baptist Church[9] | Construction: 1865-66 | 777 8th Street, NW Washington, DC 38°53′58.7″N 77°01′21.8″W / 38.899639°N 77.022722°W |
.jpg.webp) | |
| Saint Stephen Martyr Catholic Church[9] | Construction: 1866-68 Demolished: 1959 |
2436 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′11.8″N 77°03′10.8″W / 38.903278°N 77.053000°W |
||
| Tabernacle Church | Construction: 1881-82 Demolished: 1959 |
202 9th St SW (9th St & B St, SW) Washington, DC 38°53′14.6″N 77°01′25.4″W / 38.887389°N 77.023722°W |
||
| Universalist Church of Our Father | Construction: 1882 Demolished: 1973 |
Southeast corner of 13th & L St, NW Washington, DC 38°54′13.0″N 77°01′45.9″W / 38.903611°N 77.029417°W |
||
| Chapel of Saint Paul | Construction: 1886 Demolished: 1950 |
1419 V St NW Washington, DC 38°55′05.8″N 77°02′03.3″W / 38.918278°N 77.034250°W |
Today it is occupied by St Augustine's Church. |
Markets
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Center Market (1864)[9] | Partial Construction: 1864 Demolished: 1865 |
Pennsylvania Avenue between 7th and 9th Streets, NW Washington, DC 38°53′35.1″N 77°01′22.7″W / 38.893083°N 77.022972°W |
In 1863, Mayor Richard Wallach had Adolf Cluss and Joseph Wildrich von Kammerhueber design a brick structure on B Street NW (Constitution Avenue). A two-story building was designed and construction started. By June 1864, a unanimous vote from both the members of the House of Representatives District Committee and then the entire House of Representatives stopped the project as Congress had not authorized the building. It was torn down but the walls were already up and showed what a modern market could look like.[60] | |
| Center Market (1871)[9] | Construction: 1871-78 Additions by Cluss: 1886 Demolished: 1931 |
Between B St (now Constitution Ave) and Pennsylvania Ave – between 7th and 9th St, NW Washington, DC 38°53′35.1″N 77°01′22.7″W / 38.893083°N 77.022972°W |
The Center Market building was chartered by Congress on May 20, 1870, and opened for business on July 1, 1872. At the time of its construction, it was the largest market hall in the country (57,500 square feet)—large enough to supply the rapidly growing urban population of D.C. with fresh groceries.[61] The market was built without alleys or driveways for traffic in the hoped of encouraging customers to stroll leisurely around the market. The building had three wings connected to one another with a total of 666 stalls:
All the buildings were two stories high and the 7th Street Wing and the 9th Street Wing were both flanked with two towers and a metal awning over the main entrances. Another metal awning ran the entire length of B Street NW and 9th Street NW. These protected shoppers visiting the outdoors stalls. For a small fee, street dealers could place their stands outside, under the market canopy. |
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| Eastern Market[9] | Construction: 1872-73 Restoration: 2007-2009 |
225 7th SE Washington, DC 38°53′11.8″N 76°59′47.4″W / 38.886611°N 76.996500°W |
 |
Schools
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wallach School[9] | Construction: 1864 Demolished: 1950 |
Northeast corner of 7th and D St SE, off of Pennsylvania Ave SE Washington, DC 38°53′05.4″N 76°59′44.1″W / 38.884833°N 76.995583°W |
Cluss and Kammerhueber's first project. It was located a block from his future market project: Eastern Market.[6] | |
| Franklin School[9] | Construction: 1865-69 | 13th and K Street NW Washington, DC 38°54′8″N 77°1′47″W / 38.90222°N 77.02972°W |
 | |
| O Street School (2nd Story) |
Construction: 1871 Demolished: 1951 |
429 O St NW (between 4th and 5th St NW) Washington, DC 38°54′31.4″N 77°1′03.0″W / 38.908722°N 77.017500°W |
||
| Seaton School[9] | Construction: 1871 Demolished: 1969 |
I St NW between 2nd and 3rd St NW Washington, DC |
||
| Charles Sumner School[9] | Construction: 1871-72 Renovated: 1986 |
17th and M St NW Washington, DC 38°54′21″N 77°2′18″W / 38.90583°N 77.03833°W |
The Charles Sumner School was one of the first schools for African-Americans in Washington, DC. It was built on land previously belonging to the Freedmen's Bureau. By the 1980s, the building has fallen in disrepair. With the $5 million raised by the citizens of the District, the building was renovated and became a museum.[62] |  |
| William Cranch School[9] | Construction: 1872 Demolished: after 1949 |
Southwest corner of 12th and G St SE Washington, DC 38°52′52.0″N 76°59′25.7″W / 38.881111°N 76.990472°W |
||
| Jefferson School[9] | Construction: 1872-73 Burned and rebuilt: 1882 Demolished: 1960 |
6th St and Virginia Ave SW Washington, DC |
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| Curtis School | Construction: 1875 Demolished: 1951 |
O St NW between 32nd and 33rd St NW Washington, DC |
