Asmodeus as depicted in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal.

Asmodeus (/ˌæzməˈdiːəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀσμοδαῖος, Asmodaios) or Ashmedai (/ˈæʃmɪˌdaɪ/; Hebrew: אַשְמְדּאָי, ʾAšmədʾāy; see below for other variations) is a prince of demons in Abrahamic religions.[1] In Judeo-Islamic lore, he is the king of both daemons (jinn/shedim) and demons (divs).[2][3][4] Asmodeus is mostly known from the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, in which he is the primary antagonist.[5] In Peter Binsfeld's classification of demons, Asmodeus represents lust. The demon is also mentioned in some Talmudic legends; for instance, in the story of the construction of the Temple of Solomon. In Islam, he is identified with the "puppet" mentioned in the Quran.

Etymology

The figure of Asmodeus in Rennes-le-Château.

The name Asmodai is believed to derive from the Avestan *aēšma-daēva (𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀*, *aēṣ̌madaēuua), where aēšma means "wrath", and daēva signifies "demon". While the daēva Aēšma is thus Zoroastrianism's demon of wrath and is also well-attested as such, the compound aēšma-daēva is not attested in scripture. It is nonetheless likely that such a form did exist, and that the Book of Tobit's "Asmodaios" (Ἀσμοδαῖος) and the Talmud's "Ashmedai" (אשמדאי) reflect it.[6] In the Zoroastrian and Middle Persian demonology, there did exist the conjuncted form khashm-dev (خشم + دیو), where both terms are cognates.[7]

The spellings Asmoday, Asmodai,[8][9] Asmodee (also Asmodée),[10][11] Osmodeus,[12][13] and Osmodai[14][15] have also been used. The name is alternatively spelled in the bastardized forms (based on the basic consonants אשמדאי, ʾŠMDʾY) Hashmedai (חַשְמְדּאָי, Ḥašmədʾāy; also Hashmodai, Hasmodai, Khashmodai, Khasmodai),[16][17][18][19] Hammadai (חַמַּדּאָי, Hammadʾāy; also Khammadai),[20][21] Shamdon (שַׁמְדּוֹן, Šamdōn),[22] and Shidonai (שִׁדֹנאָי, Šīdōnʾāy).[21] Some traditions have subsequently identified Shamdon as the father of Asmodeus.[22]

The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 rejects the otherwise accepted etymological relation between the Persian "Æshma-dæva" and Judaism's "Ashmodai" claiming that the particle "-dæva" could not have become "-dai" and that Æshma-dæva as such—a compound name—never appears in Persian sacred texts.

Still, the encyclopedia proposes that the "Asmodeus" from the Apocrypha and the Testament of Solomon are not only related somewhat to Aeshma but have similar behaviour, appearance and roles,[23] to conclude in another article under the entry "Aeshma", in the paragraph "Influence of Persian Beliefs on Judaism",[24] that Persian Zoroastrian beliefs could have heavily influenced Judaism's theology on the long term, bearing in mind that in some texts there are crucial conceptual differences while in others there seems to be a great deal of similarity, proposing a pattern of influence over folk beliefs that would extend further to the mythology itself.

However, the Jewish Encyclopedia asserts that although 'Æshma does not occur in the Avesta in conjunction with dæva, it is probable that a fuller form, such as Æshmo-dæus, has existed, since it is paralleled by the later Pahlavi-form "Khashm-dev"'.[25] Furthermore, it is stated that Asmodeus or Ashmedai "embodies an expression of the influence that the Persian religion or Persian popular beliefs have exercised" on Judaism.[26]

In the texts

In the Book of Tobit

The Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit is hostile to Sarah, Raguel's daughter, (Tobit 6:13); and slays seven successive husbands on their wedding nights, impeding the sexual consummation of the marriages. In the New Jerusalem Bible translation, he is described as "the worst of demons" (Tobit 3:8). When the young Tobias is about to marry her, Asmodeus proposes the same fate for him, but Tobias is enabled, through the counsels of his attendant angel Raphael, to render him innocuous. By placing a fish's heart and liver on red-hot cinders, Tobias produces a smoky vapour that causes the demon to flee to Egypt, where Raphael binds him (Tobit 8:2–3). According to some translations, Asmodeus is strangled.

