Camp Ashraf or Ashraf City was a camp in Iraq's Diyala Governorate, having the character of a small city with all basic infrastructure, and headquarters of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI/MEK).[1][2] The population used to be around 3,400 in 2012, but in 2013 nearly all were relocated to Camp Liberty near Baghdad International Airport after pressure by then-prime minister Nouri al-Maliki's office.[3]

Camp Ashraf (aka FOB Grizzly) is situated 96 kilometers (59 mi) north of Baghdad near the town of Al Khalis. On January 1, 2009, United States formally transferred control over to the Iraqi government.[1] From 2003 to 2013, Camp Ashraf was attacked several times, the worst being on April 8, 2011 when the Iraqi Army raided the camp and killed as many as 34 people and wounded 318 more.[4] On September 1, 2013, an attack was directed by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and conducted by Iranian proxy militias Kata'ib Hezbollah and Asaib Ahl al-Haq killing 52 civilians, with numerous prisoners being taken to Tehran following the raid.

History

Entrance gate of Ashraf when it was populated by PMOI exiles

Ashraf under MEK

According to the U.S. State Department, the MEK was then welcomed into Iraq, where it supported Saddam Hussein's war against Iran (1980–1988).[5] The city of Ashraf was named in commemoration of Ashraf Rabiei, a famous political prisoner at the time of the Shah, a senior member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran and wife of Massoud Rajavi. She was murdered in 1982 by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps after the Iranian Revolution.[6][7]

Development of a city

The MEK established its base at Ashraf in 1986.[1] The refugees began on a barren land with no facilities, paved road, or running water. The members of PMOI built it into a modern city with a complex of roads and buildings with many educational, social, medical, and sports facilities, manufacturing and agricultural works, and even having a university.[8][9] Some people that defected from the MEK have made allegations of sexual assault.[10][11][12] However, the MEK and Col. Leo McCloskey (former JIATF commander at Camp Ashraf) have denied these claims saying they are part of a misinformation campaign by the Iranian regime.[13][14]

Iranian air attacks

Even after the cease-fire with Iran, the Iranian Air Force carried out several air raids against Ashraf. The first of such raids was conducted using eight F-4 Phantoms armed with rockets and cluster bombs on 6 April 1992. During this raid, one F-4 was shot down by either insurgent or Iraqi military anti-aircraft artillery and both pilots (Lt. Col Amini and Cpt. Sharifi) were captured and not freed until 1998. Despite threats of response, Iraq wasn't able to retaliate due to its own fight against Kurdish separatist guerillas and the Western-imposed no-fly zones that crippled and limited its air force's operations.[15][16] Another air raid was conducted on 26 May 1993 against Ashraf and Jalat (near Sulaimaniyah) with 12 planes, according to a PMOI statement. The attacks were in retaliation for several attacks on Iranian military personnel and oil pipelines in Khuzestan Province, which Iran described as attempts to disrupt the 1993 presidential election.[17]

Ashraf during US occupation

From air attacks to designation as protected persons

During the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, Coalition forces launched air attacks against PMOI/MEK forces. Reports indicated that Coalition attacks had been planned well in advance as part of a purported agreement whereby Iran agreed to support US efforts as long as the US-supported Iran's initiative to destroy Camp Ashraf and its Residents.[18] MEK commanders negotiated a ceasefire in April–May 2003, on the basis of which the group relinquished its weapons, including tanks, armored vehicles, and heavy artillery.[19][20]

Subsequently, different US agencies investigated Camp Ashraf residents, the result of which there was no evidence that any of the residents had ever committed an act of terrorism.[21] Consequently, Coalition forces granted residents of Camp Ashraf protected status as civilians under the Fourth Geneva Convention.[22][23]

Military presence

Adjoining the camp was Forward Operating Base Grizzly (formerly FOB Spartan, FOB Red Lion, FOB Gator, FOB Barbarian). The Forward operating base is where US and Coalition forces used to reside and were involved in a humanitarian mission designed to oversee control of the camp.[24][25]

During the period that it protected the PMOI/MEK in Iraq—from April 2003 until January 2009—the US Army was confronted with almost 600 disillusioned members who wanted to leave the organisation. In order to house the defectors, the US Army built a separate camp adjacent to Camp Ashraf, where the PMOI/MEK was concentrated, known as the Temporary Internment and Protection Facility (TIPF).[26]

