The Republic of Moldova is the most common country of origin of foreign-born residents in Romania.

Immigration to Romania is less common than immigration to most other European Union countries, with Romania having 2.1% of the population foreign born as of 2017 (Eurostat estimates).[1] Of these, 0.9% were born in other EU member states, and 1.2% were born outside the EU.[1] Romania has recently experienced a growing wave of immigration, mostly from the Republic of Moldova, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Southeast Asia, and East Asia[2] and to a lesser extent other parts of the world. In 2013, there were 198,839 immigrants living in Romania, of which 13,000 were refugees.[3][4] As of mid-2020, the number of migrants in Romania was 705,000, of which over 40% were from the Republic of Moldova.[5]

According to DIICOT, Romania has evolved since 1990 from a country of transit for illegal migrants to a country of destination.[6] Within the European Union, the country has the second highest rate of immigration from non-EU countries (86%), just behind Slovenia (90%).[7] Most immigrants in Romania are from Europe. Among non-European immigrants, most are from Asia and North Africa.

Republic of Moldova

Over 40% of the country's foreign-born residents originate from Republic of Moldova. Owing to the former period of union between most of Moldova and Romania, many Moldovans are eligible for Romanian citizenship on the basis of descent. The culture of Moldova is influenced primarily by the Romanian origins of its majority population, being strongly related to classical Romanian culture, and, as such, it is easy for people from neighbouring Moldova to integrate within the contemporary Romanian culture. Many immigrants from the Republic of Moldova prefer to settle in the Romanian counties from the region of Moldavia, because there the culture is more similar to their home country.[2]

Ukrainians

After the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a large number of Ukrainians started emigrating into Romania.[8] This also included ethnic Romanians from the country.[9]

In addition of Ukrainians, hundreds of Russians fleeing the 2022 mobilization came to Romania.[10][11]

EU countries

Immigrants from Italy and Spain often have close relations with Romanians, including intermarriage (see also Romanians in Italy and Romanians in Spain).

Asian and Eastern European workers

In recent years, considerable numbers of Chinese and Vietnamese citizens work in Romania, due to the emigration of a large part of the Romanian workforce.[2] There are also workers from Nepal, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia,[12] India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Serbia, Lebanon, Turkey.[13][14][15][16][17] Many Chinese live in the Ilfov County (the county surrounding Bucharest).

Many immigrant workers work in constructions; the top countries in 2021 for such construction workers were: Turkey, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Moldova, Pakistan, Ukraine.[18] Other countries include Egypt, China, Serbia and Sudan.[18]

Arabs

Arabs in Romania come primarily from Syria (including refugees of the Syrian Civil War), Lebanon, Iraq and Tunisia. In 2018, most asylum applicants were from Iraq, Syria and Iran.[19] In 2020, they were from Afghanistan, Syria and Iraq.[20]

Africans

Africans come primarily to study in Romania. Africans have been studying in Romanian universities since the Communist Era.[21] Most Africans who studied in Romania during the Ceaușescu era came from Sub-Saharan African countries such as Central African Republic, Sudan, DRC, Republic of the Congo,[22][23][24][25] and from Maghreb,[26] because Ceaușescu had a plan to educate the African elites in order to create political relations with such African countries.[21][26] It is estimated that during the communist era, about 10,000 Sudanese young people studied in Romania.[27]

Currently, in Romania, most Africans are students, refugees, guest workers [28] or children from mixed-families of a Romanian parent and an African student or worker who came to Romania.[29] In 2020, asylum applicants from Somalia and Eritrea represented the 6th and 9th highest numbers among asylum applicants in Romania.[30]

Guest workers

In recent years, the Romanian government has approved a quota of 100,000 guest workers per year.[31][32] Common countries of origin are Turkey, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Republic of Moldova, Pakistan, Ukraine, Egypt, Tajikistan, China, Serbia, Sudan, Israel, Philippines, Thailand, Ghana, Indonesia, Somalia, Iraq.[33] [34][35][36][37][38] The majority of guest workers are from Asia[33] [39][40] (these figures do not include EU workers who have freedom of movement).

