"The Separation of the Spirit Body" from The Secret of the Golden Flower, a Chinese handbook on alchemy and meditation

Astral projection (also known as astral travel) is a term used in esotericism to describe an intentional out-of-body experience (OBE)[1][2] that assumes the existence of a subtle body, known as the astral body or body of light, through which consciousness can function separately from the physical body and travel throughout the astral plane.[3][4][5]

The idea of astral travel is ancient and occurs in multiple cultures. The term "astral projection" was coined and promoted by 19th-century Theosophists.[3] It is sometimes associated with dreams and forms of meditation.[6] Some individuals have reported perceptions similar to descriptions of astral projection that were induced through various hallucinogenic and hypnotic means (including self-hypnosis). There is no scientific evidence that there is a consciousness whose embodied functions are separate from normal neural activity or that one can consciously leave the body and make observations of the physical universe,[7] and astral projection has been characterized as a pseudoscience.[8]

Accounts

Ancient Egyptian

The ba hovering above the body. This image is based on an original found in The Book of the Dead.

Similar concepts of soul travel appear in various other religious traditions. For example, ancient Egyptian teachings present the soul (ba) as having the ability to hover outside the physical body via the ka, or subtle body.[9]

Indigenous traditions

Amazon

The yaskomo of the Waiwai is believed to have the ability to perform a soul flight that can serve several functions such as healing, flying to the sky to consult cosmological beings (the moon or the brother of the moon) to obtain a name for a new-born baby, flying to the cave of peccaries' mountains to ask the father of peccaries for abundance of game, or flying deep down in a river to seek the aid of other beings.[10]

Inuit

In some Inuit groups, individuals with special capabilities, known as angakkuq, are said to be able to travel to (mythological) remote places, and report their experiences and important matters back to their community. Those abilities would be unavailable to individuals with normal capabilities.[11] Among other things, an angakkuq was said to have the ability to stop bad hunting luck or heal a sick person.[12][13]

Hindu

Similar ideas such as the Liṅga Śarīra are found in ancient Hindu scriptures such as, the YogaVashishta-Maharamayana of Valmiki.[9] Modern Indians who have vouched for astral projection include Paramahansa Yogananda who witnessed Swami Pranabananda doing a miracle through a possible astral projection.[14]

The Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba described one's use of astral projection:

In the advancing stages leading to the beginning of the path, the aspirant becomes spiritually prepared for being entrusted with free use of the forces of the inner world of the astral bodies. He may then undertake astral journeys in his astral body, leaving the physical body in sleep or wakefulness. The astral journeys that are taken unconsciously are much less important than those undertaken with full consciousness and as a result of deliberate volition. This implies conscious use of the astral body. Conscious separation of the astral body from the outer vehicle of the gross body has its own value in making the soul feel its distinction from the gross body and in arriving at fuller control of the gross body. One can, at will, put on and take off the external gross body as if it were a cloak and use the astral body for experiencing the inner world of the astral and for undertaking journeys through it, if and when necessary....The ability to undertake astral journeys therefore involves considerable expansion of one's scope for experience. It brings opportunities for promoting one's own spiritual advancement, which begins with the involution of consciousness.[15]

Astral projection is one of the siddhis ('magical powers') considered achievable by yoga practitioners through self-disciplined practice. In the epic Mahabharata, Drona leaves his physical body to see if his son is alive.

The ikiryō as illustrated by Toriyama Sekien.

Japanese

In Japanese mythology, an ikiryō (生霊, also read as shōryō, seirei, or ikisudama) is a manifestation of the soul of a living person separately from their body.[16] Traditionally, if someone holds a sufficient grudge against another person, it is believed that a part or the whole of their soul can temporarily leave their body and appear before the target of their hate in order to curse or otherwise harm them, similar to an evil eye. Souls are also believed to leave a living body when the body is extremely sick or comatose; such ikiryō are not malevolent.[17][18]

Taoist

Taoist alchemical practice involves creation of an energy body by breathing meditations, drawing energy into a 'pearl' that is then circulated.[19]

