Audie Murphy
Murphy wearing the U.S. Army khaki "Class A" (tropical service) uniform with full-size medals, 1948
Born(1925-06-20)20 June 1925[ALM 1]
Kingston, Texas, U.S.
Died28 May 1971(1971-05-28) (aged 45)
14 nautical miles northwest of Roanoke, Virginia, U.S.[ALM 2]
Buried
Arlington National Cemetery
AllegianceUnited States
Service/branch
Years of service
Rank
Service number
  • 18083707 (as enlisted man)[1]
  • 01692509 (as officer)[2][1]
Unit
Battles/wars
Awards
Other work
  • Actor
  • songwriter
  • rancher
SignatureAudie Murphy
Websiteaudiemurphy.com

Audie Leon Murphy (20 June 1925 – 28 May 1971) was an American soldier, actor, and songwriter. He was one of the most decorated American combat soldiers of World War II.[3] He received every military combat award for valor available from the United States Army, as well as French and Belgian awards for heroism. Murphy received the Medal of Honor for valor that he demonstrated at the age of 19 for single-handedly holding off a company of German soldiers for an hour at the Colmar Pocket in France in January 1945, before leading a successful counterattack while wounded and out of ammunition.

Murphy was born into a large family of sharecroppers in Hunt County, Texas. After his father abandoned them, his mother died when he was a teenager. Murphy left school in fifth grade to pick cotton and find other work to help support his family; his skill with a hunting rifle helped feed his family.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Murphy's older sister helped him to falsify documentation about his birthdate in order to meet the minimum age requirement for enlisting in the military. Turned down initially for being underweight by the Army, Navy and the Marine Corps, he eventually was able to enlist in the Army. He first saw action in the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily; then in 1944 he participated in the Battle of Anzio, the liberation of Rome, and the invasion of southern France. Murphy fought at Montélimar and led his men on a successful assault at L'Omet quarry near Cleurie in northeastern France in October. Despite suffering from multiple illnesses and wounds throughout his service, Murphy become one of the most praised and decorated soldiers of World War II.[4] He is credited with killing 241 enemy soldiers.[5][6]

After the war, Murphy embarked on a 21-year acting career. He played himself in the 1955 autobiographical film To Hell and Back, based on his 1949 memoirs of the same name, but most of his roles were in Westerns. He made guest appearances on celebrity television shows and starred in the series Whispering Smith. Murphy was a fairly accomplished songwriter. He bred quarter horses in California and Arizona, and became a regular participant in horse racing.

Because Murphy had what would today be described as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), he slept with a loaded handgun under his pillow. He looked for solace in addictive sleeping pills. In his last few years, he was plagued by money problems but refused offers to appear in alcohol and cigarette commercials because he did not want to set a bad example. Murphy died in a plane crash in Virginia in 1971, shortly before his 46th birthday. He was interred with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, where his grave is one of the most visited.

Early life

Murphy was born on 20 June 1925, in Kingston, a small rural community in Hunt County in northeastern Texas.[ALM 1] He was the seventh of twelve children born to Emmett Berry Murphy (1887–1976) and his wife Josie Bell Murphy (née Killian; 1891–1941). The Murphys were sharecroppers, of English, Irish, Scots-Irish, Scottish, and German descent.[11][12][13]

As a child, Murphy was a loner with mood swings and an explosive temper.[14] He grew up in northeastern Texas around the towns of Farmersville, Greenville, and Celeste, where he attended elementary school.[15] His father drifted in and out of the family's life and eventually deserted them. Murphy dropped out of school in fifth grade and got a job picking cotton for a dollar a day (equivalent to $21 in 2022) to help support his family; he also became skilled with a rifle, hunting small game to help feed them. After his mother died of endocarditis and pneumonia[16] in 1941, he worked at a radio repair shop and at a combination general store, garage and gas station in Greenville.[17] Hunt County authorities placed his three youngest siblings in Boles Children's Home,[18] a Christian orphanage in Quinlan. After the war, he bought a house in Farmersville for his eldest sister Corinne and her husband, Poland Burns. His other siblings briefly shared the home.[19]

