Askia Muhammad
Ruler of the Songhai Empire
ReignApril 1493 – 1528
Bornc. 1443
Gao
Diedc. 1538 (aged 94–95)
Gao, Songhai Empire
Burial
Tomb of Askia Gao
Mali
IssueAskia Musa, Askia Isma'il, Askia Ishaq I, Askia Dawud, hawah, Fatimatu and 465 other children
Names
Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi
DynastyAskia dynasty
FatherAbi Bakr
MotherKassey
ReligionSunni Islam
Extent of the Songhai Empire,
circa 1500.

Askia Muhammad I (1443–1538), born Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi[lower-alpha 1] or Muhammad Ture, was the first ruler of the Askia dynasty of the Songhai Empire, reigning from 1493 to 1528. He is also known as Askia the Great, and his name in modern Songhai is Mamar Kassey. Askia Muhammad strengthened his empire and made it the largest empire in West Africa's history. At its peak under his reign, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Northern Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the east. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and the establishment of Islam as an integral part of the empire.

Muhammad was a prominent general under the Songhai ruler Sunni Ali. When Sunni Ali was succeeded by his son, Sunni Baru, in 1492, Muhammad challenged the succession on the grounds that the new ruler was not a faithful Muslim.[1] He defeated Baru and ascended to the throne in 1493.[2]

Ture subsequently orchestrated a program of expansion and consolidation which extended the empire from Taghaza in the North to the borders of Yatenga in the South; and from Air in the Northeast to Futa Djallon in Guinea. Instead of organizing the empire along Islamic lines, he tempered and improved on the traditional model by instituting a system of bureaucratic government unparalleled in Western Africa. In addition, Askia established standardized trade measures and regulations, initiated the policing of trade routes and also established an organized tax system. He was overthrown by his son, Askia Musa, in 1528.[3]

Name and title

The Tarikh al-Sudan gives Askia Muhammad's name as Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi or al-Sillanki.[4] The Tarikh al-Fattash gives his name as Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.[5] Al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila by most historians. However, Stephan Bühnen has argued that they should be interpreted as nisbas referring to ancestry from Futa Toro or Silla in the Senegal valley, and favors the possibility that his ancestors originally came from Futa Toro. [6]

The title Askia[lower-alpha 2] (Arabic: اسكيا) is of unknown origin,[7] and had been in use since the early 13th century, if not earlier.[8] The original pronunciation of the title is not known; in modern Songhai, it is pronounced siciya.[7] Moroccan sources spelled the title Sukyā or Sikyā, Leo Africanus spelled it Ischia, and a contemporary Portuguese source spelled it Azquya. The Tarikh al-Sudan provides a folk etymology for the title, claiming that Askia Muhammad invented the title based on the lament of Sonni Ali's daughters when they had learned he had seized power: "a si Kiya", meaning "it is not his"[9] or "he shall not be it".[10] It may also derive from an arabic word for 'general.'[11]

After going on the hajj in 1497–1498, he also became known as Askia al-Hajj Muhammad.[12]

In modern Songhai, he is known as Mamar Kassey.[13] Mamar is a form of the name Muhammad, and Kassey is a matronymic.

Origins controversy

The Tomb of Askia in Mali, claimed to be Askia Muhammad's tomb.

The theory that Askia Muhammad's family originated in Futa Toro is controversial and has been generally rejected by the Songhai people themselves, especially by Muhammad's modern descendants who see in it a challenge to their ethnicity. His exact surname has not been definitively determined and no Toucouleur or Soninke oral source claim him as one of their own. The Tarikh al-Fattash uses the title 'maiga' for him, which is only used for the patrilineal kin of the Sunni dynasty.

The term 'sonhinkey,' which suggests a Soninke ethnic origin for Askia, is also the name of a clan of Songhai magicians responsible for the pre-Islamic cult and forming a younger branch of the royal Sunni clan without rights to the throne. Songhai oral traditions claim the father of Askia Mohammed originated from this clan. Omar Komajago, Askia's brother, is never described as a Touré or a Sylla. Askia Mohammed himself during his reign led a fierce war against Fouta Toro and the Toucouleur leader Koli Tenguella.

