The L-arabinose operon, also called the ara or araBAD operon, is an operon required for the breakdown of the five-carbon sugar L-arabinose in Escherichia coli.[1] The L-arabinose operon contains three structural genes: araB, araA, araD (collectively known as araBAD), which encode for three metabolic enzymes that are required for the metabolism of L-arabinose.[2] AraB (ribulokinase), AraA (an isomerase), and AraD (an epimerase) produced by these genes catalyse conversion of L-arabinose to an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway, D-xylulose-5-phosphate.[2]

The structural genes of the L-arabinose operon are transcribed from a common promoter into a single transcript, a mRNA.[3] The expression of the L-arabinose operon is controlled as a single unit by the product of regulatory gene araC and the catabolite activator protein (CAP)-cAMP complex.[4] The regulator protein AraC is sensitive to the level of arabinose and plays a dual role as both an activator in the presence of arabinose and a repressor in the absence of arabinose to regulate the expression of araBAD.[5] AraC protein not only controls the expression of araBAD but also auto-regulates its own expression at high AraC levels.[6]

Structure

L-arabinose operon is composed of structural genes and regulatory regions including the operator region (araO1, araO2) and the initiator region (araI1, araI2).[7] The structural genes, araB, araA and araD, encode enzymes for L-arabinose catabolism. There is also a CAP binding site where CAP-cAMP complex binds to and facilitates catabolite repression, and results in positive regulation of araBAD when the cell is starved of glucose.[8]

Structure of L-arabinose operon of E. coli.

The regulatory gene, araC, is located upstream of the L-arabinose operon and encodes the arabinose-responsive regulatory protein AraC. Both araC and araBAD have a discrete promoter where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.[4] araBAD and araC are transcribed in opposite directions from the araBAD promoter (PBAD) and araC promoter (PC) respectively.[2]

Function

Metabolic pathway of L-arabinose via the action of three enzymes, which are encoded by the araBAD operon.
Catabolism of arabinose in E. coli
SubstrateEnzyme(s)FunctionReversibleProduct
L-arabinoseAraAIsomeraseYesL-ribulose
L-ribuloseAraBRibulokinaseNoL-ribulose-5-phosphate
L-ribulose-5-phosphateAraDEpimeraseYesD-xylulose-5-phosphate

Both L-ribulose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose-5-phosphate are metabolites of the pentose phosphate pathway, which links the metabolism of 5-carbon sugars to that of 6-carbon sugars.[6]

Regulation

Structure of AraC monomer

The L-arabinose system is not only under the control of CAP-cAMP activator, but also positively or negatively regulated through binding of AraC protein. AraC functions as a homodimer, which can control transcription of araBAD through interaction with the operator and the initiator region on L-arabinose operon. Each AraC monomer is composed of two domains including a DNA binding domain and a dimerisation domain.[9] The dimerisation domain is responsible for arabinose-binding.[10] AraC undergoes conformational change upon arabinose-binding, in which, it has two distinct conformations.[6] The conformation is purely determined by the binding of allosteric inducer arabinose.[11]

AraC can also negatively autoregulate its own expression when the concentration of AraC becomes too high. AraC synthesis is repressed through binding of dimeric AraC to the operator region (araO1).

Negative regulation of araBAD

Negative regulation of L-arabinose operon via AraC protein

When arabinose is absent, cells do not need the araBAD products for breaking down arabinose. Therefore, dimeric AraC acts as a repressor: one monomer binds to the operator of the araBAD gene (araO2), another monomer binds to a distant DNA half site known as araI1.[12] This leads to the formation of a DNA loop.[13] This orientation blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the araBAD promoter.[14] Therefore, transcription of structural gene araBAD is inhibited.[15]

Positive regulation of araBAD

Positive regulation of L-arabinose operon via dimeric AraC and CAP/cAMP

Expression of the araBAD operon is activated in the absence of glucose and in the presence of arabinose. When arabinose is present, both AraC and CAP work together and function as activators.[16]

Via AraC

AraC acts as an activator in the presence of arabinose. AraC undergoes a conformational change when arabinose binds to the dimerization domain of AraC. As a result, the AraC-arabinose complex falls off from araO2 and breaks the DNA loop. Hence, it is more energetically favourable for AraC-arabinose to bind to two adjacent DNA half sites: araI1 and araI2 in the presence of arabinose. One of the monomers binds araI1, the remaining monomer binds araI2 - in other words, binding of AraC to araI2 is allosterically induced by arabinose. One of the AraC monomers places near to the araBAD promoter in this configuration, which helps to recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter to initiate transcription.[17]

Via CAP/cAMP (catabolite repression)

CAP act as a transcriptional activator only in the absence of E. coli's preferred sugar, glucose.[18] When glucose is absent, high level of CAP protein/cAMP complex bind to CAP binding site, a site between araI1 and araO1.[19] Binding of CAP/cAMP is responsible for opening up the DNA loop between araI1 and araO2, increasing the binding affinity of AraC protein for araI2 and thereby promoting RNA polymerase to bind to araBAD promoter to switch on the expression of the araBAD required for metabolising L-arabinose.