Under U.S. military protection, the group was disarmed and became confined to Camp Ashraf. When the U.S. military formally gave control back to the Iraqi government in January 2009, the caused several issues, mainly where the Islamic Republic asked for the group to be handed over to them for prosecution. However, the MEK received protection under international law.[1][26][27]

In 2004, the U.S. determined that the residents of Camp Ashraf were "noncombatants" and "protected persons", and the United Nations commission described the residents as "formal asylum seekers" against persecution by the regime in Iran.[2]

Transition to Iraqi control

On January 1, 2009, the U.S. officially transferred control of Camp Ashraf to the Iraqi government. According to a press release from U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, the U.S. would maintain a military presence at the camp and the Iraqi government would ensure that all residents were treated according to Iraqi law.[1] A State Department spokesman said the Government of Iraq had promised both humane treatment of people at Camp Ashraf and that none would be relocated to a country where they would have "a well-founded fear of persecution".[28]

Forcible eviction of residents

2009 attack by Iraqi Forces

In late July 2009 conflict erupted when Iraqi forces attempted to enter camp Ashraf to establish a police station without the consent of the MEK. Accounts of the conflict differ. Some sources say Iraqi forces used violence, including gunfire, water cannons, and batons, killing eleven people and injuring about 400; two others later died from their wounds. Videos taken by Ashraf residents show these scenes.[29] Iraqi authorities denied using violent methods but said unarmed residents used stones, knives, and sharp tools to protect themselves and to fight security forces that tried to enter the camp.[29][30] Journalists were excluded from the area.[29]

Video footage surfaced purportedly showing Iraqi forces trying to repeatedly run down residents with vehicles.[31]

In September 2009, in accordance with their mandate, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), led by Ad Melkert, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, started attempts for mediation between the residents and premier minister Al-Maliki's office. Additionally, as reported by UNAMI issue leader Tahar Boumedra, Chief of the Human Rights Office, it ensured regular visits to the camp for monitoring human rights and as a deterrent against violence.[32] In October 2009, in the frame of UNAMI's mediation, the Government of Iraq announced they would close Camp Ashraf, while the residents responded that neither remaining in Iraq nor returning to Iran were safe options for them; they said to be prepared to move to safe third countries as soon as this become possible and asked for the necessary time for exploring this perspective.[33]

On December 10, 2009 the Iraqi government announced plans to move the MEK from Camp Ashraf to a former detention center, Neqrat al-Salman, about 200 miles (120 kilometers) west of Basra.[34][35] In response, the MEK refused to comply with the decision.[36] On December 15, 2009, Iraqi government sent a group of its security forces into the camp to urge the residents of the camp to leave the camp. They used loudspeakers and distributed pamphlets calling the residents to join them and leave Ashraf. However, no resident accepted to leave. Media reporters were present on the scene.[37] The UN issued a statement "exiled camp residents must not be deported".[38] UNAMI, led by the UN envoy Ad Melkert disputed Nouri al-Maliki's claim, saying that UN would not embrace the government's efforts to deport Ashraf residents by the end of 2011. Instead, as brought forward by the UNAMI issue leader Tahar Boumedra, all parties should be engaged: the Iraqi government for building civilian camp management capacities in line with international humanitarian standards, the PMOI for achieving a more realistic understanding of their reality, and the international diplomatic community.[39]

In a 2010 report, Amnesty International said that "Following months of rising tension, Iraqi security forces forcibly entered and took control of Camp Ashraf ... on 28 and 29 July. The camp, which houses some 3400 members or supporters of the People's Mojahedeen Organization of Iran (PMOI), an Iranian opposition group had been under US military control since 2003. ... Video footage showed Iraqi security forces deliberately driving military vehicles into crowds of protesting camp residents. The security forces also used live ammunition, apparently killing at least nine camp residents, and detained 36 others who they tortured".[40][41]

The failure to relocate the camp residents prompted the "Ashrafi Committee", an ad-hoc group of Premier Minister al-Maliki's office, to tighten the embargo on Camp Ashraf. From January 2010 onwards, despite the attempts of UNAMI for the protection of human rights, fuel deliveries, water, and food supply were severely reduced, resident's vehicles were seized, and medical assistance and resident's access to hospital treatment and surgery were denied.[42]

In Spring 2010, the Iraqi Premier Minister's Office in cooperation with the Iranian embassy in Iraq arranged so-called "family visits" of some Iranian government-operated NGOs to destabilize Camp Ashraf. Assisted by the Iraqi army, they set up camp at the gate and fixed loudspeakers around the camp. over a period of two years, there were around 300 units "blaring threats and insults day and night at the residents".[43]