A 2022 study on Asian guest workers in Romania conducted in Bucharest, Craiova and Cluj-Napoca, among 400 such workers from Asia (which were from the countries of origin of India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia and Laos) found that almost 40% of them worked in constructions, followed by services and logistics & transportation (including warehouse management). Three quarters were men and 60% were aged between 26 and 35 years (average age 27).[41]

In addition to Asia, some workers are from Maghreb, from the Horn of Africa, including Sudan (often working in agriculture),[28][36] Western Africa,[42][43] Latin America,[44][45][46] and from neighboring Eastern European countries. Many workers are from Turkey.

Overall, in 2021, the top countries for sending guest workers were Nepal, Turkey, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Morocco, Republic of Moldova.[47] In 2022, the top countries were Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco and Vietnam.[48]

According to a 2023 study,[49] there were 120.165 foreign citizens (eg. guest workers, refugees, citizens of other EU countries etc) working in Romania. The top 20 countries for such workers were: Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Stateless Persons, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, India, Bangladesh, Italy, China, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, Serbia, Hungary, Greece, Germany, Egypt, Syria, France. Over a third of these workers were based in Bucharest, followed by the counties of Ilfov, Timiș, Constanța, Cluj, Brașov, Iași, Arad, Argeș, Bihor.

Refugees

Historically, refugees to Romania have included Armenians who fled the Ottoman Empire due to the Armenian genocide in 1915, Greeks who fled persecution after the Greek Civil War and during the Greek military junta of 1967–74, Koreans who fled the Korean War and Chileans fleeing the Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90).[50]

Since entering the EU, Romania has also been subject to the migration and asylum policy of the European Union.[51] Romania has, in particular, received refugees from Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan and Ukraine, but also from Somalia, Yemen and Venezuela.[52][53][54][36]

In 2020, most asylum applicants were from Afghanistan, Syria, Bangladesh, Iraq, Iran, Somalia, Pakistan, Yemen and Eritrea.[30]

Statistics

Estimate immigrants to Romania (as of mid 2020, including refugees):[5]

 Moldova - 285,000;
 Italy - 80,000;
 Spain - 62,000;
 Ukraine - 43,000;
 United Kingdom - 32,000;
 Germany - 30,000;
 France - 22,000;
 Bulgaria - 12,000;
 Hungary - 10,000;
 Russia - 10,000;
 Turkey - 9,000;
 Greece - 8,000;
 China - 7,000;
 United States - 6,000;
 Israel - 5,000;
 Belgium - 5,000;
 Ireland - 4,000
 Serbia - 3,000;
 Syria - 3,000
 Austria - 3,000;
 Iran - 2,000;
 Iraq - 2,000;
 Vietnam - 2,000;
 Portugal - 2,000;
 Tunisia - 2,000;
 Netherlands - 2,000;
 Denmark - 2,000;
 Poland - 1,000;
 Sweden - 1,000;
 Norway - 1,000;
 Albania - 1,000;
 Slovakia - 1,000;
 Czech Republic - 1,000;
  Switzerland - 1,000;
 Brazil - 1,000;
 Canada - 1,000;
 Egypt - 1,000;
 Lebanon - 1,000;
 Morocco - 1,000;
   Nepal - 1,000;
 United Arab Emirates - 1,000;
 Philippines - 1,000;
 Sri Lanka - 1,000;
 India - 1,000;
 Algeria - 1,000;
 Pakistan - 1,000;
 Jordan - 600; (2017)
 Nigeria - 500; (2017)
 South Korea - 500. (2017)