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| Henry School | Construction: 1880 Demolished |
6th and 7th St NW Washington, DC |
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| The Academy of the Visitation | Construction: 1877 Demolished: 1923 |
Connecticut Ave NW between L and DeSales St NW Washington, DC |
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| St. Matthew's Institute[9] | Construction: 1866 Demolished: 1905 |
1424 K St NW Washington, DC |
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| St. John's College | Construction: 1880 Tower addition: 1889 Demolished: 1960 |
Thomas Circle Vermont Ave NW between M and N St NW Washington, DC |
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| Lincoln School (Consultation for repairs) | Plans for repairs: 1871 Demolished |
2nd and C St SE Washington, DC |
Federal buildings
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States Department of Agriculture Building[9] | Construction: 1867-68 Demolished: 1930 |
The Mall Reservation No. 2 between 14th and 12th Street SW Washington, DC 38°53′18″N 77°01′47″W / 38.88833°N 77.02972°W |
Adolf Cluss built the first building for the US Department of Agriculture five years after its creation in 1862. $100,000 had been appropriate in 1866 by Congress. It was to be built on Reservation No. 2 (between 14th and 12th Street SW) on the mall between the Washington Memorial Grounds and the Smithsonian Buildings. It was to be 172 feet by 61 1/2 feet, two stories high with a basement and be fire-proof. It would be made of pressed bricks with a sandstone base.[63] On the west side of the building a conservatory was built in the same alignment along with other smaller buildings on the south. The areas on the north and south of the building were landscaped into a Victorian garden and arboretum between 1867 and 1879 and crops were being planted on the south side. After the Washington City Canal was filled in 1871 (based on Cluss' reports), the propagating garden closed. In exchanged, four acres previously used by the canal were acquired.[64] It was demolished in 1930 after a new building for the department was built to the south and so the building could be torn down to fulfill the McMillan Plan in a similar manner to Center Market down the Mall. |
_-_NARA_-_512817.jpg.webp) |
| Richards Building (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey) | Construction: 1871 Demolished: 1929 |
205 New Jersey Ave SE Washington, DC 38°53′13.6″N 77°00′30.7″W / 38.887111°N 77.008528°W |
Adolf Cluss had worked for the Survey, then known as the United States Coast Survey, when he had first moved to Washington, D.C. He had worked in a building that was falling apart at the time. In 1870, he was given the opportunity to design four buildings spanning between New Jersey Ave SE and South Capitol St SE on Capitol Hill: two five-story buildings (the Main Building and the Back Building) and two smaller ones. The first two were equipped with elevators connecting all the floors and were connected with brick stairs and walkways. The Main Building was partially underground due to the hill configuration. Cluss used the round arch style (known as Rundbogenstil) to craft the red brick building with brown stone trim. The slate roof had red, blue and green patterns which were in sharp contrast with the classically-styled Capitol Building and other Federal buildings around. In 1929, the agency moved to the new Department of Commerce Building in the Federal Triangle between Pennsylvania & Constitution Avenues NW and 14th & 6th Street NW. The Richards Building was demolished and Congress claimed the site to build the Longworth House Office Building for the House of Representatives in 1933.[65] |
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| Old Patent Office Building (Reconstruction) Today: National Portrait Gallery | Reconstruction: 1877-78 | Between F & G St NW and 7th & 9th St NW Washington, DC 38°53′52″N 77°01′23″W / 38.89778°N 77.022936°W |
 | |
| U.S. Fish Commission | Construction: 1881 Demolished: 1950s |
1443 Massachusetts Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′23.5″N 77°01′59.4″W / 38.906528°N 77.033167°W |
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Military commissions
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Powder Magazines for the Navy Yard | Construction: between 1859 and 1864 Demolished |
Washington Navy Yard Washington, DC |
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| Powder Magazines for the US Arsenal | Construction: between 1861 and 1864 Demolished |
US Arsenal (Fort Lesley J. McNair) 4th, One-Half and P St SW Washington, DC |
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| New Ordnance Foundry[9] | Construction: 1863-64 Demolished |
Washington Navy Yard 8th and M St SE Washington, DC 38°52′26.5″N 76°59′49.9″W / 38.874028°N 76.997194°W |