In his quarterly report to the Security Council of 14 May 2010 pursuant to resolution 1883, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stressed the rights of residents of Camp Ashraf, to protection against arbitrary displacement in Iraq or forced extradition to Iran.[44]

Brian Binley, a Member of Parliament from the United Kingdom's Conservative Party, also asked for protection of Ashraf.[45]

On 17 October 2010, on the eve of al-Maliki's visit to Tehran, an armed attack by Iraqi forces took place, injuring 10 residents.[46]

On January 7, 2011, assailants bussed from Basra, Amara, Nasiriya, and Baghdad to the gates of the Camp. This was jointly coordinated by the "Ashraf Committee" of al-Maliki's office with the Iranian embassy in Baghdad and backed up by Iraqi security forces. The assailants attacked the camp resulting in 176 wounded.[47] Iraqi forces prevented the wounded, 93 of whom were women, to go to the hospital for treatment.[48]

2011 raid

On April 8, 2011, Iraqi security forces in bulldozers and Humvees stormed Camp Ashraf in an action enthusiastically hailed by the Iranian government.[49] The Iraqi government, however, stated it believed that the event was a "riot".[50] According to Amnesty International, video clips of the April 8 clashes[51] "appear to show Iraqi soldiers indiscriminately firing into the crowds and using vehicles to try and run others down".[52] As a conclusion, it was confirmed by a UN human rights official, 34 residents were killed and 318 wounded by Iraqi forces.[53]

During Summer 2011, the Iranian authorities took new suppressive measures for espionage against Ashraf residents by installing two tall communication poles south of Camp Ashraf, preparing the grounds for the next attacks.[54] The Iraqi government said that the PMOI must leave the country by the end of 2011.[55]

The Central Investigation Court No 4 of the Spanish National Court, in face of the impossibility of any investigation into the massacres in Ashraf inside Iraq by a government that itself has ordered these massacres, has taken on this case. In its last writ dated July 11, 2011, the court summoned senior Iraqi officers to appear before the court on October 3, 2011, for war crimes. The Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki is also to appear before the court once he leaves his post as premier that gives him immunity from judicial prosecution.[56]

International and UNAMI mediation attempts dealing with Iraq Government's intent for eviction of residents

End of April 2011 on a tour to Iraq, the Iraq delegation of the European Parliament, led by the British Conservative Struan Stevenson, was refused by the Government of Iraq to visit Camp Ashraf; it nevertheless issued a statement that it was in favour of a resettlement of the residents to safe third countries.[57] This "Stevenson plan" envisaged registration of the residents by UNHCR as asylum seekers by groups of up to 500 persons at a time, in a safe, UN "blue-helmets" protected place, then transferring them step by step to countries of safety.[58] It was openly rejected by the Government of Iraq, and did not find enough support from the UN and the US.[59]

As a consequence of the April 8, 2011 attacks, UNAMI tried, between May and September 2011, to find a humanitarian solution via official bilateral meetings with Camp Ashraf resident's speakers respectively with the Government of Iraq.[60] In the course of this process, the residents acknowledged that to become asylum seekers and the involvement of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was an option for them, with the ultimate target of a safe relocation to third countries; they expressed however high concern over plans for relocation into a transitional facility inside Iraq, as they would become even more vulnerable to armed attacks than in their current city-like settlement.[61] Under the guidance of Ad Melkert, UNAMI started to engage UNHCR into a process of refugee status determination of the residents. By end of September 2011, UNHCR had received more than 3000 applications for asylum by Camp Ashraf inhabitants. On Sept. 29, 2011, UNAMI and UNHCR requested the Government of Iraq to recognize UNHCR becoming engaged in the refugee registration procedure; however, al-Maliki's office rejected this proposal, pointing out that Camp Ashraf as a fortress of Iranian resistance should come to an end.[62]

On Sept. 28, 2011, the EU foreign policy Chief Catherine Ashton appointed Ambassador Jean De Ruyt, a senior Belgian diplomat, as an advisor to advise on the EU response and to better the humanitarian situation in the camp.[63] In the meantime, Maryam Rajavi, head of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI/MEK), called for the new nominee to visit Ashraf and to demand Iraq drop its bid to close the camp by the end of 2011.[63][64]