Xiangzi ... with a drum as his pillow fell fast asleep, snoring and motionless. His primordial spirit, however, went straight into the banquet room and said, "My lords, here I am again." When Tuizhi walked with the officials to take a look, there really was a Taoist sleeping on the ground and snoring like thunder. Yet inside, in the side room, there was another Taoist beating a fisher drum and singing Taoist songs. The officials all said, "Although there are two different people, their faces and clothes are exactly alike. Clearly he is a divine immortal who can divide his body and appear in several places at once. ..." At that moment, the Taoist in the side room came walking out, and the Taoist sleeping on the ground woke up. The two merged into one.[20]

Judaic and Christian

Carrington, Muldoon, Peterson, and Williams say that the subtle body is attached to the physical body by means of a psychic silver cord.[21][22] The final chapter of the Book of Ecclesiastes is often cited in this respect: "Before the silver cord be loosed, or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be shattered at the fountain, or the wheel be broken at the cistern."[23] Scherman, however, contends that the context points to this being merely a metaphor, comparing the body to a machine, with the silver cord referring to the spine.[24]

Paul's Second Epistle to the Corinthians is more generally agreed to refer to the astral planes:[25] "I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heaven. Whether it was in the body or out of the body I do not know—God knows."[26]

Western esoteric

According to the classical, medieval, renaissance Hermeticism, Neoplatonism, and later Theosophist and Rosicrucian thought, the 'astral body' is an intermediate body of light linking the rational soul to the physical body while the astral plane is an intermediate world of light between Heaven and Earth, composed of the spheres of the planets and stars. These astral spheres were held to be populated by angels, demons, and spirits.[27][28]

In the Neoplatonism of Plotinus, for example, the individual is a microcosm ("small world") of the universe (the macrocosm or "great world"). "The rational soul...is akin to the great Soul of the World" while "the material universe, like the body, is made as a faded image of the Intelligible". Each succeeding plane of manifestation is causal to the next, a world-view known as emanationism; "from the One proceeds Intellect, from Intellect Soul, and from Soul—in its lower phase, or that of Nature—the material universe".[29] The idea of the astral figured prominently in the work of the nineteenth-century French occultist Eliphas Levi, whence it was adopted and developed further by Theosophy, and used afterwards by other esoteric movements.

The subtle bodies, and their associated planes of existence, form an essential part of some esoteric systems that deal with astral phenomena. Often these bodies and their planes of existence are depicted as a series of concentric circles or nested spheres, with a separate body traversing each realm.[30]

Terminology

The expression "astral projection" came to be used in two different ways. For the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn[31] and some Theosophists,[32] it retained the classical and medieval philosophers' meaning of journeying to other worlds, heavens, hells, the astrological spheres and other landscapes in the body of light; but outside these circles the term was increasingly applied to non-physical travel around the physical world.[33]

Though this usage continues to be widespread, the term, "etheric travel", used by some later Theosophists, offers a useful distinction. Some experiments say they visit different times and/or places:[34] etheric, then, is used to represent the sense of being out of the body in the physical world, whereas astral may connote some alteration in time-perception. Robert Monroe describes the former type of projection as "Locale I" or the "Here-Now", involving people and places that exist:[35] Robert Bruce calls it the "Real Time Zone" (RTZ) and describes it as the non-physical dimension-level closest to the physical.[36] This etheric body is usually, though not always, invisible but is often perceived by the experient as connected to the physical body during separation by a silver cord. Some link falling dreams with projection.[37]

According to Max Heindel, the etheric double serves as a medium between the astral and physical realms. In his system the ether, also called prana, is the vital force that empowers the physical forms to change. From his descriptions it can be inferred that, to him, when one views the physical during an out-of-body experience, one is not technically in the astral realm at all.[38]

Other experiments may describe a domain that has no parallel to any known physical setting. Environments may be populated or unpopulated, artificial, natural or abstract, and the experience may be beatific, horrific or neutral. A common Theosophical belief is that one may access a compendium of mystical knowledge called the Akashic records. In many accounts the experiencer correlates the astral world with the world of dreams. Some even report seeing other dreamers enacting dream scenarios unaware of their wider environment.[39]