While working for the Ordnance Department, Cluss was tasked with drafting gun design during the Civil War. It is at that time that he designed his first building: the New Ordnance Foundry. Designed in 1860, it was to house the armory as well as to manufacture modern high-power guns. It contained 18 furnaces and made of bricks and iron. It was estimated to have cost $150,000 and was revolutionary in the sense that "No other foundry in the country [is] adapted to casting guns above ground." In 1889, Cluss compiled a list of his buildings including a mention of "numerous buildings at the US Navy Yard, Washington [,DC]". Some have been identified, others have not yet.[66] Based on a map of the Navy Yard of 1881, it was building # 36. Today it would be located in the middle of the block between Isaac Hull Ave SE and Patterson Ave SE, between Tingey St SE and Sicard St SE.[67] |
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| US Arsenal: Officers Barracks (remodel of east and west wings of the penitentiary) |
Remodel: 1869 West building demolished: 1903 |
US Arsenal (Fort Lesley J. McNair) 4th, One-Half and P St SW Washington, DC |
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| Officer's Quarters at Washington Barracks Today: Building 21 |
Construction: 1885 | US Arsenal (Fort Lesley J. McNair) 4th, One-Half and P St SW Washington, DC 38°51′56.9″N 77°01′00.7″W / 38.865806°N 77.016861°W |
Local governments
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metropolitan Hook & Ladder Company Fire Engine House City of Washington |
Construction: 1863-64 Restored: 2001 |
438 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 38°54′0.7″N 77°1′2.2″W / 38.900194°N 77.017278°W |
One of only eleven known Adolf Cluss still standing. Dedicated in February 1864, it was home of the Metropolitan Hook & Ladder 1. It later became home to Engine Company 6. It was decommissioned in 1974 as a firehouse and left abandoned until 2001. It was converted as a restaurant. In June 2010, it was discovered to be a Cluss building. The building is two stories, 30 feet in width, and 60 feet deep. The first story is 11 feet high to be occupied by the engines with bunks for six people in the back. The two main doors are 16 ft by 7 ft with a small door in between to access the main hall via a spiral staircase. The 2nd story was 17 ft high and intended as the meeting-room with a light iron gallery for an orchestra and illuminated with chandeliers. Originally, an 11 ft belfry was above the structure but was removed in 1877. Above the door, one can see a piece of marble-work executed by W. Flannery, representing a fire-hat, with ladders, hooks, &c[68][69] |
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| Police Station House (Metropolitan Police Station), Precinct 8 City of Washington |
Construction: 1863 Demolished: early 1900s |
500 E Street, SE Washington, DC 38°53′00.4″N 76°59′57.3″W / 38.883444°N 76.999250°W |
%252C_Precinct_8_-_Washington%252C_DC_-_Adolf_Cluss.jpg.webp) | |
| Alexandria City Hall[9] | Construction: 1871-73 | Between Cameron & King St and Mt. Royal & Fairfax St Alexandria, VA 38°48′18″N 77°2′37″W / 38.80500°N 77.04361°W |
_City_Hall.jpg.webp) |
Hospitals and homes
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garfield Memorial Hospital (New Wing) | Construction: 1886 Demolished |
10th St between Boundary St (Florida Ave) & Sherman Ave NW Washington, DC 38°55′15.5″N 77°1′34.2″W / 38.920972°N 77.026167°W |
 | |
| Smallpox Hospital | Construction: 1872 Demolished |
1900 Massachusetts Ave SE Washington, DC 38°53′7.9″N 76°58′26.1″W / 38.885528°N 76.973917°W |
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| St. Aloysius Church Industrial Home for Women | Construction: 1871 Demolished: ca. 1970 |
Northeast corner of K and North Capitol St NE Washington, DC 38°54′09.6″N 77°00′31.7″W / 38.902667°N 77.008806°W |
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| Washington Hospital for Foundlings Renamed: Washington Home for Foundlings[70] |
Construction: 1899-1900 Demolished |
Bethesda, MD |
Museums
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smithsonian Institution Building (Reconstruction)[9] known as the "Smithsonian Castle" | Renovations: 1867, 1883–84, 1887–88 | The Mall Washington, DC 38°53′19.49″N 77°1′33.59″W / 38.8887472°N 77.0259972°W |
 | |
| The National Museum renamed: Smithsonian Institution, Arts and Industries Building | Construction: 1879-81 | 900 Jefferson Drive SW Washington, DC 38°53′17.34″N 77°1′28.18″W / 38.8881500°N 77.0244944°W |
It was built farther back from the Mall than the Smithsonian Castle in order to avoid obstructing the view of the Castle from the US Capitol.[71] The building is composed of four pavilions, one at each corner, about 40 feet (12 m) square and three stories tall. These surround a central rotunda. Lower sections or "ranges" were placed outside the pavilions. | .tif.jpg.webp) |
