Carystus (/kəˈrɪstəs/; Greek: Κάρυστος, near modern Karystos) was a polis (city-state) on ancient Euboea. It was situated on the south coast of the island, at the foot of Mount Oche. It is mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad, as controlled by the Abantes.[1] The name also appears in the Linear B tablets as "ka-ru-to" (identified as Carystus). Thucydides writes that the town was founded by Dryopes.[2][3][4] According to the legend, its name was derived from Carystus, the son of Cheiron.[5][6]

History

Persian War

Silver stater of Karystos, 313-265 BC. Obverse: Cow and calf. Reverse: rooster, ΚΑΡΥΣΤΙΩΝ.

In 490 BC during the Greco-Persian Wars a Persian Admiral named Datis laid siege to Carystus. Datis began the siege by destroying the crops around the city. His army of 80,000 soldiers with 200 triremes overwhelmed Carystus, causing it to surrender.[7][8][9]

Soon after the Battle of Salamis the Athenian fleet led by Themistocles extorted money from the city.[10]

Soon afterward Carystus refused to join the Delian League.[11] The Athenians wanted Carystus to join the Delian League, but seeming as though it had been under Persian control, they refused. Athens would not accept a refusal, so they attacked and plundered Carystus. This forced Carystus to side with the Delian league. Athens employed this tactic frequently, as it was said to be better for the league. This way, a Greek city-state could not side with Persia and offer their city as a base, and also could not get the advantages of a Persian-free Greece without paying their share. The creation of the Delian league leads to the imperial nature of Athens that fueled the Peloponnesian War. Imperial nature tends to take on a modern association, however with the creation of the league essentially people of uneducated agricultural background were given the right to vote in the assembly. This version of Athenian democracy took on a role that allowed for a tyrannical nature of a seemingly egalitarian ideal. The league demanded submission to create a unified Greece, the only problem is that instead of creating a standing army or improved military strength to prevent further invasion, the Athenians under the direction of Pericles started the Periclean building projects that squandered funds and glorified Athens and Greece in their defeat of Persia. This misapplication of tribute from Attican city-states created the rejection of this idea by Sparta, and subsequently the Peloponnesian War, not securing Greece from an outside Persian attack, but opening it for an internal rejection of the league.

Further history

The Carystians fought on the side of the Athenians in the Lamian War.[12] They espoused the side of the Romans in the war against Philip V of Macedon.[13][14]

Carystus was chiefly celebrated for its marble, which was in much request at Rome. Strabo places the quarries at Marmarium, a place upon the coast near Carystus, opposite Halae Araphenides in Attica; but the marks of the quarries have been found upon Mt. Oche, where seven entire columns, apparently on the spot where they had been quarried were observed, and at the distance of three miles from the sea. This marble is the Cipollino marble of the Romans – a green marble, with white zones.[15][16] At Carystus the mineral asbestos was also obtained, which was hence called the Carystian stone.[17][15]

Christian bishopric

As an episcopal see, Carystus was initially a suffragan of Corinth, but in the 9th century it came to be associated with Athens and appears as such in the Notitia Episcopatuum composed under Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (886-912). A bishop of the see called Cyriacus was one of the signatories of the letter of the episcopate of the Corinthian province to Emperor Leo I the Thracian in 458.[18][19]

No longer a residential bishopric, Carystus is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[20]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ Homer. Iliad. Vol. 2.539.
  2. ↑ Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Vol. 7.57.
  3. ↑ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica (Historical Library). Vol. 4.37.
  4. ↑ Scymn. 576.
  5. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v.
  6. ↑ Eustath. ad Hom. 2.539
  7. ↑ Green, Peter (1996). The Greco-Persian Wars. California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-052-091-706-4.
  8. ↑ Shirley, Samuel (2003). On the War for Greek Freedom: Selections from The Histories. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-160-384-679-0.
  9. ↑ Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 6.99.
  10. ↑ Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 8.112.
  11. ↑ Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Vol. 1.98.
  12. ↑ Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica (Historical Library). Vol. 18.11.
  13. ↑ Livy. Ab urbe condita Libri [History of Rome]. Vol. 32.17.
  14. ↑ Polybius. The Histories. Vol. 18.30.
  15. 1 2 Strabo. Geographica. Vol. x. p.446. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
  16. ↑ Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 4.12.21, 36.6.7.
  17. ↑ λίθος Καρύστιος, Plutarch de Def. Orac. p. 707; Apoll. Dysc. Hist. Mirab. 36.
  18. ↑ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 197-198
  19. ↑ Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 430
  20. ↑ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 859

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Carystus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

Bibliography

  • Groot, M. (2014). "Burned Offerings and Sacrificial Meal in Geometric and Archaic Karystos: Faunal Remains from Plakari (2011–2012)". Pharos. 20 (2): 25–52.
  • Keller, D. R. (1985). Archaeological Survey in Southern Euboia, Greece: A Reconstruction of Human Activity from Neolithic Times through the Byzantine Period (PhD). University of Indiana.

38°00′59″N 24°25′13″E / 38.0165°N 24.4204°E / 38.0165; 24.4204

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