The term at-Turi, which designates the geographical origin of a person, could be the name of Askia's father's village. There is a Songhai village call Tureh in Niger in the Tillabéri Region in the Tera Department.

Although Askia Mohamed is generally seen as the son of princess Kassey, sister of Sunni Ali Ber, it is impossible that he himself came from Fouta Toro because the post of general was only given to a member of the royal family and ethnic Songhai patrilineally. The theory that he is an ethnic Songhai through both his father and mother is being studied at the Ahmed Baba center in Timbuktu. Delafosse's theory of a Soninke or Toucouleur origin may not be based in a detailed understanding of the Songhai country, language, toponymy and traditions.[14]

Early life

Askia Muhammad was born in Gao. His father, Baru Lum,[lower-alpha 3] was of Toucouleur or Soninke ancestry, with ancestors hailing from the Senegal River valley.[lower-alpha 4] His mother was named Kassey[lower-alpha 5] and is said in oral tradition to have been the sister of Sonni Ali.[19]

Reign

In 1492, shortly after the death of Sonni Ali, Muhammad Ture, then a general, rose up against Ali's son Sonni Baru, claiming he was not a faithful Muslim. Ture defeated Baru at the Battle of Anfao in April 1493 outside of Gao and took power and the title 'Askia'.[20]

Askia Muhammad profoundly reorganized the Songhai empire. Where Sonni Ali had been a diffident Muslim, Askia was devout. He based the legal system on sharia law, invited Islamic scholars from North Africa, and established Islam as the official religion of the noble class. He also divided the empire into provinces with centrally appointed governors and created a series of ministries (including finance, justice, interior, protocol, agriculture, waters and forests, and matters pertaining to “tribes of the white race” e.g. Tuaregs and Berbers), with all important positions filled by relatives.[20]

In 1496 he made the hajj to Mecca, accompanied by 500 horsemen and 1000 infantry. Although he made many charitable donations during his pilgrimage, including setting up a place for West Africa pilgrims to stay in Medina, he returned to Gao having accumulated 50,000 ducats in debt.[21]Upon his return from Mecca he embarked on a series of campaigns against the Mossi, the Sultanate of Agadez, the Fulani people of Senegal, and the Kanem-Borno empire.[20]

Exile and Death

Ill and increasingly politically isolated, Askia Muhammad was overthrown by his son Askia Musa in 1528 and banished to an island in the Niger river. Musa reigned only 3 years before being overthrown by another of Muhammad's sons.[22] In 1537, by this time blind, he was recalled to Gao by his son Askia Isma'il where he died and was buried in 1538.[20]

Descent from Askia

The Tarikh al fattash report the many descendants of Askia Muhammad who is said to amount to 471 children he had from many wives and Concubines of various origins. Just like Genghis Khan in Asia and Charlemagne in Europe, Emperor Askia Muhammad and the emperors descended from his brother Omar Komdjago constitute patrilineal or matrilineal ancestors of a significant part of the native Sahelian populations and descendants of Sahelians who extend over 6 country where the Songhai are present, their descendants are mainly linked to powerful old royal house where always according to the sahel.[23]

