The Family, also known as the Santiniketan Park Association or the Great White Brotherhood, was an Australian New Age group formed in the mid-1960s under the leadership of Anne Hamilton-Byrne (born Evelyn Grace Victoria Edwards; 30 December 1921 – 13 June 2019).[1][2] The group taught a mixture of Western and Eastern religious doctrines, with Hamilton-Byrne claiming to have been a reincarnation of Jesus. It has widely been described as a cult.[1][3]

The group became the centre of controversy when its compound in Olinda, Victoria, was raided by police on 14 August 1987 amid allegations of child abuse. All children were removed from the premises, and were discovered to have been adopted through illegal means.[4] Hamilton-Byrne and her husband were eventually arrested in 1993 and charged with conspiracy to defraud and to commit perjury in relation to the adoption scams, but those charges were eventually dropped. She pleaded guilty to the remaining charge of making a false declaration and was fined $5,000.

Religious claims

The Family taught an eclectic mixture of Christianity and Hinduism with other Eastern and Western religions, on the principle that spiritual truths are universal.[5] Children raised in the group studied the major scriptures of these religions as well as the works of gurus including Sri Chinmoy, Meher Baba, and Rajneesh.[6] One adopted daughter, Sarah Hamilton-Byrne, later described the group's beliefs as a "hotch-potch" of Christianity and Eastern mysticism.[7]

The basis of The Family's philosophy was that their founder, Anne Hamilton-Byrne, was the reincarnation of Jesus and a living god. Within the group, Jesus, Buddha, and Krishna were regarded as enlightened beings who came down to Earth to aid humanity, with Hamilton-Byrne being put in the same category as these teachers. On the basis of this belief, members of her inner circle claimed to be the reincarnations of the original Twelve Apostles.[8]

History

Beginnings

Beginning around 1964, Anne Hamilton-Byrne led a religious and philosophical discussion group at Santiniketan, the home of parapsychologist Raynor Johnson on the eastern outskirts of Melbourne in the Dandenong Ranges suburb of Ferny Creek. The group purchased an adjoining property which they named Santiniketan Park in 1968 and constructed a meeting hall called Santiniketan Lodge.[9]

The group consisted of middle-class professionals, a quarter of whom were medical personnel recruited by Johnson via Hamilton-Byrne's hatha yoga classes.[10] Members mainly lived in the suburbs of Melbourne and in townships of the Dandenong Ranges, meeting each Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday evening at Santiniketan Lodge, at Crowther House in Olinda, or another property in the area known as the White Lodge.[11][6]

By the 1980s, police estimated that Hamilton-Byrne's fortune was as much as A$50 million.[12]

Newhaven

During the late 1960s and 1970s, Newhaven Hospital in Kew was a private psychiatric hospital owned and managed by Marion Villimek, a Family member; many of its staff and attending psychiatrists were also members.[6][13][14] The Family recruited some of the hospital's patients into the group, and administered the hallucinogenic drug LSD to both patients and members under the direction of Family psychiatrists John Mackay and Howard Whitaker.[15] One of the original members of the Family was given LSD, electroconvulsive therapy, and two leucotomies during the late 1960s.[9]

Although Newhaven Hospital had been closed down by 1992, an inquest was ordered that year into the death of a patient in 1975 that was alleged to have been due to deep sleep therapy. The inquest heard evidence concerning the use of electroconvulsive therapy, LSD, and other practices at Newhaven, but found no evidence that deep sleep had been used on the deceased patient.[16] The hospital was later reopened as a nursing home with no connections to its previous owner or uses.

Kai Lama property

Hamilton-Byrne acquired fourteen infants and young children between 1968 and 1975. Some were the biological children of members of The Family; others had been obtained through illegal adoptions arranged by lawyers, doctors, and social workers within the group who could bypass normal protocols. The children's identities were changed using false birth certificates or deed polls. All were given the surname "Hamilton-Byrne" and made to dress alike, even to the extent that most had their hair being dyed uniformly blonde.[6][17]

The children were kept in seclusion and home-schooled at Kai Lama, a rural property usually referred to as "Uptop", at Taylor Bay on Lake Eildon. All were told that Hamilton-Byrne was their biological mother and knew the other adults in the group as "aunties" and "uncles".[6] They were denied almost all access to the outside world, and subjected to a discipline that included starvation diets and frequent, unprovoked beatings.[18]

Doses of the psychiatric drugs fluphenazine, diazepam, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, nitrazepam, oxazepam, trifluoperazine, carbamazepine, or imipramine were frequently administered to the children.[6] On reaching adolescence they were compelled to undergo an initiation process involving LSD; while under the influence of the drug the child would be left in a dark room, alone, apart from visits by Hamilton-Byrne or one of the psychiatrists from The Family.[6][19]