Immigrants, often vulnerable and without legal knowledge, rely on legal services to protect their rights and navigate the legal system in their destination country. They may need assistance with immigration-related issues such as obtaining visas or work permits, or may be involved in legal disputes regarding housing rights, employment, or access to healthcare. This is why they need a lawyer for immigrations.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "File:Foreign-born population by country of birth, 1 January 2017 .PNG".
  2. 1 2 3 "ANALIZĂ de unde vin cei mai mulţi imigranţi şi ce fac ei în România". 21 November 2018.
  3. ↑ "Refugee population by country or territory of origin statistics - countries compared". Nationmaster. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  4. ↑ "Le Monde: Romania, noua destinatie a imigrantilor". Ziare.com. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  5. 1 2 "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". 10 February 2014.
  6. ↑ "Romania, destinatie pentru imigrantii ilegali, afirma seful DIICOT". Ziare.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  7. ↑ "Income Magazine (Former Financiarul.com)" (in Romanian). Financiarul.com. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
  8. ↑ Manuel Bogner, Steffi Hentschke, Michał Kokot, Thomas Roser, Franziska Schindler, Frida Thurm: Ukrainische Bevölkerung: Auf der Flucht. In: Die Zeit. 24 February 2022, retrieved 27 February 2022.
  9. ↑ EXCLUSIV - Mărturia unui român din Ucraina care a fugit de război în România: "Nord-bucovinenii nu prea sunt dispuși să lupte. Mulți habar nu au ce este o armă".
  10. ↑ Pană, Maria (December 2, 2022). "Aproape 500 de ruși, refugiați în România după invadarea Ucrainei. Au aceleași drepturi ca ucrainenii, dar nimeni nu știe unde sunt și ce fac".
  11. ↑ "240 de ruși care au fugit din țară cer protecție temporară în Iași. Sunt considerați refugiați și au aceleași drepturi ca ucrainenii". www.digi24.ro. December 1, 2022.
  12. ↑ "Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia in Bucharest, ACCREDITED TO THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Romania". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  13. ↑ "Vom "importa" mai mulți muncitori din Nepal, Filipine, Vietnam și Thailanda | Dejulmeu.ro". 3 August 2018.
  14. ↑ "Fenomenul atragerii de personal din țări exotice, pe fondul lipsei forței de muncă locală, ia amploare. România aduce muncitori din Filipine, Nepal, Vietnam, India, Indonezia, Thailanda. "În 50 de ani, importul forței de muncă va fi o necesitate"".
  15. ↑ Mîț, Adriana (5 March 2018). "Sârbi angajați în România. Ce metodă au găsit companiile din Banat pentru aducerea cetățenilor din țara vecină". Pressalert.ro.
  16. ↑ "Muncitori de import din Asia de Sud-Est (Vietnam şi Sri Lanka) - România - Radio România Actualităţi Online".
  17. ↑ "Muncitori din Ucraina vor termina lucrările la monumentul ecvestru al lui Ştefan cel Mare – Cotidianul Crai nou". www.crainou.ro (in Romanian). 17 October 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  18. 1 2 "Constructorii vor cu orice preţ angajaţi, dar întrebarea este ce costuri sociale şi economice va aduce inundarea pieţei cu forţă de muncă din Asia. Încă 100.000 de persoane ar putea veni să lucreze din acest an în România".
  19. ↑ "Numărul persoanelor care au depus cereri de azil în România, în scădere".
  20. ↑ "Peste 6000 de refugiați au cerut în 2020 azil în România, cel mai mare număr înregistrat vreodată". 19 February 2021.
  21. 1 2 "Republica Africa Centrală, la picioarele lui Ceauşescu". 21 February 2013.
  22. ↑ "Republica Africa Centrală, la picioarele lui Ceauşescu". 21 February 2013.
  23. ↑ "Cum i-a vândut Ceauşescu lui Mobutu Sésé Seko tractoare şi televizoare româneşti". historia.ro. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  24. ↑ "Studenţi străini în România". jurnalul.ro. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Povestea africanilor care spun Romania, te iubesc" (in Romanian). Stirileprotv.ro. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  26. 1 2 "România arabă a lui Ceaușescu | Adevarul Financiar". Archived from the original on 2017-02-23.