Failure of the mediation

In August 2011, Ad Melkert was replaced by Martin Kobler as UNAMI Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General.[65] Following a unilateral interpretation made by Premier Minister al-Maliki at the farewell meeting of 28 August 2011,[66] Ad Melkert reiterated that the UN "continues to advocate that Camp Ashraf residents be protected from forcible deportation, expulsion or repatriation contrary to the non-refoulment principle".[67] However, within few weeks after his arrival on 8 October 2011, Martin Kobler internally announced a change of strategy to the UNAMI staff, presuming that residents of Camp Ashraf were "terrorists" and that the Government could not be expected to negotiate with "terrorists", thus UNAMI's new goal would be a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government of Iraq aimed to induce relocation.[68] Bowing to Government's ultimatum to expel the residents by end of the year, this agreement was signed at the end of December 2011.[69][70] In the course of the process, the Government had rejected any attempt to find a solution acceptable to all parties concerned, under inclusion of the residents, and which preserved their acquired rights, resulting in a mere displacement, without consent and participation by the residents, to the new temporary transit location Camp Liberty (Camp Hurriya in Arabic) in Baghdad (a onetime U.S. Marine base), where UNHCR would start to determine the resident's eligibility for refugee status.[71]

Forcible relocation to Camp Liberty

In 2012, as laid down in the MOU, near all of the residents were moved from Camp Ashraf to Camp Liberty, an operation which was presented by UNAMI and Martin Kobler as preventive diplomacy taking into account the main concerns of both actors and as voluntary relocation of people designated by the US as terrorist organization, leading to a safe path to a life outside of Iraq.[72][73] This policy of Martin Kobler stood in contrast with the opinion of the competent body inside the UN, i.e. the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention of the UN Human Rights Council, who had categorized, in his Opinion of May 2012, the status of the MEK residents in both Camp Ashraf and Camp Liberty as Arbitrary detention and called the Iraqi government for the "immediate release and lifting of all restraints upon the free movements of these persons".[74] This same UN body had reiterated and extended his vote in his Opinion of August 2012, calling for triggering the relevant human rights mechanisms instead of relocation, and had reconfirmed that the conditions in the new location, Camp Liberty "are synonymous with that of a detention centre as there is no possibility of freedom and interaction with the outside world" and that "there is no free movement and within the camp as well, rendering residents as detainees or prisoners.[74] Furthermore, Martin Kobler had commissioned a report from a UNHCR shelter management expert, Martin Zirn, expecting him to certify that the foreseen location, Camp Liberty was matching international standards.[75] However, the resulting draft report[76] stated that the UNHCR cannot "certify and/or verify that the above location meets Humanitarian Standards", "bearing in mind that these are thought for Refugees in Emergencies". In fact, the shelter expert considered Camp Ashraf a community that was facing eviction from a site where they had lived for over 26 years, which is different from a situation of emergencies like a civil war or a natural disaster.[77]

The concerns voiced by opponents to Martin Kobler's policy claiming Camp Ashraf residents would be safer were later confirmed. For example, amongst other deadly or life-threatening events, a rocket and mortar attack leaving at least five dead and 40 wounded occurred at Camp Liberty on February 9, 2013. Iranian residents of Camp Liberty and their representatives and lawyers appealed to the UN Secretary-General and U.S. officials to let them return to Ashraf, which they say has concrete buildings and shelters that offer more protection.[78]

2013 attack

On Sept. 1, 2013, 52 MEK members were killed at Camp Ashraf,[79] in what the group claimed was a massacre by Iraqi forces.[80] In a statement, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon deplored "the tragic events at Camp Ashraf" and said Baghdad should "promptly investigate the incident and disclose the findings."[81] Hussein Al-Moosawi, a spokesman for Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, later confirmed that several MKO members had been killed, but denied any involvement of the Iraqi authorities and stated the deaths were caused by infighting among the camp's residents. Officials stated that after the incident, MKO members attacked the local army brigade stationed in the camp and killed 4 Iraqi soldiers.[82] In September and October 2013 letters and messages to President Obama, Senators John McCain, Carl Levin, and others, called for US pressure on President al-Maliki to "hold Iraq accountable for the massacre at Camp Ashraf and to save seven abducted residents".[83] On September 11, 2013, Amnesty International launched an urgent action to the Iraqi government calling for the protection and relief of the seven abducted hostages.[84]