The loss of his mother stayed with Murphy throughout his life. He later stated:

She died when I was sixteen. She had the most beautiful hair I've ever seen. It reached almost to the floor. She rarely talked; and always seemed to be searching for something. What it was I don't know. We didn't discuss our feelings. But when she passed away, she took something of me with her. It seems I've been searching for it ever since.[20]

World War II service

Murphy had always wanted to be a soldier. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, he tried to enlist,[17] but the Army, Navy and Marine Corps all turned him down for being underweight and underage. After his sister provided an affidavit that falsified his birth date by a year, he was accepted by the U.S. Army on 30 June 1942.[ALM 1][ALM 3] After basic training at Camp Wolters,[25] he was sent to Fort Meade for advanced infantry training.[26] During basic training, he earned the Marksman Badge with Rifle Component Bar and Expert Badge with Bayonet Component Bar.[27]

Mediterranean Theater

Allied landing in Sicily, Licata Sector Joss Beach Mollarella Poliscia, Marker erected 10 July 2011

Murphy was shipped to Casablanca in French Morocco on 20 February 1943. He was assigned to Company B, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division, which trained under the command of Major General Lucian Truscott.[28][29] After the 13 May surrender of the Axis forces in French Tunisia,[30] the division was put in charge of the prisoners.[31] He participated as a platoon messenger with his division at Arzew in Algeria in rigorous training for the Allied assault landings in Sicily.[32] Murphy was promoted to private first class on 7 May and corporal on 15 July.[33][34]

When the 3rd Infantry landed at Licata, Sicily, on 10 July, Murphy was a division runner.[35][36] On a scouting patrol, he killed two fleeing Italian officers near Canicattì.[37] Sidelined with illness for a week when Company B arrived in Palermo on 20 July,[38] he rejoined them when they were assigned to a hillside location protecting a machine-gun emplacement, while the rest of the 3rd Infantry Division fought at San Fratello en route to the Allied capture of the transit port of Messina.[39]

Murphy participated in Operation Avalanche, the September 1943 mainland Salerno landing at Battipaglia.[40] While on a scouting party along the Volturno river, he and two other soldiers were ambushed; German machine gun fire killed one soldier. Murphy and the other survivor responded by killing five Germans with hand grenades and machine gun fire.[41] While taking part in the October Allied assault on the Volturno Line,[40][42] near Mignano Monte Lungo Hill 193, he and his company repelled an attack by seven German soldiers, killing three and taking four prisoner.[43] Murphy was promoted to sergeant on 13 December.[44]

In January 1944, Murphy was promoted to staff sergeant.[44] He was hospitalized in Naples with malaria on 21 January and was unable to participate in the initial landing at the Anzio beachhead.[45] He returned on 29 January and participated in the First Battle of Cisterna,[46][47] and was made a platoon sergeant in Company B following the battle.[48] He returned with the 3rd Division to Anzio, where they remained for four months.[49] Taking shelter from the weather in an abandoned farmhouse on 2 March, Murphy and his platoon killed the crew of a passing German tank.[50] He then crawled out alone close enough to destroy the tank with rifle grenades, for which he received the Bronze Star with "V" device.[51][52]

Murphy continued to make scouting patrols to take German prisoners before being hospitalized for a week on 13 March with a second bout of malaria. Sixty-one infantry officers and enlisted men of Company B, 15th Infantry, including Murphy, were awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge on 8 May.[53]

Murphy was awarded a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Bronze Star.[54][55] American forces liberated Rome on 4 June, and Murphy remained bivouacked in Rome with his platoon throughout July.[56]

European Theater

During the first wave of the Allied invasion of southern France, Murphy received the Distinguished Service Cross[57][58] for action taken on 15 August 1944.[59] After landing on Yellow Beach near Ramatuelle,[60] Murphy's platoon was making its way through a vineyard when the men were attacked by German soldiers. He retrieved a machine gun that had been detached from the squad and returned fire at the German soldiers, killing two and wounding one.[60] Two Germans exited a house about 100 yards (91 m) away and appeared to surrender; when Murphy's best friend responded, they shot and killed him. Murphy advanced alone on the house under direct fire. He killed six, wounded two and took 11 prisoners.[60]