  27. ↑ "Povestea africanilor care spun: "Romania, te iubesc!"".
  28. 1 2 "Tot mai mulți muncitori din Africa vin să lucreze în România. Aici primesc salarii chiar și de 20 de ori mai mari".
  29. ↑ "Mulatrii romani, o minoritate inedita Interviu".
  30. 1 2 "În perioada de pandemie, România a primit cel mai mare număr de solicitanți de azil din istorie" (PDF) (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  31. ↑ "100.000 de lucrători străini nou-admişi pe piaţa forţei de muncă, contingentul stabilit de Guvern pentru anul 2022, 27 ianuarie 2022".
  32. ↑ "Romanian Govt. Ready to take in 100,000 foreign workers in 2023 amid workforce shortage". 9 December 2022.
  33. 1 2 "Constructorii vor cu orice preţ angajaţi, dar întrebarea este ce costuri sociale şi economice va aduce inundarea pieţei cu forţă de muncă din Asia. Încă 100.000 de persoane ar putea veni să lucreze din acest an în România".
  34. ↑ "ANALIZĂ de unde vin cei mai mulţi imigranţi şi ce fac ei în România". 21 November 2018.
  35. ↑ "Fenomenul atragerii de personal din țări exotice, pe fondul lipsei forței de muncă locală, ia amploare. România aduce muncitori din Filipine, Nepal, Vietnam, India, Indonezia, Thailanda. "În 50 de ani, importul forței de muncă va fi o necesitate"".
  36. 1 2 3 "Fermierii maramureşeni preferă zilieri din Somalia sau Irak. "Ne înţelegem prin semne"".
  37. ↑ Nicolau, Nicoleta. "România riscă să rămână fără muncitori străini din Asia". www.stiridiaspora.ro. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  38. ↑ PRAHOVA, Ziarul (July 21, 2022). "Muncitori din India, Bangladesh, Tadjikistan, Sri Lanka au umplut golul forței de muncă din Prahova | Ziarul Prahova". Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  39. ↑ "Muncitori din India, Bangladesh, Tadjikistan, Sri Lanka au umplut golul forței de muncă din Prahova". ziarulprahova.ro (in Romanian). 21 July 2022.
  40. ↑ "Cei mai mulţi muncitori străini, marea majoritate asiatici, vin în România pe poziţia de demolator".
  41. ↑ "Studiu: Peste jumătate dintre muncitorii asiatici veniţi să lucreze în România ar recomanda şi rudelor şi prietenilor să vină pentru a munci. Unu din trei respondenţi ar dori să rămână în România cel puţin 2 ani şi 7% plănuiesc să se stabilească aici definitiv". 23 November 2022.
  42. ↑ ""Nici în Ghana nu am fi pățit așa ceva". Povestea africanilor care spun că au fost plătiți mai prost ca acasă după mai bine de o lună de muncă pe șantierul din București al unui celebru luptător de K1". 19 April 2022.
  43. ↑ "Muncitorii străini, fericiți că se pot vaccina în România. În țara lor, vaccinurile sunt puține și sunt imunizați doar cei vulnerabili". 2 August 2021.
  44. ↑ "Străini la muncă în România. Tot mai mulţi latino-americani lucrează în restaurantele de la noi". Observator.
  45. ↑ https://timponline.ro/muncitorii-din-india-si-columbia-suplinesc-lipsa-fortei-de-munca-locale-comelf-ar-angaja-si-ucraineni/
  46. ↑ https://www.napocanews.ro/2020/02/vin-muncitori-de-calitate-din-america-de-sud-la-cluj.html
  47. ↑ "De ce va ajunge numărul de muncitori străini în România la un record în 2022 - Panorama". 15 March 2022.
  48. ↑ "Muncitorii români din România, pe cale de dispariție: Cum ne-am umplut de nepalezi, pakistanezi și indieni în câțiva ani". 23 January 2023.
  49. ↑ "De la est la vest: Top 20 țări care ne dau cei mai mulți angajați străini. Lista cu domeniile în care lucrează". Wall-Street. May 15, 2023.
  50. ↑ "Cum a rezolvat România problema refugiaților chilieni, coreeni și armeni". 10 September 2015.
  51. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Rate-of-inactivity-and-reasons_fig1_342492161
  52. ↑ "Refugiat în propria țară: "Ori plec, ori mor!" Un tânăr din Venezuela a fugit de socialism în România, după ce, în urmă cu 70 de ani, bunicul lui român fugea de comunism în Venezuela!". 31 March 2019.
  53. ↑ "Primii 15 refugiaţi au ajuns în România | Agenția de presă Rador". 4 March 2016.
  54. ↑ "Acasa e razboi | Refugiatii ajunsi la Galati le-au spus elevilor cum este viata lor in Romania, in cadrul "Scoala Altfel"". stirileprotv.ro (in Romanian).
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