The Alexa Fluor family of fluorescent dyes is a series of dyes invented by Molecular Probes, now a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, and sold under the Invitrogen brand name. Alexa Fluor dyes are frequently used as cell and tissue labels in fluorescence microscopy and cell biology.[1] Alexa Fluor dyes can be conjugated directly to primary antibodies or to secondary antibodies to amplify signal and sensitivity[2] or other biomolecules.

The excitation and emission spectra of the Alexa Fluor series cover the visible spectrum and extend into the infrared.[3] The individual members of the family are numbered according roughly to their excitation maxima in nanometers.

History

Richard and Rosaria Haugland, the founders of Molecular Probes, are well known in biology and chemistry for their research into fluorescent dyes useful in biological research applications. At the time that Molecular Probes was founded, such products were largely unavailable commercially. A number of fluorescent dyes that are now widely used were discovered and developed in the laboratories of Molecular Probes.—dyes such as Texas Red, Cascade Blue, Oregon Green, Marina Blue, and the Alexa Fluor family. The most famous of these, the Alexa Fluor family of dyes, were designed to improve upon properties of previously developed biological fluorescent dye families, and solve some of the issues that they possessed. The Alexa Fluor dyes were named after Alex Haugland, son of Richard and Rosaria Haugland.

Molecular Probes was acquired in 2003 by Invitrogen,[4] who worked to further expand the Alexa Fluor family by the addition of new dyes to fill gaps not covered in the emission spectrum. In 2008, Invitrogen and the Alexa Fluor product line became a part of the Life Technologies, after the Invitrogen merger with Applied Biosystems. In 2014, Life Technologies was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific, who revitalized the Invitrogen name and brand, bringing the Alexa Fluor product line back under it.

Dyes and chemistry

The Alexa Fluor dyes were chemically synthesized through sulfonation and additional chemical modifications made to the well known families of coumarin, rhodamine, and cyanine dyes, and to the xanthene family (of which the fluorescein, an industry-standard, is a part). Sulfonation made the product Alexa Fluor dyes negatively charged and thus more hydrophilic and soluble than their parent dyes; the additional modifications were aimed to improve dye performance in other areas. For example, Alexa Fluor 488, a sulfonated and otherwise chemically modified form of fluorescein, was designed to solve the well known issues of rapid photobleaching and pH-dependent fluorescent intensity characteristic of the dye fluorescein isothiocyanate.

 Colour†[5]Absorb
(nm)[6]		Emit
(nm)[6]		MM
(g/mol)		ε
(cm−1M−1)[6]		Quantum Yield[7]
Alexa Fluor 350Blue34644241019,000-
— 405Blue401421102835,000-
— 430Green43454170215,000-
— 488Green49551964373,0000.92
— 500Green50252570071,000-
— 514Green51754271480,000-
— 532Yellow53255472181,0000.61
— 546Yellow5565731079112,0000.79
— 555Orange555565~1250155,0000.1
— 568Orange57860379288,0000.69
— 594Red59061782092,0000.66
— 610Red6126281172144,000-
— 633Far-red632647~1200[8]159,000-
— 635Far-red633647-140,000-
— 647Far-red6506651155.06[9]270,0000.33
— 660Near-IR663690~1100132,0000.37
— 680Near-IR679702~1150183,0000.36
— 700Near-IR702723~1400205,0000.25
— 750Near-IR749775~1300290,0000.12
— 790Near-IR782805~1750260,000-
† = approximate colour of the emission spectrum
ε = extinction coefficient

Comparison with other dyes

The Alexa Fluor series dyes are less pH-sensitive and more photostable than the original dyes (fluorescein, rhodamine, etc.) from which they were synthesized. While extinction coefficients of each member of this line of dyes are known (see table), quantum yields and life times are not. Brightness comparisons are also generally favorable.

Other commercial product lines provide alternatives to individual members of the line of Alexa Fluor Dyes. Comparisons with other dyes are less consistent, and also even more "delicate", depending on the conditions and techniques used. Such comparisons should be considered, depending on the conditions and techniques used, and the dye performance (signal, background, stability) needed.

Specific comparison studies

  • Alexa Fluor 647 dye compared to dye Cy5,} in an application involving conjugation to DNA.[10]

Further reading

  • NCBI Staff (2013). Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD), 2004-2013. Bethesda, MD. PMID 20641179. Retrieved 1 March 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Database entries written by independent experts, on Alexa Fluor product numbers 488, 647, 680, 700, and 750, as well as other conjugated forms.
  • Hullin-Matsuda F.; Murate M.; Kobayashi T. (25 September 2018). "Protein Probes to Visualize Sphingomyelin and Ceramide Phosphoethanolamine". Chem. Phys. Lipids. 216: 132–141. doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.09.002. PMID 30194925. S2CID 52179117. Review of a lipid visualization application of the Alexa Fluors.
  • Kozma, E.; Jayasekara, P.S.; Squarcialupi, L.; Paoletta, S.; Moro, S.; Federico, S.; Spalluto, G.; Jacobson, K.A. (1 January 2013). "Fluorescent Ligands for Adenosine Receptors". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 23 (1): 26–36. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.112. PMC 3557833. PMID 23200243. Review of a set of fluors based on Alexa Fluor (AF) 488, for receptor binding studies. Article presents structures of AF488 and AF532, as well as a large set of other standard flurophores Cy5, Texas Red, EVOBlue, FITC, NBD, Dansyl, 1-Pyrene, and various Bodipy complexes.

References

  1. ↑ Invitrogen Staff (6 June 2007). "Alexa Fluor Dyes Spanning the Visible and Infrared Spectrum". Probes.Invitrogen.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
  2. ↑ ThermoFisher Staff (26 May 2017). "Alexa Fluor Secondary Antibodies". ThermoFisher.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  3. ↑ Invitrogen Staff (6 April 2006). "The Alexa Fluor Dye Series". Probes.Invitrogen.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
  4. ↑ Associate Managing Editor (4 November 2009). "Invitrogen Prices $325M Worth Of Notes, Keeps Buying Power [uncredited reproduction of 30 July 2003 BioWOrld article]". AllBusiness.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2020. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) See also Huggett, Brady (30 July 2003). "Invitrogen Prices $325M Worth Of Notes, Keeps Buying Power". BioWorld.com. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  5. ↑ ThermoFisher Staff (26 February 2020). "Fluorophore Selection". Thermofisher.com. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 LifeTechnologies Staff (26 February 2020). "The Alexa Fluor Dye Series—Note 1.1". LifeTechnologies.com. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  7. ↑ Invitrogen Staff (26 April 2011). "Fluorescence Quantum Yields (QY) and Lifetimes (τ) for Alexa Fluor dyes [Table 1.5]". Invitrogen.com. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  8. ↑ ThermoFisher Staff (8 January 2018). "Alexa Fluor 633 NHS Ester (Succinimidyl Ester)". ThermoFisher.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  9. ↑ Esteban, A.; Popp, M.W.; Vyas, V.K.; Strijbis, K.; Ploegh, H.L.; Fink, G.R. (23 August 2011). "Fungal Recognition is Mediated by the Association of Dectin-1 and Galectin-3 in Macrophages". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (34): 14270–14275. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10814270E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111415108. PMC 3161568. PMID 21825168.
  10. ↑ Ballard JL; Peeva VK; deSilva CJ; Lynch JL; Swanson NR (July 2007). "Comparison of Alexa Fluor and CyDye for practical DNA microarray use". Molecular Biotechnology. 36 (3): 175–83. doi:10.1007/s12033-007-0006-4. PMID 17873405. S2CID 37365037. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
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