Mamar Haamey

Mamar is the nickname of Askia Muhammad and these many descendants are called mamar hamey, they are the descendants of Askia Ishaq II, Askia Nuh, Askia Muhammad V Gao who were dethroned by Moroccans after the Battle of Tondibi and the successive wars, to those add the descendants of the many ministers, governors, generals who constitute the children and grandchildren of the askia, in Mali they are scattered among their subjects and occupy the positions of village chief, and were under for some under the authority of the Moroccan arma chiefs (Gao Alkaydo of Gao, the Pasha of Timbuktu) before French colonization, only Djenne royal house, Hombori royal house and Kikara royal house have Askyanid ruler in Mali. In western Niger where the great princes migrated with all the strong lineage they founded powerful Emirates such as Dargol, Tera, Gothèye, Karma, Namaro, Sikié, Kokorou, larba Birno, Gounday next to the sunni emirs of Gorouol, Anzourou, they are constantly at war with each other and against the Tuareg ouelleminden and oudalan and the Fulani of Dori, those who mi gre further south reigns in Gaya, Bana, Tanda, Yelou, Bengou, loulami, karimama, Banikoara up to Djougou where they are in the majority and have formed the dendi where they are mixed and reign over the Bariba, Yoruba, Gur, Mandé, Yom, their arrival at the Dendi (province) triggers the assimilation of non-Songhai populations to the Songhai culture and language and an Islamization of the bargou, they are in Niger integrated with the Za and Sunni with the ethnic name Zarma, the most notable are the Emir Oumarou karma who fought against French colonization, Gabelinga Hama Kassa the military leader of goundey allied with wangugnya issa korombeyze moodi the mother of the war of zarmatarey during the wars against the caliphate of sokoto, they joined Babatu in Gurunsi and Dagbon to conquer the Upper Volta and the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast. The three members of the three dynasties on arrival Colonial was associated with the non-royal clans, their attached religious clans and their freedmen to form 1/4 of the Songhai population, 3/4 being made up of the servile mass that they had at their service. The Mamar haamey considering themselves uncles of the Djermas never enter into conflict with them and join forces with them to beat the sokoto, the Toucouleur, the Fulani of Dori and boboye and the Tuaregs. In Burkina they are overwhelmed by the Fulani and Tuareg masses and many were ethnically assimilated by the Fulani, they are in Darkoye, Markoye and Gorom Gorom with the Sunni.

The descendants of the askia like that of sunni carry the title of Maiga associated with imperial power.

Songhai Djermas

The descendants of the Askia are also to be found mainly among the Songhai subgroup of the Djermas descending from the previous Za Dynasty of the Sunni Dynasty and Askia Dynasty and who ruled over the Gao Empire, the marriages between the members descending from the three powerful songhai dynasty was frequent and the princesses of blood and noble milk were only exchanged between these three dynasty, thus khaman Duksa, Zarmakoy sambo (Mali Bero) and Tagour Gana of the 17th and 18th century descendants of the za all took wives from the descendants of the askia living with them in the dendi, the askia reigning in the dendi on the right bank of the river and the royal Za lineage of the waazi, sega, fahmey, kogori, kandi, Manay, Zem on the left bank, they bear the royal title of Djermakoy which does not It is to bear that to the descendant of the za, he reigns in the zarmaganda (Tondikiwindi, Ouallam, Simiri ) over the kalley and in the zarmatarey (Dosso, kiota, yeni, Fakara, kouré, Kollo, libore, N'Dounga, kirtachi, babousaye, Tondikandia, bogole, Hamdallaye, Garankedey, Fabidji ) over the Gooley. The Maouri ( Royale house of Mawrikoy of sokorbe and Mawrikoy of Moussadey), Gubey (Royale house of goubekoy of Loga) assimilated and having constituted royal houses married to the za.

Matrimonial relations between the askia and the za are the basis of cousinhood between the Songhai djermas and the Songhai Mamar Hamey. The Mamar Haamey consider themselves the maternal uncles of the Zarma, the same relationship is observed with the descendants of the Sunni Ali Ber .

The descendants of the Za Dynasty have always occupied high positions in the empire in the Army and the administration, especially in the military province of dendi, where they held the position of Dendi Fari and their role was decisive in stopping the advance Moroccan in the dendi with generals of values like Hawa ize maali and yefarma ishak of the house of Manay. the Mamar Hamay occupy two djerma kingdoms by imposition during the French colonization in Niger, the French massacre to the last the royal house of the Zarmakoy of Ouallam and bring in a Mamar Haama from Hombori to occupy the vacant throne, same case in the Fakara where a mamar haama is imported from Yonkoto to occupy the throne, all within the framework of the armed revolt of mamar haama oumarou emir of karma against the Colonial administration, the saying between songhai we are only one family that will chew each other but never swallow each other is used so that the populations of these two principalities accept the taxes. the Songhai do not have a problem when an ethnic Songhai comes to usurp a throne from them but this revolts in the case of a non-Songhai and leaves the country when they cannot prevent the unknown .