Badr Organization base

As of early February 2015, the camp was the base of the Badr Organization during its successful operation to liberate Diyala Governorate from Islamic State control.[85]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iranian Resistance Group a Source of Contention in Iraq". Time. 2008-01-05. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
  2. 1 2 Courson, Paul (2011-12-12). "White House talks on Iraq's Camp Ashraf draw protesters". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  3. ↑ "Camp Ashraf & Liberty". Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  4. ↑ "Iraq raid on Iranian exiles' Camp Ashraf 'killed 34'". BBC News. 14 April 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  5. ↑ Jonathan Masters. "Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK)". CFR. Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
  6. ↑ Boumedra (2013), p. 14.
  7. ↑ Azam Hadj Heydari (2010), Le prix de rester humain, ISBN 978-2-35013-231-0, p. 114, p. 245
  8. ↑ "Camp Ashraf & Liberty". NCRI.
  9. ↑ Boumedra (2013), p. 25.
  10. ↑ Rubin, Elizabeth (13 July 2003). "The Cult of Rajavi". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  11. ↑ Merat, Arron (9 November 2018). "Terrorists, cultists – or champions of Iranian democracy? The wild wild story of the MEK". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  12. ↑ Christopher C. Harmon; Randall G. Bowdish (2018). "Advertising: The People's Mujahideen e Khalq". The Terrorist Argument: Modern Advocacy and Propaganda. Brookings Institution Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-8157-3219-8.
  13. ↑ "Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and Security: A Profile." A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, December 2012. pp. 26–28
  14. ↑ "New ISJ report: "Iran's Ministry of Intelligence Active in Europe"". October 5, 2017. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  15. ↑ Schmitt, Eric (April 6, 1992). "Iran Strafes Rebels in Iraq; Jet Downed". The New York Times.
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  17. ↑ "Iranian Jets Bomb Foes' Bases in Iraq". The New York Times. May 26, 1993.
  18. ↑ Vick, Karl (9 November 2003). "In a delicate balancing act, US woos Iranian group in Iraq". The Washington Post.
  19. ↑ "Patterns of Global Terrorism 2004, U.S. Department of State" (PDF).
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  21. ↑ Jehl, Douglas (27 July 2004). "U.S. Sees No Basis to Prosecute Iranian Opposition 'Terror' Group Being Held in Iraq". The New York Times.
  22. ↑ "Ashraf Report" (PDF).
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  24. ↑ Freeh, Louis J.; Mukasey, Michael B. (April 18, 2011). Time http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2065844,00.html – via content.time.com. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ↑ "Camp Ashraf". www.globalsecurity.org.
  26. 1 2 Tom de Boer; Marjoleine Zieck (June 2014). "From Internment to Resettlement of Refugees: On US Obligations towards MeK Defectors in Iraq" (PDF). Melbourne Journal of International Law. 15 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-02. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
  27. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 56–57.
  28. ↑ Ian Kelly, State Department Spokesman (2009-07-29). "Special Briefing". US State Department. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  29. 1 2 3 Mohammed Tawfeeq (2009-07-29). "Fights with police at Iranian refugee camp leave 7 dead". CNN. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  30. ↑ "Iraqi Forces Reportedly Open Fire, Beat Iranian Exiles". Fox News. 2009-07-29. Archived from the original on 2009-07-31. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
  31. ↑ "Video shows Iraqi Humvees running down Iranians at Camp Ashraf". Fox News. 2009-08-24. Archived from the original on 2007-12-28. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
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  33. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 72–73.
  34. ↑ Murphy, Brian (2009-12-11). "Iraq seeks to shift Iranian group to desert camp". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  35. ↑ "Iraqi government: Iranian refugees to be moved from camp - CNN.com". www.cnn.com.
  36. ↑ Hammoudi, Laith (2009-12-15). "Iranian dissident group defies order to leave Iraq". Miami Herald. Miami: Miami Herald Media Co. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
  37. ↑ "CNN report on Camp Ashraf - 15 december 2009". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via www.youtube.com.
  38. ↑ "Iraq: UN stresses that exiled camp residents must not be deported". UN News. August 29, 2011.
  39. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 98–99.
  40. ↑ "Countries". www.amnesty.org.
  41. ↑ "IRAQ: CIVILIANS UNDER FIRE". Amnesty International. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  42. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 83–94.
  43. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 95–100.