Murphy was with the 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment during the 27–28 August offensive at Montélimar that secured the area from the Germans.[59][61] Along with the other soldiers who took part in the action, he received the Presidential Unit Citation.[62]

Murphy's first Purple Heart was for a heel wound received in a mortar shell blast on 15 September 1944 in northeastern France.[63][64][65] His first Silver Star came after he killed four and wounded three at a German machine gun position on 2 October at L'Omet quarry in the Cleurie valley.[57] Three days later, Murphy crawled alone towards the Germans at L'Omet, carrying an SCR-536 radio and directing his men for an hour while the Germans fired directly at him. When his men finally took the hill, 15 Germans had been killed and 35 wounded. Murphy's actions earned him a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Silver Star.[66] He was awarded a battlefield commission to second lieutenant on 14 October, which elevated him to platoon leader.[67] While en route to Brouvelieures on 26 October, the 3rd Platoon of Company B was attacked by a German sniper group. Murphy captured two before being shot in the hip by a sniper; he returned fire and shot the sniper between the eyes. At the 3rd General Hospital at Aix-en-Provence,[68] the removal of gangrene from the wound caused partial loss of his hip muscle and kept him out of combat until January.[57] Murphy received his first Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart for this injury.[69][70]

The Colmar Pocket, 850 square miles (2,200 km2) in the Vosges Mountains, had been held by German troops since November 1944.[71] On 14 January 1945, Murphy rejoined his platoon, which had been moved to the Colmar area in December.[72] He moved with the 3rd Division on 24 January to the town of Holtzwihr, where they faced a strong German counterattack.[73] He was wounded in both legs, for which he received a second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart.[74] As the company awaited reinforcements on 26 January, he was made commander of Company B.[75]

The Germans scored a direct hit on an M10 tank destroyer, setting it alight, forcing the crew to abandon it.[76] Murphy ordered his men to retreat to positions in the woods, remaining alone at his post, shooting his M1 carbine and directing artillery fire via his field radio while the Germans aimed fire directly at his position.[77] Murphy mounted the abandoned, burning tank destroyer and began firing its .50 caliber machine gun at the advancing Germans, killing a squad crawling through a ditch towards him.[78] For an hour, Murphy stood on the flaming tank destroyer returning German fire from foot soldiers and advancing tanks, killing or wounding 50 Germans. He sustained a leg wound during his stand, and stopped only after he ran out of ammunition. Murphy rejoined his men, disregarding his own injury, and led them back to repel the Germans. He insisted on remaining with his men while his wounds were treated.[76]

For his actions that day, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.[79] The 3rd Infantry Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at the Colmar Pocket, giving Murphy a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for the emblem.[80]

On 16 February, Murphy was promoted to first lieutenant[81] and was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service from 22 January 1944 to 18 February 1945.[82] He was moved from the front lines to Regimental Headquarters and made a liaison officer.[83]

Decorations

Army version of the Medal of Honor

The United States additionally honored Murphy's war contributions with the American Campaign Medal,[84] the European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with arrowhead device and 9 campaign stars, the World War II Victory Medal,[84] and the Army of Occupation Medal with Germany Clasp.[52][84] France recognized his service with the French Legion of Honor – Grade of Chevalier,[85] the French Croix de guerre with Silver Star,[86] the French Croix de guerre with Palm,[87] the French Liberation Medal[52][84] and the French Fourragère in Colors of the Croix de guerre,[52] which was authorized for all members of the 3rd Infantry Division who fought in France during World War II. Belgium awarded Murphy the Belgian Croix de guerre with 1940 Palm.[87]

