Annie Jump Cannon
Cannon in 1922
Born(1863-12-11)December 11, 1863
Dover, Delaware, U.S.[1]
DiedApril 13, 1941(1941-04-13) (aged 77)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Alma materWellesley College, Wilmington Conference Academy, Radcliffe College
Known forStellar classification
AwardsHenry Draper Medal (1931)
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy
InstitutionsHarvard College Observatory

Annie Jump Cannon (/ˈkænən/; December 11, 1863 – April 13, 1941) was an American astronomer whose cataloging work was instrumental in the development of contemporary stellar classification.[2] With Edward C. Pickering, she is credited with the creation of the Harvard Classification Scheme, which was the first serious attempt to organize and classify stars based on their temperatures and spectral types. She was nearly deaf throughout her career after 1893, as a result of scarlet fever. She was a suffragist and a member of the National Women's Party.[3]

Personal life

Cannon was born on December 11, 1863, in Dover, Delaware. She was the eldest of three daughters born to Wilson Cannon, a Delaware shipbuilder and state senator, and his second wife, Mary Jump.[4] Cannon's mother was the first person to teach her the constellations and she encouraged her to follow her own interests, suggesting that she pursue studies in mathematics, chemistry, and biology at Wellesley College.[5] Cannon and her mother used an old astronomy textbook to identify stars seen from their attic.[6] Cannon's mother also taught her daughter household economics, which Cannon would later use to organize her research.[7]

Cannon took her mother's advice and pursued her love of astronomy. She lost most of her hearing sometime during her early adult years. Sources vary on the time frame and actual cause, although it is often attributed to scarlet fever.[8] Cannon's personality has been described as "ebullient".[9] She chose not to marry or have children.[5]

Education, 1880–1896

At Wilmington Conference Academy (later known as Wesley College), Cannon was a promising student, particularly in mathematics. In 1880, Cannon was sent to Wellesley College in Massachusetts, one of the top academic schools for women in the US, where she studied physics and astronomy.[10]

Cannon studied under Sarah Frances Whiting, one of the few women physicists in the United States at the time, and went on to become the valedictorian at Wellesley College. She graduated with a degree in physics in 1884 and returned home to Delaware for a decade.[10]

During these years, Cannon developed her skills in the new art of photography. In 1892, she traveled through Europe taking photographs with her Blair box camera. After she returned home her prose and photos from Spain were published in a pamphlet called "In the Footsteps of Columbus",[11] published by the Blair Company and distributed as a souvenir at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.[12]

Soon afterward, Cannon was stricken with scarlet fever that rendered her nearly deaf.[8] This hearing loss made it difficult for Cannon to socialize. As a result, she immersed herself in her work.[13] In 1894, Cannon's mother died and life at home grew more difficult. She wrote to her former instructor at Wellesley, professor Sarah Frances Whiting, to see if there was a job opening. Whiting hired her as a junior physics teacher at the college. This opportunity allowed Cannon to take graduate courses at the college in physics and astronomy. Whiting also inspired Cannon to learn about spectroscopy.[10]

In order to gain access to a better telescope, Cannon enrolled at Radcliffe College in 1894 as a "special student", continuing her studies of astronomy.[14] Radcliffe was set up near Harvard College for Harvard professors to repeat their lectures to the young Radcliffe women. This relationship gave Cannon access to the Harvard College Observatory. In 1896, Edward C. Pickering hired her as his assistant at the Observatory. In 1907, Cannon finished her studies and received her master's degree from Wellesley College.[8]

Career, 1896–1940

Cannon with Henrietta Swan Leavitt, 1913

In 1896, Cannon became a member of the Harvard Computers,[15] a group of women hired by Harvard Observatory director Edward C. Pickering to complete the Henry Draper Catalogue, with the goal of mapping and defining every star in the sky to a photographic magnitude of about 9.[16] In her notes, she referred to brightness as "Int" which was short for "intensity".[17] In 1927, Pickering said that she was able to classify stars very quickly, "Miss Cannon is the only person in the world—man or woman—who can do this work so quickly."[18] Mary Anna Draper, the widow of wealthy physician and amateur astronomer Henry Draper, had set up a fund to support the work.[18] Men at the laboratory did the labor of operating the telescopes and taking photographs while the women examined the data, carried out astronomical calculations, and cataloged those photographs during the day.[19] Pickering made the Catalogue a long-term project to obtain the optical spectra of as many stars as possible and to index and classify stars by spectra.[18]

When Cannon first started cataloging the stars, she was able to classify 1,000 stars in three years, but by 1913, she was able to work on 200 stars an hour.[20] Cannon could classify three stars a minute just by looking at their spectral patterns and, if using a magnifying glass, could classify stars down to the ninth magnitude, around 16 times fainter than the human eye can see.[8] Her work was also highly accurate.[20]

The meeting of the AAVSO at Harvard in 1916. The two women in the photograph are Ida E. Woods (front row) and Cannon (behind Woods).