Perhaps Asmodeus punishes the suitors for their carnal desire, since Tobias prays to be free from such desire and is kept safe. Asmodeus is also described as an evil spirit in general: 'Ασμοδαίος τὸ πονηρὸν δαιμόνιον or τὸ δαιμόνιον πονηρόν, and πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον (Tobit 3:8; Tobit 3:17; Tobit 6:13; Tobit 8:3).

In the Talmud

The figure of Ashmedai in the Talmud is less malign in character than the Asmodeus of Tobit. In the former, he appears repeatedly in the light of a good-natured and humorous fellow. But besides that, there is one feature in which he parallels Asmodeus, in as much as his desires turn upon Bathsheba and later Solomon's wives.

Another Talmudic legend has King Solomon tricking Asmodai into collaborating in the construction of Solomon's Temple[4] (see: The Story of King Solomon and Ashmedai).

Another legend depicts Asmodai throwing King Solomon over 400 leagues away from the capital by putting one wing on the ground and the other stretched skyward. He then changed places for some years with King Solomon. When King Solomon returned, Asmodai fled from his wrath.[27] Similar legends can be found in Islamic lore. Asmodeus is referred to as Sakhr (Arabic: صخر the Rock or the Stony One), because Solomon banished him into a rock, after he takes his kingdom back from him. He is considered to be a king of the jinn or demons (divs).[28]

Another passage describes him as marrying Lilith, who became his queen.[29]

In the Testament of Solomon

In the Testament of Solomon, a 1st–3rd century text, the king invokes Asmodeus to aid in the construction of the Temple. The demon appears and predicts Solomon's kingdom will one day be divided (Testament of Solomon, verse 21–25).[30] When Solomon interrogates Asmodeus further, the king learns that Asmodeus is thwarted by the angel Raphael, as well as by sheatfish found in the rivers of Assyria. He also admits to hating water. Asmodeus claims that he was born of a human mother and an angel father.

In the Malleus Maleficarum

In the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), Asmodeus was considered the demon of lust.[31] Sebastien Michaelis said that his adversary is St. John. Some demonologists of the 16th century assigned a month to a demon and considered November to be the month in which Asmodai's power was strongest. Other demonologists asserted that his zodiacal sign was Aquarius but only between January 30 and February 8.

He has 72 legions of demons under his command. He is one of the Kings of Hell under Lucifer the emperor. He incites gambling, and is the overseer of all the gambling houses in the court of Hell. Some Catholic theologians compared him with Abaddon. Yet other authors considered Asmodeus a prince of revenge.

In the Dictionnaire Infernal

The Dictionnaire Infernal (1818) by Collin de Plancy portrays Asmodeus with the breast of a man, a cock leg, serpent tail, three heads (one of a man spitting fire, one of a sheep, and one of a bull), riding a lion with dragon wings and neck - all of these creatures being associated with either lascivity, lust or revenge in some cultures. The Archbishop of Paris approved the portrait.[32]

In the Lesser Key of Solomon

Asmodai appears as the king 'Asmoday' in the Ars Goetia, where he is said to have a seal in gold and is listed as number thirty-two according to respective rank.[33]

He "is strong, powerful and appears with three heads; the first is like a bull, the second like a man, and the third like a ram or a goat; the tail of a serpent, and from his mouth issue flames of fire."[34] Also, he sits upon an infernal dragon, holds a lance with a banner and, amongst the Legions of Amaymon, Asmoday governs seventy-two legions of inferior spirits.[33]

In The Magus

Asmodeus is referred to in Book Two, Chapter Eight of The Magus (1801) by Francis Barrett.[35]

Later depictions

In Christian thought

Asmodeus was named in the Order of Thrones by Gregory the Great.[36]

Asmodeus was cited by the nuns of Loudun in the Loudun possessions of 1634.[37]

Asmodeus' reputation as the personification of lust continued into later writings, as he was known as the "Prince of Lechery" in the 16th-century romance Friar Rush.[38] The French Benedictine Augustin Calmet equated his name with a fine dress.[38] The 1409 Lollard manuscript titled Lanterne of Light associated Asmodeus with the deadly sin of lust. The 16th-century Dutch demonologist Johann Weyer described him as the banker at the baccarat table in hell, and overseer of earthly gambling houses.[39]