| Army Medical Museum and Library | Construction: 1886 Demolished: 1969 |
The Mall Washington, DC 38°53′19.49″N 77°1′33.59″W / 38.8887472°N 77.0259972°W |
The building was built to house the Army Medical Museum, the Library of the Surgeon General's Office (later called the Army Medical Library), and some of the Army's medical records.[72] Between 1893 and 1910, it also housed the Army Medical School. It was affectionately nicknamed "Old Red" or "The Old Pickle Factory". It was razed and replaced by the Smithsonian's Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in 1969. |
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Commercial and office buildings
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas Brown Office | Construction: 1878 Demolished |
1413 F St NW Washington, DC 38°53′50.8″N 77°1′57.6″W / 38.897444°N 77.032667°W |
Thomas Brown was a contractor for Adolf cluss on the Patent Office, the National Museum, the Portland Flats and the "Smithsonian Castle".[73] |  |
| John M. Young Store and Residence (C Street NW) |
Construction: 1885 Demolished |
429 C St NW Washington, DC 38°53′37.3″N 77°1′03.3″W / 38.893694°N 77.017583°W |
John M. Young was a carriage manufacturer and salesman which he sold from his building on C Street NW. A successful businessman, he was able to invest in real estate including two other properties designed by Cluss on Pennsylvania Ave NW and on 7th St NW.[74] |  |
| John M. Young Stores and Residences (7th Street NW) |
Construction 1883 Demolished |
1502-1506 7th St NW Washington, DC 38°54′35.0″N 77°1′19.6″W / 38.909722°N 77.022111°W |
This was one of John M. Young's commercial-residential properties. It was a three-unit row at 7th St NW and P St NW with stores on the ground floor and residential space above. It stood across from the Henry School also designed by Adolf Cluss.[75] | |
| John M. Young Store and Residence (Pennsylvania Avenue NW) |
Construction: 1879 Demolished: 1941 |
475 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 38°53′31.6″N 77°1′00.5″W / 38.892111°N 77.016806°W |
This was the first building designed by Cluss and Schulze for John M. Young on the prestigious Pennsylvania Avenue. It was demolished with several other buildings to build the new DC central library in 1941.[76] | |
| Lansburgh's Department Store (7th Street NW) | Construction 1882 replaced by a newer building |
420-426 7th St NW Washington, DC 38°53′43.6″N 77°1′19.3″W / 38.895444°N 77.022028°W |
Gustave and James Lansburgh were two brothers whose parents had immigrated from Hamburg, Germany. They started a retail business in Baltimore, MD and opened their first store in Washington, D.C., in 1861 on 7th St NW between K and I St NW. In 1882, Adolf Cluss designed a new store four blocks south of the original DC store. It was built at a cost of $300,000 and had the first commercial elevator in Washington. In 1884, john L. Vogt, a German immigrant, baker and neighbor of the Lansburgh brothers commissioned Cluss for the construction of 426 7th St NW. He proceeded in renting the building to them as an extension to their store. The Lansburgh were said to be longtime friends of the Cluss family and the Daw family in which his daughter married into according to Adolf Cluss' great grandson.[77] |  |
| Lansburgh's Department Store (8th Street NW) | Construction: 1885 Demolished |
417 8th Street NW Washington, DC 38°53′44″N 77°1′22.3″W / 38.89556°N 77.022861°W |
The two-story building was designed by Cluss and Schulze right being their 7th St store. It is believed to have been used as a warehouse or shipping and receiving department. It connected to the 7th St building by an alley.[78] | |
| John L. Vogt Store | Construction: 1884 Demolished |
426 7th St NW Washington, DC 38°53′44.4″N 77°1′19.4″W / 38.895667°N 77.022056°W |
John L. Vogt was a German immigrant and baker with several bakeries around the city who specialized in "cakes and fancy baking". He was able to invest in real estate and financed this building designed by Cluss in 1884 before renting it to the Lansburgh brothers. Both the Lansburgh and Vogt building were designed to match.[79] |  |
| Corcoran Office Building (Addition) | Construction: 1885 Demolished: 1917 |
East side of 15th St NW between Pennsylvania Ave NW and F St NW Washington, DC 38°53′48.8″N 77°2′00.8″W / 38.896889°N 77.033556°W |
The building was designed by Renwick and Sands of New York in 1875. In 1885, Cluss and Schulze were hired by banker William W. Corcoran to design a "columnade' for the entrance located on 15th St and to reconstruct the stairway. Cluss and Schulze maintained an office in the building in the 1880s. This was a popular place for Washington's artists to rent studios and teach art classes. |