Not long after work began on the Draper Catalogue, a disagreement developed as to how to classify the stars. The analysis was first started by Nettie Farrar, who left a few months later to be married. This left the problem to the ideas of Henry Draper's niece Antonia Maury (who insisted on a complex classification system) and Williamina Fleming (who was overseeing the project for Pickering,[15] and wanted a much more simple, straightforward approach).[10] Cannon negotiated a compromise: she started by examining the bright southern hemisphere stars. To these stars, she applied a third system, a division of stars into the spectral classes O, B, A, F, G, K, M. Her scheme was based on the strength of the Balmer absorption lines. After absorption lines were understood in terms of stellar temperatures, her initial classification system was rearranged to avoid having to update star catalogs.[16]

In 1901, Cannon published her first catalog of stellar spectra.[16]

Cannon and the other women at the observatory, including Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Antonia Maury, and Florence Cushman, were criticized at first for being "out of their place" and not being housewives.[21] Women did not commonly rise beyond the level of assistant in this line of work at the time and many were paid only 25 cents an hour to work seven hours a day, six days a week.[8] Leavitt, another woman in the observatory who made significant contributions, shared with Cannon the experience of being deaf.[22] Cannon dominated this field because of her "tidiness" and patience for the tedious work and even helped the men in the observatory gain popularity. Cannon helped broker partnerships and exchanges of equipment between men in the international community and assumed an ambassador-like role outside of it.[23]

In 1911 she was made the Curator of Astronomical Photographs at Harvard.[18] In 1914, she was admitted as an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society.[24] In 1921, she became one of the first women to receive an honorary doctorate from a European university when she was awarded an honorary doctor's degree in math and astronomy from Groningen University.[25]

Annie Jump Cannon at her desk at the Harvard College Observatory[26]

On May 9, 1922, the International Astronomical Union passed the resolution to formally adopt Cannon's stellar classification system; with only minor changes, it is still being used for classification today.[14] Also in 1922, Cannon spent six months in Arequipa, Peru, to photograph stars in the Southern hemisphere.[27]

In 1925, she became the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate of science from Oxford University.[28]

Annie Jump Cannon, 1921

In 1933, she represented professional women at the World's Fair in Chicago (Century of Progress).[23]In 1935, she created the Annie J. Cannon Prize for "the woman of any country, whose contributions to the science of astronomy are the most distinguished."[29]

In 1938, she became the William C. Bond Astronomer at Harvard University.[3]

The astronomer Cecilia Payne collaborated with Cannon and used Cannon's data to show that the stars were composed mainly of hydrogen and helium.[30]

Later life and death, 1940–1941

Annie Jump Cannon's career in astronomy lasted for more than 40 years, until her retirement in 1940.[16] Despite her retirement, she continued to actively work on astronomy in the observatory up until a few weeks before she died.[31] During her career, Cannon helped women gain acceptance and respect within the scientific community. Her calm and hardworking attitude and demeanor helped her gain respect throughout her lifetime and paved the path for future women astronomers.

Cannon died on April 13, 1941, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the age of 77.[27] She died in a hospital after being ill for over a month.[32][33] The American Astronomical Society presents the Annie Jump Cannon Award annually to female astronomers for distinguished work in astronomy.[34]

Work

Cannon manually classified more stars in a lifetime than anyone else, with a total of around 350,000 stars.[35] She discovered 300 variable stars, five novas, and one spectroscopic binary, creating a bibliography that included about 200,000 references.[27]

Awards and honors

Historical marker noting the building (right) where Cannon first observed stars at Wesley College
Cannon Hall at the University of Delaware in Newark, Delaware.