In 1641, the Spanish playwright and novelist Luis Velez de Guevara published the satirical novel El diablo cojuelo, where Asmodeus is represented as a mischievous demon endowed with a playful and satirical genius. The plot presents a rascal student that hides in an astrologer's mansard. He frees a devil from a bottle. As an acknowledgement the devil shows him the apartments of Madrid and the tricks, miseries and mischiefs of their inhabitants.[40][41] The French novelist Alain-René Lesage adapted the Spanish source in his 1707 novel le Diable boiteux,[38] where he likened him to Cupid. In the book, he is rescued from an enchanted glass bottle by a Spanish student Don Cleophas Leandro Zambullo. Grateful, he joins with the young man on a series of adventures before being recaptured. Asmodeus is portrayed in a sympathetic light as good-natured, and a canny satirist and critic of human society.[38] In another episode Asmodeus takes Don Cleophas for a night flight, and removes the roofs from the houses of a village to show him the secrets of what passes in private lives. Following Lesage's work, he was depicted in a number of novels and periodicals, mainly in France but also London and New York.[42]

Asmodeus was widely depicted as having a handsome visage, good manners and an engaging nature; however, he was portrayed as walking with a limp and one leg was either clawed or that of a rooster. He walks aided by two walking sticks in Lesage's work, and this gave rise to the English title The Devil on Two Sticks[32] (also later translated The Limping Devil and The Lame Devil). Lesage attributes his lameness to falling from the sky after fighting with another devil.[43]

On 18 February 1865, author Evert A. Duyckinck sent President Abraham Lincoln a letter, apparently mailed from Quincy. Duyckinck signed the letter "Asmodeus", with his initials below his pseudonym. His letter enclosed a newspaper clipping about an inappropriate joke allegedly told by Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Peace Conference. The purpose of Duyckinck's letter was to advise Lincoln of "an important omission" about the history of the conference. He advised that the newspaper clipping be added to the "Archives of the Nation".[44]

In the Kabbalah

According to the Kabbalah and the school of Shlomo ibn Aderet, Asmodeus is born as the result of a union between Agrat bat Mahlat and King David.[45]

In the Treatise on the Left Emanation, which describes sitra achra (Aramaic: סטרא אחרא), meaning the "other side" or the "side of evil", Asmodeus is described as a figure living in the third ether of Heaven. He is Samael's subordinate, and married to a younger form of Lilith (Samael is married to the older Lilith). Asmodeus is still able to inflict pain and destruction, but only on Mondays.[46]

In Islam

Image of a red demon lurking on Solomon from behind a wall, from an image created in the 15th century.

In Islamic culture, Asmodeus is known as Sakhr (rock), probably a reference to his fate being imprisoned inside a box of rock, chained with iron and thrown into the sea.[47]

Asmodeus become a central figure in exegesis of the Quranic verse Surah 38:34: "We allowed Solomon to be seduced by temptation, and we cast a body upon his seat. Then he repented."[48]

According to Quranic exegesis (tafsir), the "body" is Asmodeus; either a jinni or demon (div) impersonating the king.[49] Ibn al-Faqih and Aja'ib al-Makhluqat in his Aja'ib al-Makhluqat refer to Sakhr as a jinni, while the Persian Quran exegete Tabari (224–310 AH; 839–923 AD) refers to him as a shaitan in both his work Annals of al-Tabari[50] as well as his tafsir.[51] Others also identify him as a demon (div), which might have been the Persian term for shaitan as both refer to innovocally evil spirits. After forty days, Solomon defeats Sakhr and gets his throne back, whereupon he imprisons Sakhr in a rock sealed in iron chains and throws him into the sea.