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| Montgomery Meigs Office | Construction: 1882 Demolished |
1318 N St NW Washington, DC |
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| Samuel Herman Store and Residence (# 415) | Construction: 1866 Demolished |
415 4 1/2 St SW Washington, DC |
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| Joseph P. Herman Store and Residence (#324) | Construction: 1870 Demolished: 1930s |
324 4 1/2 St SW Washington, DC |
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| Samuel Herman Stores and Residences (# 323-327) | Constructed: 1870 Demolished: ca. 1900 |
323-327 4 1/2 St SW Washington, DC |
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| Wolford and Shilberg Store | Construction: 1871 Demolished: 1950s |
437 7th St SW Washington, DC |
Hotels and boarding houses
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seaton House (extension) | Construction: 1867 Demolished: 1923 |
622 Louisiana Ave NW (now Indiana Ave NW) Washington, DC 38°53′38.2″N 77°01′16.8″W / 38.893944°N 77.021333°W |
Cluss and Kammerhueber designed the six-story addition to the existing hotel owned by John H. Semmes. It was 6,000 square feet and valued at $150,000 in 1902. It is considered to be Cluss' largest commercial project. It later housed postal facilities and at the end of its life, Central Union Mission.[80] |  |
| John A. Gray's Hotel | Construction: 1868 Demolished: before 1927 |
920 15th St NW Washington, DC 38°54′06.3″N 77°02′04.8″W / 38.901750°N 77.034667°W |
It was renamed as the McPherson House in 1879 and as the Buckingham's Hotel in 1894 when it was remodeled and enlarged.[81] |  |
| Welcker's Hotel (6 story extension) | Extension: 1884 Demolished: 1906 |
721-727 15th St NW Washington, DC 38°53′57.2″N 77°01′59.0″W / 38.899222°N 77.033056°W |
John Welcker was a German immigrant living in New York. He moved to Washington, D.C., in 1861 with the New York troops in the beginning of the Civil War. In 1862, he owned Buhler's Restaurant (322 Pennsylvania Ave NW) and changed its name in 1865 to the Welcher's Restaurant. The restaurant moved to 721-727 15th Street NW prior to 1870. In 1875, he died and his widow took over the business and remarrying with Theophilus Felter, Welcher's partner. Felter contracted with Cluss and Schultze in 1884 to build a six-story extension. It continued until after 1890 under the same name and was considered one of the finest restaurants in Washington, DC.[82] |
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Halls
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concordia Opera House[9] | Construction: 1864-65 Burned down: 1891 |
379 West Baltimore St Baltimore, MD 39°17′21.5″N 76°37′15.1″W / 39.289306°N 76.620861°W |
 | |
| YMCA Building (containing the Lincoln Hall auditorium) | Construction: 1867 Burned down: 1886 |
Northeast corner of 9th and D St NW Washington, DC 38°53′41.7″N 77°01′26.0″W / 38.894917°N 77.023889°W |
||
| Masonic Temple[9] (Today: Julius Lansburgh Furniture Co., Inc.) |
Construction: 1868-70 | 910 F St NW Washington, DC 38°53′49.9″N 77°1′26.3″W / 38.897194°N 77.023972°W |
 | |
| Schützenpark Meeting Hall and Hotel | Construction: 1873 as addition to a hotel Reconstruction by Adolf Cluss after a fire: 1880 Demolished |
7th St NW (Georgia Ave NW) near Hobart St NW Washington, DC |
 | |
| Naval Masonic Lodge (Remodel) | Remodel with additions: 1867 Demolished |
5th St SE and Virginia Ave SE Washington, DC |
Residential
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| William Stickney Residence | Construction: 1868 Demolished: 1970s |
Northwest corner of 6th and M St NW Washington, DC 38°54′20.7″N 77°01′12.2″W / 38.905750°N 77.020056°W |
||
| Franklin Terrace Row Houses | Construction: 1869 Demolished: between 1890 and 1934 |
K St NW between 14th St NW and Vermont Ave NW Washington, DC |
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| Shepherd's Row | Construction: 1873 Demolished: 1952 |
1701-1705 K St NW Washington, DC 38°54′09.8″N 77°02′19.5″W / 38.902722°N 77.038750°W |
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| Fanny Washburn Payson Residence | Construction: 1873-74 Demolished: 1920s |
1439 K St NW Washington, DC 38°54′09.7″N 77°02′02.5″W / 38.902694°N 77.034028°W |
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| Stewart's Castle | Construction: 1873 Fire: 1879 Demolished: 1901 |
Dupont Circle between Massachusetts and Connecticut Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′36″N 77°02′38″W / 38.91000°N 77.04389°W |
 | |
| Samuel Carter Residence | Construction: 1878-79 Demolished: 1912 |
1316 Connecticut Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′28.5″N 77°02′33.7″W / 38.907917°N 77.042694°W |