The astral environment may also be divided into levels or sub-planes by theorists, but there are many different views in various traditions concerning the overall structure of the astral planes: they may include heavens and hells and other after-death spheres, transcendent environments, or other less-easily characterized states.[35][37][39]

Notable practitioners

Astral projection according to Carrington and Muldoon, 1929

Emanuel Swedenborg was one of the first practitioners to write extensively about the out-of-body experience, in his Spiritual Diary (1747–65). French philosopher and novelist Honoré de Balzac's fictional work Louis Lambert suggests he may have had some astral or out-of-body experiences.[40]

There are many 20th-century publications on astral projection,[41] although only a few authors remain widely cited. These include Robert Monroe,[42] Oliver Fox,[43] Sylvan Muldoon, and Hereward Carrington,[44] and Yram.[45]

Robert Monroe's accounts of journeys to other realms (1971–1994) popularized the term "OBE" and were translated into a large number of languages. Though his books themselves only placed secondary importance on descriptions of method, Monroe also founded an institute dedicated to research, exploration and non-profit dissemination of auditory technology for assisting others in achieving projection and related altered states of consciousness.

Robert Bruce,[46] William Buhlman,[47] Marilynn Hughes,[48] and Albert Taylor[49] have discussed their theories and findings on the syndicated show Coast to Coast AM several times. Michael Crichton gives lengthy and detailed explanations and experience of astral projection in his non-fiction book Travels.

In her book, My Religion, Helen Keller tells of her beliefs in Swedenborgianism and how she once traveled astrally to Athens:

I have been far away all this time, and I haven't left the room...It was clear to me that it was because I was a spirit that I had so vividly 'seen' and felt a place a thousand miles away. Space was nothing to spirit![50]

The practice of soul travel is taught in Surat Shabd Yoga, where the experience of leaving the body at will or while sleeping to visit the various planes of heaven is achieved mostly by meditation techniques and mantra repetition. All Sant Mat Gurus widely spoke about this kind of out of body experience, such as Kirpal Singh.[51]

In occult traditions, practices range from inducing trance states to the mental construction of a second body, called the Body of Light in Aleister Crowley's writings, through visualization and controlled breathing, followed by the transfer of consciousness to the secondary body by a mental act of will.[52]

Edgar Cayce wrote extensively on the subject.

Scientific reception

There is no known scientific evidence that astral projection as an objective phenomenon exists.[7][8][5]

There are cases of patients having experiences suggestive of astral projection from brain stimulation treatments and hallucinogenic drugs, such as ketamine, phencyclidine, and DMT.[5]

Robert Todd Carroll writes that the main evidence to support claims of astral travel is anecdotal and comes "in the form of testimonials of those who claim to have experienced being out of their bodies when they may have been out of their minds."[53] Subjects in parapsychological experiments have attempted to project their astral bodies to distant rooms and see what was happening. However, such experiments have not produced clear results.[54]

Psychologist Donovan Rawcliffe has claimed that astral projection can be explained by delusion, hallucination and vivid dreams.[55]