Autoregulation of araC expression

Autoregulation of AraC

The expression of araC is negatively regulated by its own protein product, AraC. The excess AraC binds to the operator of the araC gene, araO1, at high AraC levels, which physically blocks the RNA polymerase from accessing the araC promoter.[20] Therefore, the AraC protein inhibits its own expression at high concentrations.[16]

Use in protein expression system

The L-arabinose operon has been a focus for research in molecular biology since 1970, and has been investigated extensively at its genetic, biochemical, physiological and biotechnical levels.[3] The L-arabinose operon has been commonly used in protein expression system, as the araBAD promoter can be used for producing targeted expression under tight regulation. By fusing the araBAD promoter to a gene of interest, the expression of the target gene can be solely regulated by arabinose: for example, the pGLO plasmid contains a green fluorescent protein gene under the control of the PBAD promoter, allowing GFP production to be induced by arabinose.

See also

Other operon systems in E. coli:

References

  1. ↑ Voet, Donald & Voet, Judith G. (2011). Biochemistry (4th. ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1291–1294. ISBN 978-0470-57095-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. 1 2 3 Schleif, Robert (2000). "Regulation of the L-arabinose operon of Escherichia coli". Trends in Genetics. 16 (12): 559–565. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02153-3. PMID 11102706.
  3. 1 2 Watson, James D. (2008). Molecular biology of the gene (6th. ed.). Harlow: Addison-Wesley. pp. 634–635. ISBN 9780321507815.
  4. 1 2 Schleif, Robert (2010). "AraC protein, regulation of the l-arabinose operon in, and the light switch mechanism of AraC action". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 34 (5): 779–796. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00226.x. PMID 20491933.
  5. ↑ Lobell, R. B.; Schleif, R. F. (1990). "DNA looping and unlooping by AraC protein". Science. 250 (4980): 528–532. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..528L. doi:10.1126/science.2237403. PMID 2237403. S2CID 25017204.
  6. 1 2 3 Schleif, Robert (2003). "AraC protein: A love-hate relationship". BioEssays. 25 (3): 274–282. doi:10.1002/bies.10237. PMID 12596232.
  7. ↑ Schleif, Robert; Lis, John T. (1975). "The regulatory region of the l-arabinose operon: A physical, genetic and physiological study". Journal of Molecular Biology. 95 (3): 417–431. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(75)90200-4. PMID 168391.
  8. ↑ Ogden, S; Haggerty, D; Stoner, CM; Kolodrubetz, D; Schleif, R (1980). "The Escherichia coli L-arabinose operon: binding sites of the regulatory proteins and a mechanism of positive and negative regulation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 77 (6): 3346–3350. Bibcode:1980PNAS...77.3346O. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.6.3346. PMC 349612. PMID 6251457.
  9. ↑ Bustos, S. A; Schleif, R. F (1993). "Functional domains of the AraC protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (12): 5638–5642. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5638B. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5638. PMC 46776. PMID 8516313.
  10. ↑ Saviola, B; Seabold, R; Schleif, R. F (1998). "Arm-domain interactions in AraC". Journal of Molecular Biology. 278 (3): 539–548. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.1712. PMID 9600837.
  11. ↑ Griffiths, Anthony J.; Wessler, Susan R. (2015). Introduction to genetic analysis (11th ed.). New York, NY: Freeman. pp. 413–414. ISBN 9781429276344.
  12. ↑ Casadaban, Malcolm J. (1976). "Regulation of the regulatory gene for the arabinose pathway, araC". Journal of Molecular Biology. 104 (3): 557–566. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(76)90120-0. PMID 781294.
  13. ↑ Seabold, Robert R; Schleif, Robert F (1998). "Apo-AraC actively seeks to loop". Journal of Molecular Biology. 278 (3): 529–538. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.1713. PMID 9600836.
  14. ↑ Hendrickson, William; Schleif, Robert (1984). "Regulation of the Escherichia coli L-arabinose operon studied by gel electrophoresis DNA binding assay". Journal of Molecular Biology. 178 (3): 611–628. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(84)90241-9. PMID 6387154.
  15. ↑ Weaver, Robert Franklin (2012). Molecular biology (5th int. student ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 183–186. ISBN 9780071316866.
  16. 1 2 Snyder, Larry (2013). Molecular genetics of bacteria (4th. ed.). Washington, DC: ASM Press. pp. 487–494. ISBN 9781555816278.
  17. ↑ Hartwell, Leland; Hood, Leroy (2010). Genetics : from genes to genomes (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 528. ISBN 9780071102155.
  18. ↑ Cox, Michael M.; Doudna, Jennifer A.; O'Donnell, Michael E. (2012). Molecular biology : principles and practice (International ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 707–708. ISBN 9781464102257.
  19. ↑ Griffiths, Anthony J.F. (2002). Modern genetic analysis: integrating genes and genomes (2nd. ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 432–433. ISBN 0716743825.
  20. ↑ Lee, N. L; Gielow, W.O; Wallace, R. G (1981). "Mechanism of araC autoregulation and the domains of two overlapping promoters, Pc and PBAD, in the L-arabinose regulatory region of Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (2): 752–756. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78..752L. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.2.752. PMC 319880. PMID 6262769.
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