The Stories of the Prophets Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ give various reasons for his punishment; sometimes because of acting injustly before a family dispute or hands the ring to a demon in exchange for knowledge, while most sources (such as Tabari, ʿUmāra ibn Wathīma, Thalabi, ibn Asakir, ibn al-Athir) invoke the idea that one of his wives committed idolatry.[52]

This tale became key to medieval Sufism regarding spiritual development. Attar of Nishapur elucidates the allegory: one must behave like a triumphant 'Solomon' and chain the demons of the nafs or lower self, locking the demon-prince into a 'rock', before the rūḥ (soul) can make the first steps to the Divine.[53]

The idea of a spirit in a bottle, released by a fisherman, is probably rooted in this legend concerning Solomon.[54]

In the story of Sakhr and Buluqiya, a young Jewish prince, searching for the final Prophet (Muhammad), Sakhr is said to have reached immortality by drinking from the Well of Immortality, guarded by the mystical being Khidr. He explains the creation of the world by God, explains God's intention to place Muhammad therein and punish the infidels, describing the different layers (ṭabaqāt) of hell and mentions the angels.[55][56][57]

On 23 May 1960, the Tel Aviv newspaper Haboker ran a banner headline announcing the capture of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann by Israeli security forces that read: Ashmadai b'Khevlei Yisrael (אשמדאי בכבלי ישראל), which translates as "Asmodeus in Israeli chains".

In a 1975 episode of “Kolchak: Night Stalker” titled “Demon in Lace,” Asmodeus is the antagonist.

One of the main characters in Jack L. Chalker’s 1979 novel And the Devil Will Drag You Under is named Asmodeus Mogart.

In the Children’s Fantasy book series “Redwall”, a side antagonist of the first book of the series (1986) is called Asmodeus Poisonteeth, a venomous snake who threatens the creatures of the forests surrounding Redwall Abbey.

In a 73. episode of Polish sitcom The Lousy World titled “Nie bój żaby” (2000) Asmodeus is summoned by Mariola in the form of Postman Edzio. Asmodeus is played by Bohdan Smoleń.[58]

In Alan Moore's novel Jerusalem, published in 2016, Asmodeus takes a young protagonist on a cosmological flight/tour.

In the manga Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun, running since 2017, Asmodeus is a prominent clan of devils, and one of their members, Alice Asmodeus, is depicted as the best friend of the main character.

Asmodeus is a Prince of Hell and one of the main antagonists in season 13 of Supernatural.

In the 2021 movie Paranormal Activity: Next of Kin, Asmodeus appears as an antagonist.[59]

On October 3, 2021, an episode of the web series Puppet History mentioned Asmodeus's naming in the Loudun Possessions, and a three-headed puppet rendition of Asmodeus both performed the episode's customary ending song and featured in the episode's plot-heavy finale.[60]

The 2023 film The Pope's Exorcist features a demonic possession attributed to Asmodeus.

Asmodeus is depicted as an evil deity and the King of the Nine Hells in most published material for Dungeons & Dragons.

Asmodeus appears in the adult animated web series Helluva Boss, voiced by James Monroe Iglehart. Nicknamed "Ozzie", he is the ruler of Hell's Ring of Lust and the owner of a popular nightclub.

Asmodeus is a character in the 2019 Otome game, "Obey Me!", and its prequel game, “Obey Me! Nightbringer”. He is the avatar of lust, and the fifth born out of the seven demon brothers present in the game.

Asmodeus is Magnus Bane's father in the book series The Mortal Instruments by Cassandra Clare.