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ↑ Reynolds 2004, p. 18.
  2. ↑ "This Month in Physics History". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  3. 1 2 3 "Brooklyn Museum: Annie Jump Cannon". Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
  4. ↑ Mack 1990, p. 91.
  5. 1 2 Des Jardins 2010, p. 89.
  6. ↑ "History of Women in Astronomy: Annie Cannon". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
  7. ↑ "Girl Star-Gazer Now Specialist". Statesville Record and Landmark. 19 November 1928. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Annie Cannon". She is an Astronomer. 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  9. ↑ Des Jardins 2010, p. 88.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Mack 1990, p. 99.
  11. ↑ Cannon, Annie Jump (1893). In the footsteps of Columbus. Boston: L. Barta & co., printers.
  12. ↑ Hennessey, Logan (23 Jul 2006). "Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941) – Early life". Wellesley College. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  13. ↑ Des Jardins 2010, p. 102.
  14. 1 2 Wellesley College: "Annie Jump Cannon," Education. 10 December 1998. Retrieved 23 May 2023
  15. 1 2 Shteynberg, Catherine. "Pickering's Women". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Annie Jump Cannon | American astronomer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  17. ↑ "Annie Jump Cannon". ancestry.com. March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Fitzgerald, Helen (18 September 1927). "Counted the Stars in the Heavens". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ↑ Dvorak 2013.
  20. 1 2 "Woman Making Index of 100,000 Stars for a Catalogue". The Danville Morning News. 10 February 1913. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ "Remember the Ladies: Annie Jump Cannon | Stumbling Toward Enlightenment". 2019-06-14. Archived from the original on 2019-06-14. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  22. ↑ Sobel, Dava (2016). The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars. Penguin. ISBN 9780670016952
  23. 1 2 Des Jardins 2010, p. 95.
  24. ↑ "Honor Woman of Delaware Birth". The Morning News. 18 March 1914. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ "In acknowledgement of her work..." The Marion Star. 25 June 1921. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ "Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), sitting at desk". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  27. 1 2 3 "Annie Jump Cannon.". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Encyclopedia.com. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  28. ↑ "Gal Astronomer". Rushville Republican. 18 April 1968. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ↑ "Woman's Prize". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 5 February 1935. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ↑ Greenstein, George (1993). "The ladies of Observatory Hill". The American Scholar. 62 (3): 437–446. JSTOR 41212156.
  31. ↑ Waterfield, R. L. (14 June 1941). "Dr. Annie J. Cannon". Nature. 147 (3737): 738. Bibcode:1941Natur.147..738W. doi:10.1038/147738a0.
  32. ↑ "Noted Woman of Science Dies". Daily Capital Journal. 14 April 1941. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ "Annie J. Cannon is Dead; Famed as Astronomer". Chicago Tribune. 14 April 1941. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  34. ↑ "Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy | American Astronomical Society". aas.org. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  35. ↑ Heward, Anita (2009). "Annie Cannon". Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  36. ↑ "Cannon, Annie Jump, 1863–1941. Papers of Annie Jump Cannon : an inventory". Harvard University Archives. Harvard University Library. 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  37. ↑ Jaarboek der Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen. 1920–1921. Promotiën Faculteit der Wis- en Natuurkunde. Honoris Causa 31.5.'21, p. 79.
  38. ↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  39. ↑ "Noted Woman Astronomer, Classifier of More Stars than Any Other, Dies at Home in Cambridge in 77th Year". The Eagle. 14 April 1941. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. 1 2 3 Smith, Lindsay (2017). "Annie Jump Cannon". Project Continua. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  41. ↑ Welther 1978, p. 86.
  42. 1 2 3 "Cannon, Annie Jump, 1863–1941. Papers of Annie Jump Cannon : an inventory". Harvard University. 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  43. ↑ Welther 1978, p. 87.
  44. 1 2 Schwartz, Anita Z. (12 December 2014). "Google Doodle honors Delaware native Annie Jump Cannon". University of Delaware. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
  45. ↑ "Wesley Unveils Annie Jump Cannon Historical Marker". wesley.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  46. ↑ Delaware State University – Wesley College Acquisition "DSU – WC Acquisition". desu.edu. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
  47. ↑ Leof, Madelin (13 May 1932). "Famed Astronomer Catalogues Stars". The San Bernardino County Sun. Retrieved 13 April 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. ↑ National Women's Hall of Fame, Annie Jump Cannon,

Sources

Further reading

  • Lang, Harry (1994). Silence of the Spheres. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
  • Gerber, Carole (2011). Annie Jump Cannon, Astronomer. Gretna, LA: Pelican.
  • Greenstein, George (Summer 1993). "The ladies of Observatory Hill". American Scholar. 62 (3): 437–446. ISSN 0003-0937. JSTOR 41212156.
  • Veglahn, Nancy J. (1991). Women Scientists. Facts On File. ISBN 978-0816024827. OCLC 22957220.
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