The 2015 Southeast Asian haze led to a Pollutant Standards Index of 353 in Tiong Bahru.

Environmental issues in Singapore include air, water pollution, and deforestation. The government established the Singapore Green Plan in 1992 to help with environmental issues.

Deforestation

Since the founding of Singapore in 1819, more than 95% of its estimated 590 square km of vegetation has been cleared. At first for short-term cash crops and later because of urbanization and industrialization. 61 of its original 91 bird species has been lost leading to many native forest plants not being able to reproduce because of loss of seed dispersal and pollination.[1]

Since 1980, development and increased pressure for land usage has led to Singapore losing 90% of its forests, 67% of its birds, 40% of its mammals and 5% of its amphibians and reptiles.[2]

Singapore had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 1.11/10, ranking it 165th globally out of 172 countries.[3]

Land reclamation

As a result of the nation’s ambitious land reclamation, environmental impacts extend beyond its shores too. Singapore’s shores have expanded by 22% since its independence and Singapore has become one of the largest importers of sand in the world, importing 517 million tonnes in the last 20 years alone. Most of this sand was sourced from Indonesia and Malaysia until both countries imposed a ban due to the environmental impact – Indonesia saw 24 islands disappear. Sand dredging in Cambodia has also threatened its coastal environments, endangered species and destroying the livelihoods of fishing villages.[2]

Air pollution

A housing estate in Jurong East being shrouded in haze, photographed October 15, 2006

In 1984, there were health concerns with the great number of pig farms in Singapore. They were deemed to have contributed to the pollution of the country, namely to the air. This problem was solved by reducing the number of such farms.[4] 65.8 metric tons (64.8 long tons; 72.5 short tons) of carbon dioxide were emitted in the country in 1996, ranking among the highest emission levels in the world. Air polluters in Singapore are mostly, but not only, vehicles for transport, despite the country's tough regulations.[5] The country had been blanketed in haze for a period of time, which was contributed by smoke from Indonesian fires.[6]

Water pollution

Bottles of NEWater on display at a 2005 function

Singapore is a country with limited water resources, and it is essential for its water quality to be carefully regulated. Water in Singapore is polluted by unwanted materials contributed by industrial facilities, coupled by oil from both incoming and outgoing trading vessels.[7] Corrective measures are taken, and affected water is taken for treatment at specialised centres.[5] Plants such as NEWater treat unwanted water into drinkable water.[8] One major water body in Singapore which used to be polluted is the Singapore River.[9][10]

Mitigation

To combat the country's environmental problems, the Singaporean government first made the Singapore Green Plan in 1992 and a new edition of it in 2012 to continue it. The plan has since been superseded by the Singapore Green Plan 2030 in 2021.[11][12] The plan aims to keep tabs on the unstable populations of fauna and flora, to place new nature parks and to connect existing parks.[13] It was announced on 3 June 2013 that the government will begin recording the amount of carbon emitted in the country and how much of it is absorbed by the country's flora.[14] Though some scholars have called Singapore an "environmental oasis,"[15] others have accused it of "greenwashing," citing the nation's attention to aesthetic greenery and high carbon footprint.[16]

Education

Education is increasingly seen as playing a key role in shaping environmental attitudes. Currently, Singapore has no policy documents to spell out what environmental topics should be taught in public schools, or how environmental education should be included within the curriculum.[17] Some have argued that while Singapore's educational system trains students to perform well on standardized tests, it fails to teach young people environmental values.[18] This is supported by an analysis of the environmental values portrayed in Singapore's secondary school history textbooks, which found that these textbooks "represent narrowly utilitarian, negativistic, and dominionistic perspectives of thinking about and relating to the nonhuman environment. In contrast, aesthetic, humanistic, moralistic, and ecologistic-scientific interactions with the nonhuman environment are either entirely absent or infrequently portrayed in textbook narratives."[19]

Criticisms

Singapore's rapid development into an urban nation has neglected the natural environment, according to a report published by the National University of Singapore, which ranked the country as the "worst environmental offender among 179 countries". The government called the ranking unfair, claiming that Singapore is unique due to its "limited land size" and consequent "high intensity of land use".[20]

Further reading

  • Barnard, Timothy P. (editor). Nature Contained: Environmental Histories of Singapore. NUS Press, 2014. ISBN 978-9971-69-790-7.
  • Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew (editor). Eating Chilli Crab in the Anthropocene: Environmental Perspectives on Life in Singapore. Ethos Books, 2020. ISBN 978-981-14-4136-3.

References

  1. ↑ Ceballos, G.; Ehrlich, A. H.; Ehrlich, P. R. (2015). The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals.Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 148-149. ISBN 1421417189 – via Open Edition.
  2. 1 2 "Let's not be Hazy on Environmental Issues". sg.news.yahoo.com. 18 April 2016.
  3. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  4. ↑ "Singapore - Agriculture". Country Studies. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  5. 1 2 "Environmental Issues in Singapore". Allo' Expat Singapore. June 2, 2013. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013.
  6. ↑ Harper, Damian (2007). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Ediz. Inglese (10 ed.). Lonely Planet. pp. 69–. ISBN 9781740597081.
  7. ↑ Loke, Ming Chou (1988). The Coastal Environmental Profile of Singapore. The WorldFish Center. pp. 78–. ISBN 9789711022488.
  8. ↑ "NEWater". Public Utilities Board. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Environmental Trailblazing in Singapore" (PDF). Centre for Liveable Cities. May 29, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  10. ↑ "The History of Singapore River". Singapore River One. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  11. ↑ "About SGP 2012". Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Singapore Green Plan 2030 Charts Ambitious Targets for Next 10 Years to Catalyse National Sustainability Movement" (PDF). MOE, MND, MSE, MOT, MTI. 10 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  13. ↑ "National Initiatives". National Biodiversity Reference Center. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  14. ↑ Zengkun, Feng (June 3, 2013). "Government to track Singapore's carbon emissions". The Straits Times.
  15. ↑ Hudson, C 2014, 'Green is the New Green: Eco-Aesthetics in Singapore' in Bart Barendregt, Rivke Jaffe (ed.) Green Consumption: The Global Rise of Eco-Chic, Bloomsbury Academic, United Kingdom, pp. 86-99.
  16. ↑ Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew. "Some Islands Will Rise: Singapore in the Anthropocene." Resilience: A Journal of the Environmental Humanities 4.2 (2017): 166-184.
  17. ↑ EE XING JIAN, COLIN (2015). The State of Environmental Education in Singapore: A Curriculum Analysis of the Lower Secondary Geography Syllabus (Thesis thesis).
  18. ↑ Lim, Al, and Feroz Khan. 2020. “Learning to Thrive: Educating Singapore’s Children for a Climate-Changed World.” In Eating Chilli Crab in the Anthropocene, edited by Matthew Schneider-Mayerson. Singapore: Ethos Books.
  19. ↑ Neo, Xiaoyun; Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew (2021-08-28). "Nature, disappeared: anti-environmental values in Singapore's history textbooks, 1984–2015". Environmental Education Research. 28: 56–74. doi:10.1080/13504622.2021.1968350. ISSN 1350-4622. S2CID 239639290.
  20. ↑ Vaughan, Victoria (May 14, 2010). "Is Singapore the worst environmental offender?". AsiaOne.
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