See also

References

Citations
  1. ↑ "Asmodeus" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 635.
  2. ↑ A Question of Identity: Social, Political, and Historical Aspects of Identity Dynamics in Jewish and Other Contexts. (2019). Österreich: De Gruyter.p. 138
  3. ↑ Robert Lebling Robert Lebling I.B.Tauris 2010 ISBN 978-0-857-73063-3
  4. 1 2 Raphael Patai Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-317-47170-7 page 39
  5. ↑ "Asmodeus/Asmoday". Judeo-Christian Demons. Deliriumsrealm.com. 25 March 2003. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  6. ↑ Stave, Erik (2002) [1901–1906]. "Æshma (Asmodeus, Ashmedai)". In Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus; et al. (eds.). Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. LCCN 16-014703. Retrieved 7 March 2018. since it is paralleled by the later Pahlavi-form "Khashm-dev" ("Khashm dev" = "Æshma dev"), written with the Aramaic "sheda," but pronounced "dev." [..] Asmodeus (Ashmedai) embodies an expression of the influence that the Persian religion or Persian popular beliefs have exercised on the Jewish—an influence that shows itself very prominently in the domain of demonology.
  7. ↑ Bane, Theresa (Jan 9, 2012). McFarland (ed.). Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures. McFarland. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-786-46360-2.
  8. ↑ Milton, John (1671). Paradise Regained.
  9. ↑ Pomfret, John (1724). "Cruelty and Lust". Poems Upon Several Occasions. D. Brown. p. 73.
  10. ↑ Mauriac, François (1939). Asmodee; or, The Intruder. Secker & Warburg.
  11. ↑ Kleu, Michael; Eayrs, Madelene (2010). Who Are You?. USA: Xulon Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-61579-841-4.
  12. ↑ Connell, Evan S. (1992). The Alchymist's Journal. Penguin Books. p. 110. ISBN 0-14-016932-6.
  13. ↑ Guppy, Henry (1960). "Tobit". Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. Vol. 42. Manchester University Press. p. 375.
  14. ↑ Garibay Mora, Ernesto (2005). Dictionary of Demons and Related Concepts. Miami, Florida: L. D. Books. p. 103. ISBN 970-732-108-3.
  15. ↑ Nares, Robert (1888). A Glossary of Words, Phrases, Names, and Allusions. London: Reeves & Turner. p. 21.
  16. ↑ Association of Modern Austrian Philologists (1999). Moderne Sprachen. Vol. 43. p. 63.
  17. ↑ Ritchie, Leitch (1836). The Magician. Vol. I. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 84.
  18. ↑ de Laurence, L. W. (1914). The Great Book of Magical Art, Hindu Magic and East Indian Occultism. Chicago: The de Laurence Co. p. 183.
  19. ↑ MacGregor Mathers, S. L. (1458). The Book of the Sacred Magic. Kessinger. p. 110. ISBN 9781425454142.
  20. ↑ Voltaire (1824). A Philosophical Dictionary. Vol. 1. London: J. & H. L. Hunt. p. 286.
  21. 1 2 Leland, Charles Godfrey (1902). Flaxius: Leaves from the Life of an Immortal. London: Philip Wellby. p. 72.
  22. 1 2 "Asmodeus, or Ashmedai". Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls. 1906. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
  23. ↑ Jewish encyclopedia 1906 full text unedited version , entry "Asmodeus" paragraph "Asmodeus, Ashmedai, and Æshma."
  24. ↑ Stave, E., Æshma (Asmodeus, Ashmedai), Jewish Encyclopedia, unedited full text 1906 version
  25. ↑ Strave, Erik. "Æshma (Asmodeus) etymology in Jewish Encyclopedia". Though "Æshma" does not occur in the Avesta in conjunction with "dæva", it is probable that a fuller form, such as "Æshmo-dæus", has existed, since it is paralleled by the later Pahlavi-form "Khashm-dev" ("Khashm dev" = "Æshma dev"), written with the Aramaic "sheda," but pronounced "dev."
  26. ↑ Ibid. Jewish Encyclopedia. In fine, Asmodeus (Ashmedai) embodies an expression of the influence that the Persian religion or Persian popular beliefs have exercised on the Jewish—an influence that shows itself very prominently in the domain of demonology. Thus 'Ασμο' ... corresponds to "Æshma", and the ending δαῖος ... to "dæva".
  27. ↑ Talmud. Gittin. pp. 68b.
  28. ↑ Robert Lebling Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar I.B.Tauris 2010 ISBN 978-0-857-73063-3