Siddha Yoga

For several years, Hamilton-Byrne developed a connection to the Siddha Yoga movement, receiving shaktipat initiation from Swami Muktananda and taking the Sanskrit name Ma Yoga Shakti. In 1979 and 1981 she took some of the children to stay with Muktananda at his ashram at South Fallsburg, New York, United States, and purchased a nearby property as her own base in America.[6]

Sarah Hamilton-Byrne later recalled how Muktananda would give a private audience (or darshan) once a week to The Family. He once asked the children if they would like to leave The Family and live with him at his Gurudev Siddha Peeth ashram in India. The children all gave an enthusiastic yes but were later punished by Hamilton-Byrne for disloyalty. According to Sarah, Hamilton-Byrne eventually caused a lot of trouble at the South Fallsburg ashram and some of Muktananda's devotees defected to The Family. Sarah was present when Swami Tejomayanand was initiated into The Family, later saying that she could not understand why he would want to join a sect where everyone was so miserable when it seemed that everyone around Muktananda was so happy.[20]

Police intervention

In 1987, Hamilton-Byrne expelled Sarah from the group because of arguing and rebellious behaviour. With the support of a private investigator and others, she then played an instrumental role in bringing The Family to the attention of the Victoria Police. As a result of her efforts, a raid took place at Kai Lama on 14 August 1987, and all children were removed from the premises. Sarah later went on to study medicine and became a qualified doctor. She learned about her adoption and eventually met her biological mother.[21]

After the raid, Hamilton-Byrne and her husband, William, left Australia for a period of six years. Operation Forest, an investigation involving police in Australia, the UK, and the US, resulted in their arrest in June 1993 by the FBI in New York.[22][23][24] This followed admissions by former members of The Family, including the group's solicitor Peter Kibby, that the group had engaged in adoptions scams, including acts of forgery.[25]

Hamilton-Byrne and her husband were extradited to Australia and charged with conspiracy to defraud and to commit perjury by falsely registering the births of three unrelated children as their own triplets, charges that were later dropped.[26] Elizabeth Whitaker, the wife of Howard Whitaker, was their co-defendant.[27] Hamilton-Byrne and her husband pleaded guilty to the remaining charge of making a false declaration and were fined $5,000 each. The conspiracy charges against Whitaker were dropped, but she was convicted of falsely obtaining nearly $23,000 between 1983 and 1987.[28][29]

Other members of The Family were also tried at court. Margot MacLellan, aged 64, was convicted of falsely obtaining $28,000 between 1978 and 1988. Joy Travellyn, aged 56, was convicted of falsely obtaining over $38,000 between 1979 and 1988. Helen Buchanan, aged 49, was convicted of falsely obtaining almost $15,000 between 1980 and 1987.[30]

Litigation

In August 2009, two individuals received financial compensation from Hamilton-Byrne after suing her. Her granddaughter, Rebecca Cook-Hamilton, had sued for alleged psychiatric and psychological illnesses, alleging malnourishment and "cruel and inhuman treatment" by Hamilton-Byrne and her followers. Her award was estimated to be $250,000.[12]

Another former member of The Family, Cynthia Chan, alleged that she paid the sum of $352,115 to Hamilton-Byrne for real estate in Olinda, but the property was never transferred to her. She also alleged that she paid the sum of $70,400 to Hamilton-Byrne for another property, but this too was never transferred to her. Hamilton-Byrne said she had no memory of the transaction. Chan's judgement was estimated at $250,000.[12]

Aftermath

Hamilton-Byrne's husband died in 2001; she attended the funeral in her only public appearance following her conviction.[31] In later years it was reported that Hamilton-Byrne was living in a Melbourne nursing home and suffering from dementia, and that an internal succession crisis for leadership of the group was unfolding.[32] In an interview with ABC Local Radio in Ballarat, Ben Shenton, a former adoptee of The Family, said the group had become a "toothless tiger".[33]

Sarah Hamilton-Byrne died in 2016, aged 46.[34] Anne Hamilton-Byrne died on 13 June 2019, aged 97.[2]

Media

In 2016, a documentary on the sect entitled The Family was released at the Melbourne International Film Festival; it was produced by Anna Grieve and written, directed, and co-produced by Rosie Jones.[35] A companion book, The Family: The Shocking True Story of a Notorious Cult (2017), was written by Chris Johnston and Jones and published by Scribe.[36][37] Jones later released a three-episode miniseries, The Cult of the Family, in March 2019.[38] The 2019 novel In the Clearing by J. P. Pomare is a fictionalised account heavily based on The Family. It was turned into a 2023 TV series, The Clearing, which was produced for Disney Plus and stars Teresa Palmer, Miranda Otto, and Guy Pearce.[39]

