AVGP
A surplus Cougar seen in a militaria event in the UK.
TypeArmoured fighting vehicle
Place of originCanada
Service history
In service1976–present
Used bySee Operators
Production history
No. builtCougar – 195[1]
Grizzly – 274[1]
Husky – 27[1][2]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass10.7 t
Length5.97 m
Width2.50 m
CrewCougar: 3 (Commander, gunner and driver, 2 soldiers in rear of vehicle)
Husky: 2 (Driver and technician)
Grizzly: Commander, gunner and driver, 6 soldiers in rear
Main
armament
Cougar: 76 mm L23A1 gun (fires HE, HESH, Smoke BE (base ejected), and Canister rounds)[3]
Grizzly: 12.7mm heavy machine gun and a 7.62 mm machine-gun (C6) and 66 mm smoke grenade launchers (2 clusters of 4 launchers)[1]
Husky: 7.62 mm machine gun (C6) and 66 mm smoke grenade launchers (2 clusters of 4 launchers)[2]
Secondary
armament
Cougar: 7.62 mm machine gun (C6) and 66 mm smoke grenade launchers No 12 (2 clusters of 4 launchers)[3]
Engine275 hp Detroit Diesel 6V53T two-cycle turbo-charged diesel
Suspension6×6
Maximum speed 100 km/h
SALH Cougar at CFB Wainwright

The AVGP (Armoured Vehicle General Purpose), later known as the LAV I,[4] is a series of three amphibious armoured fighting vehicles ordered by the Canadian military in the 1970s. The vehicles, named Grizzly, Cougar and Husky respectively, were based on the six-wheeled version of the Swiss Mowag Piranha I, and became the first generation Light Armoured Vehicle produced by General Motors Diesel (later General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada).[5]

The AVGP program led to the development of the 8×8 LAV II, variants of which were adopted as direct replacements for the AVGP. These were the Bison and Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle, which replaced the Grizzly[6] and Cougar respectively.

The Canadian Army retired all AVGP variants beginning in 2005; however, a number of the retired vehicles were transferred to other militaries and police forces, where they continue in use.[7][8]

History

Canada

Cougar swimming
Cougar

In 1974 the Canadian military launched an acquisition program to procure a light vehicle for the Army reserves. The Army desired a flexible vehicle that could be adapted to serve in many different styles of conflict. The military drafted requirements for four different variants. Cadillac-Gage seemed primed to win this contract. The Swiss firm Mowag pitched its Piranha. Mowag partnered with General Motors Diesel to manufacture the AVGP at GM's plant in London, Ontario. In March 1976, the Piranha was selected.[5]

The AVGP variants were introduced into Canadian service in the late 1970s.[9]

The AVGP had propellers and trim vanes for amphibious use, like the eight-wheeled Bison, which was the vehicle family's immediate successor.

The Cougar was used for training in Canada as a reconnaissance vehicle.[10] During the 1980s and 1990s, it was used by armoured units as a fire support vehicle, for those units not equipped with the Leopard tank.

The Grizzly was used as an armoured personnel carrier in regular force infantry battalions not equipped with the M113 APC, and also by reserve units. The majority of vehicles had their marine propulsion systems removed. Under the Wheeled LAV Life Extension project, the Canadian Forces planned to convert Grizzly and Husky vehicles to support variants, such as Command Post and Mobile Repair Team Vehicle. However, the project was cancelled in 2005, and the vehicles retired.[7][11][12]

The AVGP was passed on to several United Nations missions, including UNPROFOR and the mission to Somalia. One Grizzly was captured by Serb forces in the late 1990s, where it was present on a peace keeping mission.[13]

In May 2007, the Edmonton Police Service accepted the donation of a disarmed Grizzly from the Canadian Army.[14] In 2020 it was retired and replaced with the Quebec-made Camblie BlackWolf based on the Ford F-550.

In March 2010, the Canadian Army donated two disarmed Cougar AVGPs to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in British Columbia for use by the Emergency Response Team. They were retrofitted to transport ERT assault teams into hazardous areas where transport in unarmoured vehicles would not be safe.

In April 2013, the department of National Defence donated a Cougar AVGP to the Windsor Police Service in Windsor, Ontario and another to the New Glasgow Regional Police in Nova Scotia. The New Glasgow Regional Police ended use of the AVGP in 2017 with plans to donate it to another Police Service, citing difficulty in driving and lack of regular use. In 2020 the Windsor Police replaced their AVGP with the Ontario built Terradyne Armored Vehicles Gurkha based on the Ford F-550.

Use in Africa

In June 2005, the Canadian government announced plans to loan 105 AVGPs (100 Grizzlys and 5 Huskys) to African peacekeepers in the Darfur region of Sudan.[15][16] The AVGP was considered sufficiently modern to be useful in this low-intensity conflict. Canada planned to arrange for civilian contractors to maintain these vehicles. As the vehicles contained some U.S.-manufactured or licensed parts, U.S. permission would be required to loan the vehicles. Initially, the vehicles were to be shipped without their Cadillac-Gage turrets. The vehicles arrived in Senegal in the late summer of 2005.[17][18]

The Sudanese government required various kinds of assurances before they would allow peacekeepers to use the vehicles in Sudan. On November 18, 2005, the vehicles started arriving in Sudan, in white livery, with their turrets.[19] The loan of vehicles for peace-keeping service in Sudan was originally for one year.[17][18]

However, the loan was extended, and transferred from the African Union to the United Nations. According to Amnesty International, the soldiers who used the loaned vehicles served in Sudan for too short a term to be properly trained and become experienced. One of the vehicles was destroyed by a rocket-propelled grenade.[17] A second vehicle was damaged when it rammed a more heavily armed, but unarmoured Technical vehicle.

