Krenak
Aimoré
Botocudo
Borum
EthnicityAimoré
Geographic
distribution
Brazil
Linguistic classificationMacro-Jê
  • Krenak
Subdivisions

The Aimoré, Botocudoan or Borum languages, now sometimes known as Krenakan after the last one remaining, are a branch of the Macro-Jê languages – spoken mainly in Brazil – including moribund Krenak and extinct languages such as Guerén and Nakrehé. Loukotka (1968)[1] considered them dialects of a single language, but more recent treatments (Campbell 1997, Campbell 2012)[2] describe at least some of them as separate languages.

Languages

A fair amount of lexical data was collected before the majority of languages became extinct.

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) illustrates the following:

Krekmun/Kraik-mús, Krenak (Crenaque), Pejaurún (Cajaurun), Naknanuk (Nacnhanuc, Nakyananiuk), Xiporoc (Shiporoc, Yiporok, Djiporoca), Nak-Ñapma, Bakuen (Bacuen, Bocué), Nakrehé (Nacrehé), Aranãa, Miñan-yirugn, Pojichá (Pozyichá), Gueren

and mentions sources of data for:

Uti Krag (Guti Krag, Ngùd-Kràg),

reported in 1913 to still be spoken. Miñan-yirugn and some of the other might still have been spoken in Loukotka's time.

Other varieties sometimes reported in the literature, but of which nothing is known, include Ankwet (Anquet) and Xónvúgn (Chonvugn).

Mason (1950)

Mason (1950) lists:[3]

Botocudo (Aimboee, Borun)
  • Araná (Aranya)
  • Crecmun
  • Chonvugn (Crenak)
  • Gueren
  • Gutucrac: Minya-yirugn (Minhagirun)
  • Nachehe (Nakrehe)
  • (Yiporok [Giporok]: Poicá [Poyishá, Požitxá])
  • (Anket ?)
  • (Nacnyanuk ?)

Varieties

Below is a full list of Botocudo (Aimoré; Batachoa) varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[1]

Vocabulary

Several lexical loans from one of the Língua Geral varieties have been found identified. Examples include tuŋ ‘flea’ and krai ‘non-Indigenous person, foreigner’.[4]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Botocudo languages.[1]

glossKrekmunKrenakPejaurúnNaknanukShiporokNak-ñapmaBakuenNakrehéAranaaMiñan-YirugnPojicháGueren
head keränkrenkrénkrenkrénkrénkrendkrenkrenkrenkren
tooth kiyunkizyunkiyúnkiyunzyunkzyunʔkizyuʔundzyonkiyúdnkuzyun
water mañanmuñanmuñámmiñammuñanmʔnamiñaʔanmiñangamãyánmiñan
fire shompekzyonpekshompeikchonpekchonpökchompékshampekshompekchonpekchompékzyanpekghompek
sun tarútarútarútarútarútarútepótépótepótepómanué
earth naknáknáknaknaknaknaknaknaknak
bird bakánbokounbakanbakanbakanbakanbokenbakan
jaguar kuparakkuparagkuparákkuparakkuparákkuparakikuparakuparakkuparakkepó
bow uazyíkauzyikuásikuaishikuazyikuazyikuazyik

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  2. Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
  3. Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  4. Nikulin, Andrey; Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). "As línguas Maxakalí e Krenák dentro do tronco Macro-Jê". Cadernos de Etnolingüística. 8 (1): 1–64.

References

  • Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: BOTOCUDO
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