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| Phillips Row | Construction: 1878 Demolished: 1948 |
1302-1314 Connecticut Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′27.0″N 77°02′32.8″W / 38.907500°N 77.042444°W |
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| Edward Weston Residence | Construction: 1878 Demolished: 1950 |
1426 K St NW Washington, DC 38°54′08.6″N 77°01′59.9″W / 38.902389°N 77.033306°W |
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| Mary Biddle Residence | Construction: 1878 Demolished: 1950s |
1447 Massachusetts Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′23.0″N 77°02′0.0″W / 38.906389°N 77.033333°W |
||
| Spencer F. Baird Residence | Construction: 1878-80 Demolished |
1445 Massachusetts Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′23.2″N 77°02′0.8″W / 38.906444°N 77.033556°W |
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| Portland Flats | Construction: 1880 Addition: 1883 Demolished: 1962 |
Thomas Circle 1125-1133 Vermont Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′16.6″N 77°01′56.7″W / 38.904611°N 77.032417°W |
 | |
| Walter Davidge Residence | Construction: 1880 Demolished: 1942 |
Southeast corner of 17th and H St NW Washington, DC 38°54′0.4″N 77°02′21.5″W / 38.900111°N 77.039306°W |
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| Thomas Ferguson Residence | Construction: 1881 Demolished: 1959 |
1435 Massachusetts Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′22.9″N 77°01′59.8″W / 38.906361°N 77.033278°W |
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| Christian Heurich worker houses | Construction: 1885 Demolished |
1925-1931 M Street NW Washington, DC 38°54′20.6″N 77°02′40.3″W / 38.905722°N 77.044528°W |
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| John Smith Residence | Construction: 1886 Demolished |
1721 Lanier Ave NW Washington, DC 38°55′32.8″N 77°02′25.1″W / 38.925778°N 77.040306°W |
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| Henry H. Wells Jr. Residence | Constructed in 1887 | 428-430 M St NW Washington, DC 38°54′20″N 77°01′02.9″W / 38.90556°N 77.017472°W |
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| William Wuerdemann Residence | Construction: 1887 Demolished: ca. 1910 |
200 1/2 Delaware Ave and B St NE Washington, DC 38°53′32.2″N 77°00′29.7″W / 38.892278°N 77.008250°W |
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| John R. Elvans Residence | Construction: 1866 Demolished: ca. 1960 |
928 M St NW Washington, DC 38°54′20.1″N 77°01′31.7″W / 38.905583°N 77.025472°W |
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| Thomas Ferguson Row Houses | Construction: 1882 Demolished |
1428-1434 N St NW Washington, DC 38°54′25.9″N 77°01′59.7″W / 38.907194°N 77.033250°W |
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| George B. Loring Residences | Construction: 1879 Demolished |
1521-1523 K St NW Washington, DC 38°54′25.9″N 77°01′59.7″W / 38.907194°N 77.033250°W |
||
| William S. Hoge Residence | Construction: 1885 Demolished |
1402 15th St NW Washington, DC 38°54′31.8″N 77°02′04.8″W / 38.908833°N 77.034667°W |
||
| Katherine McCarthy Residence | Construction: 1885 Demolished |
917 15th St NW Washington, DC 38°54′06.2″N 77°02′04.8″W / 38.901722°N 77.034667°W |
||
| C. A. Schneider Residences | Construction: 1885 Demolished |
1908-1910 I St NW Washington, DC 38°54′04.6″N 77°02′38.1″W / 38.901278°N 77.043917°W |
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| William F. Mattingly and Michael W. Beveridge Residences | Constructed: 1870 Demolished: 1930s |
1616-1618 H St NW Washington, DC 38°54′00.5″N 77°02′19.6″W / 38.900139°N 77.038778°W |
||
| John K. Wills Residences | Construction: 1870 Demolished: 1940s |
1013-1015 14th St NW Washington, DC 38°54′10.5″N 77°01′54.7″W / 38.902917°N 77.031861°W |
||
| General Noah L. Jeffries Residence | Construction: 1871 Demolished: ca. 1922 |
1505 K St NW Washington, DC 38°54′09.7″N 77°02′07″W / 38.902694°N 77.03528°W |
||
| Edward F. Droop House (Renovation) | Renovation: 1883 Demolished 1918 |
726-728 12th St NW Washington, DC 38°53′57.6″N 77°01′41.6″W / 38.899333°N 77.028222°W |
Others
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stanford Stable | Construction: 1886 Demolished: ca. 1920-21 |
South side of L St NW between 18th and 19th St NW Washington, DC 38°54′13.2″N 77°02′33.6″W / 38.903667°N 77.042667°W |
||
| Ulysses S. Grant Inaugural Ball Building (temporary structure) | Construction: 1873 Demolished |
Judiciary Square Washington, DC |
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| Martin Luther Memorial (Pedestal) | Construction: 1884 | Thomas Circle 1226 Vermont Ave NW Washington, DC 38°54′23.5″N 77°01′54.1″W / 38.906528°N 77.031694°W |
 |
Construction oversight
Adolf Cluss took some projects as a builder (general contractor) designed by other architects.