Arthur W. Wiggins, writing in Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins, said that purported evidence of the ability to astral travel great distances and give descriptions of places visited is predominantly anecdotal. In 1978, Ingo Swann provided a test of his alleged ability to astral travel to Jupiter and observe details of the planet. Actual findings and information were later compared to Swann's reported observations; according to an evaluation by James Randi, Swann's accuracy was "unconvincing and unimpressive" with an overall score of 37 percent. Wiggins considers astral travel an illusion, and looks to neuroanatomy, human belief, imagination and prior knowledge to provide prosaic explanations for those claiming to experience it.[56]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Varvoglis, Mario, Out-Of-Body Experiences (OBE or OOBE), archived from the original on 10 July 2016, retrieved 9 July 2016
  2. ↑ Myers, Frederic W.H. (2014), "Astral Projection", Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness Studies, 37 (1): 52
  3. 1 2 Crow, John L (2012), "Taming the astral body: the Theosophical Society's ongoing problem of emotion and control", Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 80 (3): 691–717, doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfs042
  4. ↑ "Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English, Preview Edition", Dictionary.com, n.d., archived from the original on 31 July 2016, retrieved 9 July 2016
  5. 1 2 3 Robert L. Park. (2008). Superstition: Belief in the Age of Sciences. Princeton University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 1400828775.
  6. ↑ Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren H. (1989), Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking, Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0805805086
  7. 1 2 Brian Regal. (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p. 29. ISBN 978-0313355073 "Other than anecdotal eyewitness accounts, there is no known evidence of the ability to astral project, the existence of other planes, or of the Akashic Record."
  8. 1 2 Hines 2003, pp. 103–106.
  9. 1 2 Melton, J. G. (1996). Out-of-the-body Travel. In Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0810394872.
  10. ↑ Fock 1963, p. 16.
  11. ↑ Hoppál 1975, p. 228.
  12. ↑ Kleivan & Sonne 1985, pp. 7–8, 12, 23–24, 26–31.
  13. ↑ Merkur 1985, pp. 4–6.
  14. ↑ Wikisource:Autobiography of a Yogi/Chapter 3
  15. ↑ Meher Baba 1967, pp. 90, 91.
  16. ↑ Clarke, Peter Bernard (2000). Japanese new religions: in global perspective, Volume 1999 (annotated ed.). Routledge. p. 247. ISBN 978-0700711857.
  17. ↑ Ramesh Chopra Academic Dictionary of Mythology 2005, p. 144
  18. ↑ Patrick Drazen A Gathering of Spirits: Japan's Ghost Story Tradition: from Folklore and Kabuki to Anime and Manga 2011, p. 131
  19. ↑ Chia, Mantak (2007) [1989]. Fusion of the Five Elements. Destiny Books. pp. 89ff. ISBN 978-1594771033.
  20. ↑ Erzeng, Yang (2007). The Story of Han Xiangzi. University of Washington Press. pp. 207–209. ISBN 978-0295986906.
  21. ↑ Muldoon & Carrington 1929, p. .
  22. ↑ Out of Body Experiences: How to have them and what to expect by Robert Peterson (chapters 5, 17, 22)
  23. ↑ Ecclesiastes 12:6
  24. ↑ Rabbi Nosson Scherman, ed. (2011). The ArtScroll English Tanach. ArtScroll Series (First ed.). Brooklyn, New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. p. 1150. ISBN 978-1422610657.
  25. ↑ Hankins, James (2007). "Ficino, Avicenna and the Occult Powers of the Rational Soul". Atti di Convegni (Istituto Nazionale di Studi Sul Rinascimento).
  26. ↑ 2 Corinthians 12:2
  27. ↑ Dodds, E.R. Proclus: The Elements of Theology. A revised text with translation, introduction, and commentary, 2nd edition 1963, Appendix.
  28. ↑ Pagel, Walter (1967). William Harvey's Biological Ideas. Karger Publishers. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-3805509626.
  29. ↑ John Gregory, The Neoplatonists, Kyle Cathie 1991 pp. 15–16
  30. ↑ Besant, Annie Wood (1897). The Ancient Wisdom: An Outline of Theosophical Teachings. Theosophical publishing society. ISBN 978-0524027127.
  31. ↑ Cicero & Cicero 2003, p. .
  32. ↑ Arthur A.Powell, The Astral Body and Other Astral Phenomena, The Theosophical Publishing House, London; Wheaton, Ill; Adyar, Chennai. 1927, reprinted in 1954 and 1965, p. 7, online June 2008 at http://hpb.narod.ru/AstralBodyByPowell-A.htm
  33. ↑ e.g. William Judge, The Ocean of Theosophy 2nd Ed. TPH, 1893, Chapter 5, book online June 2008 at http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/ocean/oce-hp.htm
  34. ↑ Astral-Projections.com"Secret Guide To Instant Astral Projection Archived 22 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine"
  35. 1 2 Monroe 1977, p. 60.
  36. ↑ Bruce 1999, pp. 25–27, 30–31.
  37. 1 2 Bruce 1999, p. .
  38. ↑ Heindel, Max, The Rosicrucian Mysteries (Chapter IV, The Constitution of Man: Vital Body – Desire Body – Mind), 1911, ISBN 0911274863
  39. 1 2 Monroe, Robert. Far Journeys. ISBN 0385231822
  40. ↑ Frederick Lawton Balzac The Echo Library, 2007, p. 18
  41. ↑ "GENERAL". obebibliography.info.
  42. ↑ "A biography of Robert Monroe by Susan Blackmore". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  43. ↑ "A biography of Oliver Fox by Susan Blackmore". Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  44. ↑ Blackmore, Susan. "A biography of Sylvan Muldoon". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009.
  45. ↑ "A biography of Yram by Susan Blackmore". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  46. ↑ "Robert Bruce – Biography & Interviews". Coast to Coast AM.
  47. ↑ "William Buhlman – Biography & Interviews". Coast to Coast AM.
  48. ↑ "Marilynn Hughes – Biography & Interviews". Coast to Coast AM.
  49. ↑ "Albert Taylor – Biography & Interviews". Coast to Coast AM.
  50. ↑ Keller, Helen (1927). My Religion (First ed.). Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Company. p. 33. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  51. ↑ See chapter V of the book Crown of Life by Kirpal Singh available online at
  52. ↑ Greer, John (1967). Astral Projection. In The New Encyclopedia of the Occult. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-1567183368.
  53. ↑ Carroll 2003, p. 33ff.
  54. ↑ Blackmore, Susan (1991). "Near-Death Experiences: In or out of the body?". Skeptical Inquirer 1991, 16, 34–45. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  55. ↑ Rawcliffe, Donovan. (1988). Occult and Supernatural phenomena. Dover Publications. p. 123
  56. ↑ Charles M. Wynn; Arthur W. Wiggins; Sidney Harris (2001). Quantum leaps in the wrong direction: where real science ends – and pseudoscience begins. Joseph Henry Press. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-0309073097. Retrieved 24 December 2011.

