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In the Western world or in non-Asian countries, terms such as "racism against Asians" or "anti-Asian racism" are typically used in reference to racist policies, discrimination against, and mistreatment of Asian people and Asian immigrants by institutions and/or non-Asian people.^[1][2]

Overview

The concept of 'racism against Asians' is most common in communities or countries where the ethnic or racial majority is non-Asian, or it is most common in communities or countries where the national character is Western. The concept is most frequently employed in reference to Anti-Asian phenomena which exist in countries which are located outside the Asian continent, such as countries which are located in Africa, Europe, North America and South America.

Countries

Racist incidences or perceptions

Racist incidences or perceptions, especially towards East or Southeast Asians, may include:

• Emasculation of Asian men against fetishizations and hypersexualisation of Asian women (yellow fever).^{[3][4][5][6][7][8]}
  • Which causes inferiority complex and internalized racism.^[9][10]
  • Reinforced by dangerous racial science of supposed "mongoloid race" (outdated), such as lacking of sexual dimorphism between Asian men and Asian women,^[11] as well as dealing with the aftershocks of the history of European colonisation of Southeast Asia and "white worship".^[12][13]
• The model minority myth fails to account for the bamboo ceiling, the difficult circumstances of poorer Asians, and their marginalization and stereotyping in the media.^{[14][15][16][17]}
  • Contradictorily being used to justify white supremacy through modes of "honorary Aryan" or "honorary whiteness" racial concepts.^[18][19]
  • Being used to justify racism against Black people via the model minority myth.^[20]
• Are stereotyped as cold, anti-social, robotic.^[21]
• Discrimination based on perceived foreignness or accent.^[22]
  • Being seen as a perpetual foreigner.
• Being linked to diseases such as coronavirus (see Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic).^[23][24]
• Othered into being seen as "yellow" or being seen as the "yellow peril".^[25][26]
• Generalizing East Asians as monolithic^[27] and being ignorant of the multicultural populations of Southeast Asia, such as the existence of Melanesians in Southeast Asia, etc.

On the other hand, discrimination against South Asians and/or Middle Easterners includes:

• Being seen as terrorists^[28][29][30]
• Othered into being seen as "brown", a categorization which was extended to Southeast Asians.^[31]

There has been an increase in the amount of psychological or mental distress which has been caused by the aforementioned factors.^[32][33][34] Myopic depictions of Asian cultures continues to be a problem.^[35]

Additionally, racism in Asia (racist attitudes which Asians have towards each other as well as racist attitudes which Asians have towards non-Asians) is also impacted by differences in nationality as well as regional differences.

See also

References