Syagrus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Arecoideae
Tribe: Cocoseae
Genus: Syagrus
Mart.[1]
Synonyms[2][3]

Arikury Becc.
Arikuryroba Barb.Rodr.
Arikuyroba Barb.Rodr.
Barbosa Becc.
Chrysallidosperma H.E.Moore
Langsdorffia Raddi
Platenia H.Karst.
Rhyticocos Becc.

Syagrus is a genus of Arecaceae (palms), native to South America, with one species endemic to the Lesser Antilles.[2] The genus is closely related to the Cocos, or coconut genus, and many Syagrus species produce edible seeds similar to the coconut.

Description

Palms in this genus usually have solitary stems; clustered stems are less common, and a few are stolon-like subterranean. The stems are normally spineless, but some species have spiny leaf sheaths or spines. Those species that have upright trunks grow 2–36 metres (7–118 ft) tall with stems that are 6–35 centimetres (2.4–13.8 in) in diameter.[4]

The leaves of all but one species, S. smithii, are pinnately compound. Leaf sheaths are split along their entire length, and consequently, crownshafts are not present in this genus. The transition from the leaf sheath to the petiole can be gradual and difficult to identify, but in species where they can be distinguished, leaf sheaths are 2.5–180 cm (1–71 in) long and the petioles are 0–30 cm (0–12 in).[4]

The inflorescences are unbranched or branch once; a single hybrid, S. × lacerdamourae, occasionally shows second-order branching, and emerge from between the leaves. They are monoecious, with both male and female flowers borne in the same inflorescence. The fruit are drupes, which vary in colour from green to orange to brown. They range in size from 1.2 to 1.9 cm (0.47 to 0.75 in) in length, and 0.7 to 4.5 cm (0.28 to 1.77 in) in diameter.[4]

Taxonomy

Beccariophoenix

Voanioala

Jubaeopsis

Cocos nucifera

Syagrus

Lytocaryum (nested within Syagrus)

Allagoptera

Polyandrococos

Parajubaea

Butia

Jubaea

Attalea

Simplified phylogeny of members of the subtribe Attaleinae, based on seven WRKY gene loci.[5]

Syagrus has been placed in the subfamily Arecoideae, the tribe Cocoseae and the subtribe Attaleinae, together with the genera Allagoptera, Attalea, Beccariophoenix, Butia, Cocos, Jubaea, Jubaeopsis, Parajubaea, and Voanioala.[6][7]

Distribution

Syagrus is an almost entirely South American genus. The only non-South American species, S. amara, is endemic to five islands in the Lesser Antilles. The genus is found from sea level to elevations of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft)above sea level.[4]

Ecology

S. coronata nuts are the favored food of Lear's macaw, whose bill size and shape are particularly adapted to crack them.[8]

Syagrus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Batrachedra nuciferae (recorded on S. coronae) and Paysandisia archon (recorded on S. romanzoffiana).

Species

  • Syagrus allagopteroides Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus amara (Jacq.) Mart. – overtop palm
  • Syagrus angustifolia Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus botryophora (Mart.) Mart.
  • Syagrus caerulescens Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus campestris (Mart.) Bomhard
  • Syagrus campylospatha (Barb.Rodr.) Becc.
  • Syagrus cardenasii Glassman
  • Syagrus cearensis Noblick
  • Syagrus cerqueirana Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus cocoides Mart.
  • Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart.
  • Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. – licuri palm
  • Syagrus deflexa Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus duartei Glassman
  • Syagrus evansiana Noblick
  • Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc.
  • Syagrus glaucescens Glaz. ex Becc.
  • Syagrus glazioviana (Dammer) Becc.
  • Syagrus gouveiana Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus graminifolia (Drude) Becc.
  • Syagrus harleyi Glassman
  • Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc.
  • Syagrus itacambirana Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus kellyana Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus lilliputiana (Barb.Rodr.) Becc.
  • Syagrus loefgrenii Glassman
  • Syagrus lorenzoniorum Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus macrocarpa Barb.Rodr.
  • Syagrus mendanhensis Glassman
  • Syagrus microphylla Burret
  • Syagrus minor Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.
  • Syagrus orinocensis (Spruce) Burret
  • Syagrus petraea (Mart.) Becc.
  • Syagrus picrophylla Barb.Rodr.
  • Syagrus pimentae Noblick
  • Syagrus pleioclada Burret
  • Syagrus pleiocladoides Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus pompeoi K. Soares & R. Pimenta
  • Syagrus procumbens Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus pseudococos (Raddi) Glassman
  • Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman – queen palm
  • Syagrus rupicola Noblick & Lorenzi
  • Syagrus ruschiana (Bondar) Glassman
  • Syagrus sancona (Kunth) H. Karst.
  • Syagrus santosii K. Soares & C.A. Guim.
  • Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glassman – arikury palm
  • Syagrus smithii (H.E.Moore) Glassman
  • Syagrus stenopetala Burret
  • Syagrus stratincola Wess.Boer
  • Syagrus vagans (Bondar) A.D. Hawkes
  • Syagrus vermicularis Noblick
  • Syagrus werdermannii Burret
  • Syagrus yungasensis M. Moraes

Hybrids

  • Syagrus × camposportoana (Bondar) Glassman
  • Syagrus × costae Glassman
  • Syagrus × fairchildensis Glassman
  • Syagrus × matafome (Bondar) A.D. Hawkes
  • Syagrus × teixeiriana Glassman
  • Syagrus × tostana (Bondar) Glassman

Formerly placed here

  • Butia campicola (Barb.Rodr.) Noblick (as S. campicola (Barb.Rodr.) Becc.)
  • Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. (as S. capitata (Mart.) Glassman)
  • Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc. (as S. eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Glassman)
  • Butia paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey (as S. paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) Glassman)
  • Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc. (as S. dyerana (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. and S. yatay (Mart.) Glassman)
  • Lytocaryum weddellianum (H.Wendl.) Toledo (as S. insignis (hort. ex Drude) Becc. and S. weddelliana (H.Wendl.) Becc.)

References

  1. ↑ Martius, Palmarum Familia 18. 1824. Type S. cocoides
  2. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ↑ "Genus: Syagrus Mart". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Noblick, Larry R. (2017-02-01). "A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)". Phytotaxa. 294 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.294.1.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
  5. ↑ Meerow, Alan W.; Larry Noblick; James W. Borrone; Thomas L. P. Couvreur; Margarita Mauro-Herrera; William J. Hahn; David N. Kuhn; Kyoko Nakamura; Nora H. Oleas; Raymond J. Schnell (2009). Joly, Simon (ed.). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Seven WRKY Genes across the Palm Subtribe Attaleinae (Arecaceae) Identifies Syagrus as Sister Group of the Coconut". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7353. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7353M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007353. PMC 2752195. PMID 19806212.
  6. ↑ Dransfield, John; Natalie W. Uhl; Conny B. Asmussen; William J. Baker; Madeline M. Harley; Carl E. Lewis (2005). "A New Phylogenetic Classification of the Palm Family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin. 60 (4): 559–69. JSTOR 25070242.
  7. ↑ Noblick, Larry R.; Meerow, Alan W. (2015). "The Transfer of the Genus Lytocaryum to Syagrus". Palms. 59: 57–62.
  8. ↑ Yamashita, Carlos; de Paula Valle, Mauro (1993). "On the linkage between Anodorhynchus macaws and palm nuts, and the extinction of the Glaucous Macaw". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 113: 53–60.
  • Jones, D. L. (2000). Palms in Australia. Reed Books.
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