Uruguay

Turretless Cougar serving with the Uruguayan contingent of MONUSCO in Goma, June 2020

In 2008, the Uruguayan Army bought 44 surplus Cougars from the Canadian Army.[20][21] They were rebuilt without the turret by the Chilean MOWAG-Piranha builder FAMAE, as they will act as armoured personnel carriers for the UN deployment in the Republic of Congo (MONUC), and domestically.

In 2009, Uruguay bought 98 Grizzlys and 5 Huskys that were on loan with the AMIS/UNAMID mission in Darfur.[22] It was reported that FAMAE was contracted in 2011 to modernize the vehicles by installing new engines and gearboxes, as well as performing preventive maintenance.[22]

Variants

Variants of the 491 AVGP manufactured are:[1]

Cougar (265)

Grizzly (195)

Husky (31)

  • Armoured recovery vehicle (ARV)[11]
  • Two-man crew[11]
  • Designed to provide mechanical support for the other two vehicles[11]

Operators

Map of AVGP operators in blue
Turretless Cougar serving with the Uruguayan contingent of MONUSCO, in Nord-Kivu, December 2013.

Historical operators

  •  Canada (Canadian Army) – AVGPs were used by Regular and Reserve units, the Cougar in armoured regiments and the Grizzly in mechanized infantry battalions.
  •  Serbia – at least one Canadian Grizzly serving in the former Yugoslavia was captured by Serbian forces and had been photographed in the service of Jedinica za Specijalne Operacije (JSO, Unit for Special Operations) or Crvene Beretke (Red Berets), a unit of the Serbian police.[29]

Current operators

  •  Canada – (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) – as the Tav 2 variant (Cougars modified for ERT tasks),[30] these were given for free by the Canadian Army to the RCMP in British Columbia in March 2010.[27][31]
  •  Uruguay – 44 refurbished Cougars with turrets removed.[8] 98 Grizzlys and 5 Huskys given directly from the AMIS/UNAMID mission in Sudan.

Others

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Grizzly AVGP". Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  2. 1 2 "Husky". Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  3. 1 2 "Cougar". Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  4. ↑ McInnes, Captain Mathew (2017). "FIRST PRINCIPLES AND THE GENERATION OF ARMOURED FIGHTING POWER" (PDF). Canadian Army Journal. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  5. 1 2 Maas, Frank (Spring 2011). "The Success of the Light Armoured Vehicle" (PDF). Canadian Military History, Volume 20, No. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  6. ↑ "Bison Armored personnel carrier". Military Today. ARG. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Background – Armoured Vehicle, General Purpose – the Grizzly ISC". Canadian American Strategic Review. September 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07.
  8. 1 2 "AVGPs and the Wheeled LAV Life Extension Project". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
  9. ↑ "Background – Armoured Vehicle, General Purpose – 6x6 AVGPs". Canadian American Strategic Review. September 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Background – Armoured Vehicle, General Purpose – Cougar DFSV". Canadian American Strategic Review. September 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Background – Armoured Vehicle, General Purpose – the Husky ARV". Canadian American Strategic Review. September 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07.
  12. ↑ "Canadian Army Fact Sheet". Department of National Defence. 2008-05-28. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
  13. ↑ Frank Kuschnereit. "Captured Grizzly". Archived from the original on 2009-10-22.
  14. ↑ "Tactical". Edmonton Police Service. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  15. ↑ "Canadian tanks muscle AU forces". Sudan Tribune. 2005-11-21. Archived from the original on 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  16. ↑ "Background — CF AVGPs for the African Union Mission in Sudan". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 2009-09-22.
  17. 1 2 3 "Background — AVGPs in Africa — Grizzlys and Huskys for Darfur". Canadian American Strategic Review. October 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
  18. 1 2 "UNAMID UPDATE: TIME FOR EFFECTIVE ACTION". Amnesty International. 2008-02-07. Archived from the original on 2009-11-19.
  19. ↑ "Armoured vehicles approved for Sudan – The Globe and Mail". 2019-03-20. Archived from the original on 2019-03-20. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
  20. ↑ "Pan American Defence Online" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 12, 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  21. ↑ "Background – AVGPs and the Wheeled LAV Life Extension Project". Canadian American Strategic Review. October 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
  22. 1 2 Bonilla, Javier (13 June 2017). "El Ejército Uruguayo pone a punto sus blindados Mowag Husky y Grizzly" [The Uruguayan Army prepares its Mowag Husky and Grizzly armoured vehicles]. Defensa (in Spanish). Grupo Edefa. Archived from the original on 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  23. ↑ "Cadillac Gage 1-Meter Crewed Turret". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 2009-04-04.
  24. ↑ Edmonton Staff (27 August 2020). "Police spend half a million dollars to replace 42-year-old armoured vehicle". CTV News.
  25. ↑ "Do New Glasgow cops really need Cougars?". 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  26. ↑ Mulligan, Preston (30 May 2017). "Nova Scotia town trying to regift light armoured vehicle it doesn't use". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  27. 1 2 "Check Out Canadian Cops' New Toy". 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  28. ↑ Borelli, Melanie (22 October 2020). "Windsor police replacing armoured vehicle with new Multi-Purpose Vehicle". CTV News.
  29. ↑ "Armoured Vehicle, General Purpose (AVGP)". canadiansoldiers.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  30. ↑ "Mounties unveil crime fighting 'tank'". 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  31. ↑ Quan, Douglas (21 August 2014). "Canadian police forces bulking up with armoured vehicles". Canada.com. Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-26. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  32. ↑ "AVGPs in Africa — Grizzlys and Huskys for Darfur". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
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