The Djerma, the mamar hamey and the si hamey all qualify as zaberbenda (the descendants of za the great, za el ayaman) and must support each other in the event of an enemy attack, when the mamar haama are attacked on the right bank, the Tubal War drum are struck to warn the left bank where the Djerma princes are beating theirs to gather their armies and cross the river to support their brother in the west and vice versa.

Hausa land

Askia Mohamed I is the maternal ancestor of the Hausa Sultans of the Bagauda Dynasty through his daughter Awah married to Muhammad Rumfa Sultan of Kano during the conquest of the Hausa Kingdoms by the Songhai Empire, they are replaced by the Fulani Sullubawa clan Dabo Dynasty during the conquest of kano by the Sokoto caliphate, having many daughters the askia contracted diplomatic marriages with the kings subject to his power to ensure their loyalty, kano is certainly not the only Hausa state where this kind relationships were established.

All Hausa descendants of Muhammad Rumfa sultan of Kano are matrilineal line descendants of Askia.[24]

Others

The Arma who come from the marriage between the Spanish soldiers of Morocco and the Songhai women are also in matrilineal line descending from the Askiya for the most part.

Throughout the Central Sahel, the descendants in patrilineal or matrilineal line of the askia can be around Million drawn from the ethnic Songhai which amounts to nearly 11 million people and possible descendants among the Hausa, The Fula and there are generally only than associated with royal houses. The pyramidal Tomb of Askia located in Gao has not been the subject of any excavation to examine his remains in order to carry out genetic examinations and these known descendants have no longer been the subject of study, only a genetic study can confirm the historical connection.

Are sons the Askia Dawud also had Total 333 children according to the Tarikh al-Sudan [25] while the Tarikh al-Fattash has 61 children, 30 of whom died at a young age.[25] the many princes died for the most part young because of the assassinations that occurred during the successions to the imperial throne, especially with the emperors Askia Musa the eldest of the sons of the askia born of his Dahomean concubine who carried out a coup and murdered a good number of these brothers and 25 to 35 of these cousins.

The successions on the imperial Songhai throne are generally preceded by a battle between the princes, the strongest generally takes power, it is this instability which favored the Moroccan invasion and the defeat of Tondibi due to a weak contribution of troops resulting from the cold between the emperor Ishaq II and the balama of the kurmina.[26]

Legacy

Askia encouraged learning and literacy, ensuring that Songhai's universities produced the most distinguished scholars, many of whom published significant books and one of which was his nephew and friend Mahmud Kati. To secure the legitimacy of his usurpation of the Sonni dynasty, Askia Muhammad allied himself with the scholars of Timbuktu, ushering in a golden age in the city for scientific and Muslim scholarship.[27] The eminent scholar Ahmed Baba, for example, produced books on Islamic law which are still in use today. Muhammad Kati published Tarikh al-fattash and Abdul-Rahman as-Sadi published Tarikh al-Sudan (Chronicle of The Black Land), two history books which are indispensable to present-day scholars reconstructing African history in the Middle Ages. The king's supposed tomb, the Tomb of Askia, is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Or, it is said, al-Sillanki
  2. ↑ Or Askiya
  3. ↑ Baru is a Songhai form of the name Abu Bakr.[4] Lum is a clan name, probably of Fula origin.[15]
  4. ↑ The Tarikh al-Fattash says that Askia Muhammad was a descendent of the Torodo. Torodo is Fula for "people of Toro" and refers to the Toucouleur. The clan name Lum is more likely to be of Toucouleur than Soninke origin. The names al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila, but they may be references to his father or father's ancestors coming from either Futa Toro or Silla in the Senegal valley. Futa Toro was predominantly Toucouleur and Silla was predominantly Soninke.[6]
  5. ↑ Spelling variants: Kasay,[16] Kassaye,[13] Kassaï,[17] Kassey, Kassai, and Kasse[18]