| Name | Dates | Location / GPS | Description | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| District of Columbia Jail | Construction: 1872 Demolished: 1976 |
Southeast corner of East Capitol St and 19th St SE Washington, DC 38°53′21.2″N 76°58′36.3″W / 38.889222°N 76.976750°W |
 | |
| United States Government Printing Office (Addition on G St NE) | Construction of the addition: 1895-96 | Northwest corner of North Capitol and G St NW Washington, DC 38°53′57.1″N 77°00′34.1″W / 38.899194°N 77.009472°W |
 | |
| White House Conservancy and Greenhouse Repairs | Repairs: 1896-1897 Conservancy demolished 1902 |
The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 38°53′51.8″N 77°02′14.0″W / 38.897722°N 77.037222°W |
 | |
| Hearst School for Girls Renamed: National Cathedral School for Girls |
Construction: 1899-1900 | 3612 Woodley Rd NW Washington, DC 38°55′53.3″N 77°04′20.4″W / 38.931472°N 77.072333°W |
.JPG.webp) |
Notes
- ↑ Forgey, Benjamin (2005-09-17). "'Red Architect' Adolf Cluss: A Study in Sturdy". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ Adolf Cluss Exhibition Project - "They called me Cluss..." - Youth in Heilbronn - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?lang=en&content=w&topSub=heilbronn&sub=2.1
- ↑ Forgey, Benjamin (2005-09-17). "'Red Architect' Adolf Cluss: A Study in Sturdy". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - Family Stories - Cluss's Travels - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.1.3&lang=en&content=h&topSub=washington
- 1 2 'Red Architect' Adolf Cluss: A Study in Sturdy - Benjamin Forgey - Washington Post - September 17, 2005
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Adolf-Cluss.org - Career and Profession - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington&sub=3.3
- 1 2 Adolf-Cluss.org - Engineer in Washington DC - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?lang=en&content=h&topSub=adolf&sub=1.4
- ↑ Noted Architect, Adolf Cluss, Dead - The Washington times - 25 July 1905 - page 4
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Change in the Board of Public Works - Evening Star October 19, 1872 - page 1
- ↑ The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume 21: November 1, 1870 – May 31, 1871, page 200 - Mississippi State University
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - Inaugural Ball Building (temporary building) - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.72&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ President Garfield's Committee - Evening star - November 19, 1896 - page 11
- ↑ Evening Star – May 25, 1874 – Front Page
- ↑ Testimony of Adolf cluss – Report of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization under Joint Resolution of Senate and House of January 29, 1892 – Page 581
- 1 2 Boyd's Directory - 1877 - page 200
- ↑ Moeller Jr., G Martin. Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Page 11
- ↑ National Park Service http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/Travel/wash/dc85.htm
- ↑ Then and Now: The Portland Flats "Then and Now: The Portland Flats - Greater Greater Washington". Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
- ↑ Report of the Commissioner of Patents, Department of the Interior, December 1, 1880 – Message from the President of the United States to the two Houses of Congress at the Commencement of the Third Session of the Forty-sixth Congress, with the Reports of the Heads of the Departments and Sections from Accompanying Documents – Government Printing Office – 1880
- ↑ The Inland architect and news record v. 9-10 Feb 1887-Jan 1888 - October 1887 - page 55
- ↑ The Inland architect and news record v. 11-12 Feb 1888-Jan 1889 - October 1888 - page 35
- ↑ The Inland architect and news record v. 11-12 Feb 1888-Jan 1889 - October 1888 - page 49
- ↑ The Inland architect and news record v. 15-16 Feb 1890-Jan 1891 - page 42
- ↑ The Inland architect and news record v. 18 Aug 1891-Jan 1892 - page 48
- 1 2 The Inland architect and news record. v.31-32 1898-1899 Feb-Jan. - November 1898 - page 38
- ↑ Evening star - January 08, 1898 - page 8
- ↑ The Inland architect and news record v. 13-14 Feb 1889-Jan 1890 - Vol. XIV No. 7 December 1889
- ↑ The Inland architect and news record v. 13-14 Feb 1889-Jan 1890 - January 1890 - page 361
- ↑ Official Register of the United States, Containing a list of the Officers and Employes in the Civil, Military, and Naval Service on the First of July, 1893 - page 116
- 1 2 Testimony of Adolf cluss - Report of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization under Joint Resolution of Senate and House of January 29, 1892 - Page 581
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - spector of Public Buildings, Office of Supervising Architect, U.S. Treasury Department - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?lang=en&topSub=adolf&content=w&sub=1.6
- ↑ Testimony of Adolf cluss - Report of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization under Joint Resolution of Senate and House of January 29, 1892 - Page 652
- ↑ Testimony of Adolf cluss - Report of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization under Joint Resolution of Senate and House of January 29, 1892 - Page 571
- ↑ The Inland architect and news record v. 15-16 Feb 1890-Jan 1891 - page 56 Vol. XVI - No. 5
- ↑ Alexandria Gazette - September 01, 1894 - page 3
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - Inspector of Public Buildings, Office of Supervising Architect, U.S. Treasury Department - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?lang=en&topSub=adolf&content=w&sub=1.6