References

  1. 1 2 Cusack, Carole (3 January 2018). "The Family". World Religions and Spirituality Project. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  2. 1 2 Hope, Tom Cowie, Zach (14 June 2019). "Anne Hamilton-Byrne, leader of notorious cult The Family, dies at 97". The Age. Retrieved 14 June 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ "Inside The Family, the bizarre and brutal Australian cult". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 September 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  4. ↑ Elias, David (14 June 2019). "From the Archives, 1987: Police raid on secretive sect "The Family"". The Age. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  5. ↑ Johnson, R. (1972) The Spiritual Path (Hodder & Stoughton: London) ISBN 0-340-15852-2
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah. (1995a) Unseen, Unheard, Unknown: My life inside the family of Anne Hamilton-Byrne (Penguin Books: Ringwood) ISBN 0-14-017434-6. Extract available online.
  7. ↑ Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah. (1995b) pp.115–129
  8. ↑ Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah. (1995b) p.27
  9. 1 2 Judgement in Kibby v. Registrar of Titles and Another, Supreme Court of Victoria, 1999.
  10. ↑ "Notes", The Family, Think Big Productions.
  11. ↑ "The Family prays together, but no longer stays together", The Age, AU, 11 June 1993.
  12. 1 2 3 Campbell, James (16 August 2009). "Payout for The Family sect victims". Sunday Herald Sun. The Herald & Weekly Times. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  13. ↑ "Inquest on death in cult hospital", The Age, AU, 13 March 1992.
  14. ↑ Middleton, W (4–5 May 2007), Reconstructing the Past: Trauma, Memory and Therapy. Background paper for the seminars "Trauma, Dissociation and Psychosis: Metaphor, Strategy and Reality" (PDF), Sydney: The Delphi Centre in collaboration with The Cannan Institute and the Trauma & Dissociation Unit, Belmont Hospital, p. 97, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2007.
  15. ↑ Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah (1995b), "Hierarchies of organisation within cults" (PDF), The Skeptic, 15 (3): 26.
  16. ↑ "No sleep therapy – coroner", The Age, AU, 25 August 1992.
  17. ↑ Sinnott, N.H. (1997). "Anatomy of a cruel cult" (PDF). The Skeptic. 17 (2): 45.
  18. ↑ Middleton, W. (2007) p.96
  19. ↑ Middleton, W. (2007) p.97
  20. ↑ Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah (1995b), pp.94–95
  21. ↑ Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah (1995b), pp.175–195
  22. ↑ "Australian Sect leaders arrested", The Sun-Herald, 5 June 1993.
  23. ↑ "Guru of a 'family' based on mysticism Anne Hamilton-Byrne, arrested in the US to face conspiracy and fraud charges in Australia, has been the centre of controversy for 30 years". The Canberra Times. Vol. 67, no. 21, 236. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 June 1993. p. 4. Retrieved 14 June 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  24. ↑ "Britain alleged Australian sect leader now on UK farm". The Canberra Times. Vol. 61, no. 18, 954. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 26 August 1987. p. 5. Retrieved 14 June 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  25. ↑ Campbell, James (16 August 2009). "A twisted controller". The Sunday Herald Sun. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  26. ↑ "Sect couple face court in Melbourne", The Age, 17 August 1993.
  27. ↑ 'Three face charges of conspiracy' The Age 16 November 1993
  28. ↑ "Sect leader registered three babies as her own", The Age, 23 September 1994.
  29. ↑ "Family group founder, husband fined", The Age, 27 September 1994
  30. ↑ Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah (1995b), pp.172–173
  31. ↑ Campbell, James (16 August 2009). "Creating the family tree". The Sunday Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  32. ↑ Johnston, Chris (22 July 2013). "Battle for control as cult leader deteriorates". The Age. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  33. ↑ McKenzie, Elizabeth (23 July 2013). "Ben Shenton, survivor of the cult The Family". ABC Local Radio. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  34. ↑ "The Family documentary Press Kit" (PDF). Big Stories. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  35. ↑ McCormack, Ange (3 August 2016). "'Evil, Wicked': What it was like to grow up in one of Australia's most notorious cults". Hack. Triple J. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  36. ↑ Douglas, James Robert (13 February 2017). "Inside the bizarre 1960s cult, The Family: LSD, yoga and UFOs". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  37. ↑ Johnston, Chris; Jones, Rosie (2017). The Family: The Shocking True Story of a Notorious Cult. Scribe. ISBN 978-1925321678.
  38. ↑ Buckmaster, Luke (12 March 2019). "The Cult of the Family review – the definitive history of a notorious Australian cult". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  39. ↑ Cunningham, Katie (24 May 2023). "The Australian cult that fed children LSD: Guy Pearce on the 'disturbing' true story behind The Clearing". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
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