References

  1. ↑ Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical By Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam
  2. ↑ Biographical information on historical African figures from globaled.org
  3. ↑ Muḥammad I Askia Songhai ruler from britannica.com
  4. 1 2 Hunwick 1999, p. 102.
  5. ↑ Bühnen 2005, p. 85.
  6. 1 2 Bühnen 2005.
  7. 1 2 Hunwick 1999, p. 335.
  8. ↑ de Moraes Farias 2008, p. 102.
  9. ↑ Gomez 2018, p. 226.
  10. ↑ Hunwick 1999, p. 103.
  11. ↑ Page, Willie F. (2005). Davis, R. Hunt (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History and Culture (Illustrated, revised ed.). Facts On File. p. 253.
  12. ↑ Bühnen 2005, p. 83.
  13. 1 2 Johnson, Hale & Belcher 1997, p. 126.
  14. ↑ Boubou Hama (1967). L'Histoire traditionnelle d'un peuple, les Zarma-Songhay (in French). Présence africaine.
  15. ↑ Bühnen 2005, p. 89.
  16. ↑ Hunwick 1999, p. 181.
  17. ↑ Houdas & Delafosse 1913, p. 114.
  18. ↑ Bellama 1970.
  19. ↑ Johnson, Hale & Belcher 1997, p. 126–127.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "Muhammad I Askia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  21. ↑ Green, Toby (2020). A Fistful of Shells. UK: Penguin Books. p. 62.
  22. ↑ Page, 22.
  23. ↑ Hunwick 1999, p. 180 n40.
  24. ↑ "Concubines and Power: Five Hundred Years in a Northern Nigerian Palace". epdf.tips. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  25. 1 2 Hunwick 1999, p. 184 n68.
  26. ↑ "The Invasion of Morocco in1591 and the Saadian Dynasty". University of Pennsylvania – African Studies Center.
  27. ↑ Vogel, Joseph O. (1997). Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures, and Environments. AltaMira Press. p. 493. ISBN 0-7619-8902-1.
  28. ↑ Johnston 2010.

Primary sources

Other sources

  • Bellama, David (1970). Si Ali and Askia Mohammed: two interpretations: the Muslim chronicles vs. Songhay oral tradition.
  • Bühnen, Stephan (2005). "Askiya Muḥammad I and his qabīla: name and provenance". Sudanic Africa. 1: 83–90. JSTOR 25653427.
  • Gomez, Michael A. (2018). African dominion: a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17742-7.
  • Houdas, O.; Delafosse, M. (1913). Tarikh el-Fettach ou Chronique du Chercheur, par Mahmoûd Kâti ben El-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel Kâti et l'un de ses petits-fils. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Hunwick, John O. (1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents. Islamic history and civilization : studies and texts. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11207-0.
  • Johnson, John William; Hale, Thomas A.; Belcher, Stephen, eds. (1997). Oral epics from Africa: vibrant voices from a vast continent. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21110-7.
  • Johnston, Casey (2010-09-20). "Statecraft as entertainment: Ars reviews Civilization V". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  • de Moraes Farias, Paulo F. (2008). "Intellectual innovation and reinvention of the Sahel: the seventeenth-century Timbuktu chronicles". In Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.). The meanings of Timbuktu. Cape Town: HSRC Press. ISBN 978-0-7969-2204-5.
  • Josef W. Meri; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index. Taylor & Francis. p. 764. ISBN 978-0-415-96692-4.
  • Stoller, Paul (1992), The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch, University of Chicago Press, p. 105, ISBN 9780226775487, retrieved 2021-06-04
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