- ↑ "Family Stories". www.adolf-cluss.org. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- 1 2 The Cluss and Schmidt Families in Germany and America - https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=jbrowne&id=I00084
- 1 2 3 4 5 Adolf-Cluss.org - Family Stories - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington&sub=3.1
- 1 2 3 "Architectural History and Historic Preservation | Architectural History & Historic Preservation (AHHP)". ahhp.si.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ The Times - May 19, 1901 - page 13
- ↑ Evening Star - May 18, 1901 -page 23
- ↑ Evening star - January 19, 1901 - page 5
- ↑ "Genealogy Information for rosa schmidt Ancestry". www.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ Evening star – March 18, 1897 – Page 14
- ↑ Evening star – December 03, 1898 – page 1
- ↑ "Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Van Ness) - Lot 161 East" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
- ↑ Our Modes of Building – Evening Star – November 13, 1872 – Front page
- ↑ "Modern Street-Pavements", Popular Science Monthly Volume 7 May 1875, retrieved 2023-08-08
- ↑ Architecture and Architects at the Capital of the United States from its Foundation until 1875 – Tenth Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects – October 11, 1876 – Philadelphia, PA. – The American Architect and Building News. (Supplement) – page iv
- ↑ "The Inland architect and news record v. 11-12 Feb 1888-Jan 1889". library.si.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ American Institute of Architects – Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects – page 127
- ↑ The Evening Times – November 02, 1898 – Front page
- ↑ Ambrose, Sharon. A Ceremonial Resolution - In the Council of the District of Columbia http://www.adolf-cluss.org/press/council-dc-ceremonial-resolution.pdf
- ↑ Office of the Mayor, District of Columbia. Proclamation - Adolf Cluss Year July 2005 – June 2006 http://www.adolf-cluss.org/press/mayoral-proclamation-cluss-adolf-year05.pdf
- ↑ "Adolf Cluss Ct SE · Washington, DC 20003". Adolf Cluss Ct SE · Washington, DC 20003. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ "Google Maps". Google Maps.
- ↑ Cluss-Buildings - the Red Brick City around 1900 at www.adolf-cluss.org
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - Foundry Methodist Church (1) - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.01&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.de, Center Market (1864) - http://www.adolf-cluss.de/index.php?sub=3.5.109&lang=en&content=h&topSub=washington
- ↑ adolph-cluss.org – Center Market (1871-78) – http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.20&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington "Center Market (1871-78)
- ↑ "Charles Sumner School". Washington, DC, A National Register of Historic Place Travel Itinerary. National Park Service. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
- ↑ Evening Star – March 20, 1867 – page 2 – column 1
- ↑ "Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C." www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ "United States Coast Survey (99)". www.adolf-cluss.org. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ "New Ordnance Foundry (23)". www.adolf-cluss.org. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ Plan of the Navy Yard at Washington, D.C: showing the position and dimensions of all the buildings as they were June 1st 1881, 1881, retrieved 2023-08-08
- ↑ "Metropolitan Hook and Ladder Company - German Roots in Washington - Goethe-Institut USA". www.goethe.de. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ "Актуальное и рабочее зеркало Леон на сегодня | sixthengine.com". www.sixthengine.com (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ↑ 60th Congress - Session II - Chapter 267 - 1909
- ↑ Scott, Pamela; Lee, Antoinette J. (1993). "The Mall". Buildings of the District of Columbia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-19-509389-5
- ↑ Rhode, Michael G. (2006). "The Rise and Fall of the Army Medical Museum and Library". Washington History. 18 (1): 78–97.
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - Thomas Brown Office - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.07&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ Adolf-cluss.org - John M. Young Store and Residence (8) - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.08&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - John M. Young Stores and Residences (67) - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.67&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - John M. Young Store and Residence (75) - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.75&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org – Lansburgh's Department Store (9) – http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.09&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - Lansburgh's Department Store building (77) - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.77&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - John L. Vogt Store (10) - http://www.adolf-cluss.de/index.php?sub=3.5.10&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - Seaton House, extension (17) - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.17&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org - John A. Gray's Hotel (18) - http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?lang=en&topSub=washington&content=w&sub=3.5.18
- ↑ Adolf-Cluss.org – Welcker's Hotel, six-story extension (19) – http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?sub=3.5.19&lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington
External links