  29. ↑ Schwartz, Howard (1988). Lilith's cave: Jewish tales of the supernatural. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-06-250779-2. LCCN 87045196. OCLC 62241318.
  30. ↑ Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis (trans.) (October 1898). "The Testament of Solomon". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 11 (1): 1–45. doi:10.2307/1450398. ISSN 0021-6682. JSTOR 1450398. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  31. ↑ Kramer, Heinrich; Summers, Montague (trans.). "Question IV: By which Devils are the Operations of Incubus and Succubus Practised?". Malleus Maleficarum Part 1 Question IV. Vol. 1. London, England: J. Rodker. LCCN 29017069. OCLC 504248484. But the very devil of Fornication, and the chief of that abomination, is called Asmodeus, which means the Creature of Judgement: for because of this kind of sin a terrible judgement was executed upon Sodom and the four other cities.
  32. 1 2 Rudwin 1970, p. 93.
  33. 1 2 Mathers & Crowley 1995, pp. 68–70.
  34. ↑ Mathers & Crowley 1995, p. 32.
  35. ↑ Barrett, Francis (2008) [1801]. "VIII: The Annoyance of Evil Spirits, and the Preservation we have from Good Spirits". The Magus, a Complete System of Occult Philosophy. Vol. Book II. New York: Cosimo Classics. pp. 49–52. ISBN 978-1-60520-301-0. LCCN 11015009. OCLC 428109956. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  36. ↑ Rudwin 1970, p. 20.
  37. ↑ Dumas, Alexandre (1634). "Urbain Grandier: Chapter V". Urbain Grandier. Celebrated Crimes.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Rudwin 1970, p. 87.
  39. ↑ Rudwin 1970, p. 92.
  40. ↑ Luis Vélez de Guevara
  41. ↑ "Luis Vélez de Guevara | Spanish author".
  42. ↑ Rudwin 1970, p. 88.
  43. ↑ Rudwin 1970, p. 50.
  44. ↑ Duyckinck, Evert A. Evert A. Duyckinck to Abraham Lincoln, Saturday, February 18, 1865 (Sends clipping with story Lincoln allegedly told at Hampton Roads conference) – The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
  45. ↑ Scholem, G. (1948). "New Chapters in the Story of Ashmedai and Lilith / פרקים חדשים מענייני אשמדאי ולילית". Tarbiẕ. Mandel Institute for Jewish Studies. 19 (3–4): 160–175. JSTOR 23585831.
  46. ↑ "ASMODEUS | Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions - Credo Reference".
  47. ↑ Sami Helewa Models of Leadership in the Adab Narratives of Joseph, David, and Solomon: Lament for the Sacred Lexington Books 2017 ISBN 978-1-498-55267-7 page 167
  48. ↑ Lewisohn, L., Shackle, C. (2006). Attar and the Persian Sufi Tradition: The Art of Spiritual Flight. Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 153
  49. ↑ Tabari History of al-Tabari Vol. 3: The Children of Israel SUNY Press 2015 ISBN 978-0-791-49752-4 page 170
  50. ↑ Nünlist, T. (2015). Dämonenglaube im Islam. Deutschland: De Gruyter. p. 156 (German)
  51. ↑ https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=1&tSoraNo=38&tAyahNo=34&tDisplay=yes&Page=1&Size=1&LanguageId=1
  52. ↑ Klar, M. O., and ‮ﻣ. . ‮کلار‬. “And We Cast upon His Throne a Mere Body: A Historiographical Reading of Q. 38:34 /" وألقينا على کرسيه جسدا ": قراءة تاريخية لآية‬ 34 ‮من سورة ص .” Journal of Qur’anic Studies, vol. 6, no. 1, 2004, pp. 103–26. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25728129. Accessed 5 Mar. 2023.
  53. ↑ Lewisohn, L., Shackle, C. (2006). Attar and the Persian Sufi Tradition: The Art of Spiritual Flight. Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 156
  54. ↑ The Book of Sindibād Or The Story of the King, His Son, the Damsel, and the Seven Vazīrs: From the Persian and Arabic. (1884). Vereinigtes Königreich: J. Cameron. p. 18
  55. ↑ Dalley, Stephanie. "Gilgamesh in the Arabian Nights." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1.1 (1991): 1-17.
  56. ↑ Christian Lange Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions BRILL 978-90-04-30121-4 p. 12-13
  57. ↑ Qisas Al-Anbiya of al-Tha'labi
  58. ↑ Lonzio (2013-02-09). "073 Nie bój żaby". Kiepscy.org.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  59. ↑ "Paranormal Activity: Next of Kin: Is the Demon Asmodeus Real? History Explained". Screen Rant. 31 October 2021.
  60. ↑ "The Demonic Possessions of Loudun • Puppet History". YouTube.
Sources
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