  44. ↑ "UN Secretary General's quarterly report to Security Council stresses on Ashraf residents rights". May 23, 2010.
  45. ↑ "Appeal to Secretary Clinton to delist the MEK". August 27, 2011.
  46. ↑ "On the eve of Maliki's visit to Tehran, Iraqi forces attack Ashraf residents and injures 10 | Nouri Al Maliki | Military". Scribd.
  47. ↑ Residents (USCCAR), U. S. Committee for Camp Ashraf. "USCCAR Condemns Violent Attack on Camp Ashraf, Urges U.S. Government to Protect the Residents". www.prnewswire.com (Press release).
  48. ↑ "People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK)". mojahedin.org.
  49. ↑ Iran hails Iraq action on former rebels, AFP, 11 April 2011
  50. ↑ "Iraq: Investigate deadly violence at Camp Ashraf". 5 April 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  51. ↑ "Iraqi Forces Attack Camp Ashraf PMOI, April 8, 2011, 4 45 AM 2". Archived from the original on 2021-12-21 – via www.youtube.com.
  52. ↑ "Everything you need to know about human rights". www.amnesty.org.
  53. ↑ "UN: 34 Killed In Iraqi Raid". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
  54. ↑ "New details on plan for electronic suppression and espionage against Ashraf". September 4, 2011.
  55. ↑ Kate Allen (14 April 2011). "Camp Ashraf is a barometer of Iraq's human rights". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  56. ↑ "Central Investigation Court Number Four of the Spanish National Court issues a writ against Maliki and summons three criminals involved in April 8 massacre in Ashraf". July 14, 2011.
  57. ↑ "Security situation in Iraq remains "extremely sensitive" - Struan Stevenson". News. European Parliament. 2011-03-05. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
  58. ↑ Stevenson (2015), Chapter 27.
  59. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 152–154.
  60. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 155–196.
  61. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 155–180, 187–188.
  62. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 189–196.
  63. 1 2 AFP (26 Sep 2011). "EU joins bid to help end Iraqi Camp Ashraf standoff". Ahram Online. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
  64. ↑ "Catherine Ashton appoints Jean De Ruyt to advise on the EU's response to Camp Ashraf" (PDF) (Press release). European Union. 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  65. ↑ "UN Department of Public Information, Secretary-General Appoints Martin Kobler of Germany as Special Representative for Iraq".
  66. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 197–199.
  67. ↑ "UNAMI Calls on Government of Iraq to Abide by International Law in dealing with Ashraf Camp". www.uniraq.org.
  68. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 200–204.
  69. ↑ "UN and Iraq sign agreement to relocate thousands of Iranian exiles". UN News. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
  70. ↑ "Text of the Memorandum of Understanding", in Boumedra (2013), Annex 11, p. 257
  71. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 197–204.
  72. ↑ "UN Department of Political Affairs, Camp Ashraf: Promoting a Peaceful Solution, July 2012".
  73. ↑ "UN envoy welcomes last major transfer of Iranian exiles from Iraqi camp". UN News. September 16, 2012.
  74. 1 2 "Human Rights Documents". ap.ohchr.org.
  75. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 226–229.
  76. ↑ "Draft UNHCR Shelter Expert Report about Camp Liberty Standard" (19 January 2012), copy in Boumedra (2013), Annex 12, p. 257 ff
  77. ↑ Boumedra (2013), pp. 226–227.
  78. ↑ Staff, CNN (9 February 2013). "Attack kills at least 5 at Iranian exile camp in Iraq". CNN. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  79. ↑ "Deadly violence hits Iran exiles' Camp Ashraf in Iraq". BBC News. 1 September 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  80. ↑ Tjonn, Halvor (13 September 2013). "Iranian dissidents were killed in the shelter of Syrian gas cloud". Retrieved 21 December 2013.
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  84. ↑ "Document". www.amnesty.org.
  85. ↑ Kareem Fahim (February 7, 2015). "Shiite Militia Drives Back Islamic State, but Divides Much of Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2015.

Bibliography

  • Boumedra, Tahar (2013). The United Nations and Human Rights in Iraq: The Untold Story of Camp Ashraf. New Generation Publishing. ISBN 978-1-909740-64-8.
  • Cohen, Ronen (2009). The Rise and Fall of the Mojahedin Khalq, 1987-1997: Their Survival After the Islamic Revolution and Resistance to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1845192709.
  • Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith (2009). The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: A Policy Conundrum (PDF) (Report). RAND corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2016.
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  • Clark, Mark Edmond (2007). "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e Khalq". In Sean S. Costigan, David Gold (ed.). Terrornomics. Routledge.

34°03′49″N 44°34′24″E / 34.06361°N 44.57333°E / 34.06361; 44.57333

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