Works cited

  • Bruce, Robert (1999). Astral Dynamics: A New Approach to Out-of-Body Experiences. Hampton Roads Publishing. ISBN 1-57174-143-7.
  • Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-27242-6.
  • Cicero, Chic; Cicero, Tabatha (2003). The Essential Golden Dawn: An Introduction to High Magic. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 0-7387-0310-9.
  • Fock, Niels (1963). Waiwai: Religion and society of an Amazonian tribe. Nationalmuseets Skrifter Etnografisk Række [Ethnographic Series]. Vol. VIII. Copenhagen: The National Museum of Denmark.
  • Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-979-4.
  • Hoppál, Mihály (1975). "Az uráli népek hiedelemvilága és a samanizmus" [The belief system of Uralic peoples and the shamanism]. In Hajdú, Péter (ed.). Uráli népek: Nyelvrokonaink kultúrája és hagyományai [Uralic peoples: Culture and traditions of our linguistic relatives] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Corvina Kiadó. pp. 211–233. ISBN 978-963-13-0900-3.
  • Kleivan, Inge; Sonne, B. (1985). Iconography of Religions: Arctic peoples. Eskimos, Greenland and Canada. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07160-5.
  • Klemp, Harold (2003). Past Lives, Dreams, and Soul Travel. Eckankar. Minneapolis, MN: Eckankar. ISBN 978-1-57043-182-1.
  • Meher Baba (1967). Discourses. Vol. II. San Francisco: Sufism Reoriented. ISBN 1-880619-09-1.
  • Merkur, Daniel (1985). Becoming Half Hidden: Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit. Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN 978-91-22-00752-4.
  • Monroe, Robert (1977) [1971]. Journeys Out of the Body. Harmony/Rodale. ISBN 0-385-00861-9.
  • Muldoon, Sylvan; Carrington, Hereward (1929). Projection of the Astral Body. Rider and Company. ISBN 0-7661-4604-9.

Further reading

  • Hoppál, Mihály (2005). Sámánok Eurázsiában [Shamans in Eurasia] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-8295-7.
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