Brigadier General Ralph B. Lovett and Lieutenant Colonel Hallet D. Edson recommended Murphy for the Medal of Honor.[88][89] Near Salzburg, Austria on 2 June 1945,[90] Lieutenant General A.M. Patch[19] presented Murphy with the Medal of Honor and Legion of Merit for his actions at Holtzwihr. When asked after the war why he had seized the machine gun and taken on an entire company of German infantry, he replied, "They were killing my friends."[91]

Murphy received every U.S. military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army for his World War II service.[ALM 4]

Postwar military service

Inquiries were made through official channels about the prospect of Murphy attending West Point upon his return to the United States, but he never enrolled.[10][94] According to author Don Graham, Murphy suggested the idea and then dropped it, possibly when he realized the extent of academic preparation needed to pass the entrance exam.[95]

Murphy was one of several military personnel who received orders on 8 June 1945 to report to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, for temporary duty and reassignment.[10][94] Upon arrival on 13 June, he was one of four assigned to Fort Sam Houston Army Ground & Services Redistribution Station and sent home for 30 days of recuperation, with permission to travel anywhere within the United States during that period.[10] While on leave, Murphy was feted with parades, banquets, and speeches.[96] He received a belated Good Conduct Medal on 21 August.[97]

He was discharged with the rank of first lieutenant at a 50 percent disability classification on 21 September and transferred to the Officers' Reserve Corps.[ALM 5]

Post-traumatic stress

Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital in San Antonio, Texas

Since his military service, Murphy had been plagued with insomnia and bouts of depression, and he slept with a loaded pistol under his pillow.[99][100] A post-service medical examination on 17 June 1947 revealed symptoms of headaches, vomiting, and nightmares about the war. His medical records indicated that he took sleeping pills to help prevent nightmares.[101] During the mid-1960s, he recognized his dependence on the sedative Placidyl, and locked himself alone in a hotel room for a week to successfully break the addiction.[19] Post-traumatic stress levels exacerbated his innate moodiness,[14] and surfaced in episodes that friends and professional colleagues found alarming.[102] His first wife, Dixie Wanda Hendrix, claimed he once held her at gunpoint.[103] She witnessed her husband being guilt-ridden and tearful over newsreel footage of German war orphans.[104] Murphy briefly found a creative stress outlet in writing poetry after his Army discharge. His poem "The Crosses Grow on Anzio" appeared in his book To Hell and Back,[105] but was attributed to the fictitious character Kerrigan.[106]

To draw attention to the problems of returning Korean War and Vietnam War veterans, Murphy spoke out candidly about his own problems with post-traumatic stress disorder.[107] It was known during Murphy's lifetime as "battle fatigue" and "shell shock", terminology that dated back to World War I. He called on the government to give increased consideration and study to the emotional impact of combat experiences, and to extend health care benefits to war veterans.[108][109] As a result of legislation introduced by U.S. Congressman Olin Teague five months after Murphy's death in 1971, the Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital[110] in San Antonio, now a part of the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, was dedicated in 1973.[111][112]

Texas Army National Guard

At the end of World War II, the 36th Infantry Division reverted to state control as part of the Texas Army National Guard,[113] and Murphy's friends, Major General H. Miller Ainsworth and Brigadier General Carl L. Phinney, were the 36th's commander and deputy commander respectively. After the 25 June 1950 commencement of the Korean War, Murphy began a second military career and was commissioned as a captain in the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas Army National Guard.[114][115] He drilled new recruits in the summer training camps, and granted the Guard permission to use his name and image in recruiting materials.[116] Although he wanted to join the fighting and juggled training activities with his film career, the 36th Infantry Division was never sent to Korea.[117][118]

At his request, he transferred to inactive status on 1 October 1951 because of his film commitments with MGM Studios, and returned to active status in 1955. Murphy was promoted to the rank of major by the Texas Army National Guard in 1956 and returned to inactive status in 1957.[119] In 1969, his official separation from the Guard transferred him to the United States Army Reserve.[120] He remained with the USAR until his transfer to the Retired Reserve later in 1969.[121]

Film career

Murphy in The Red Badge of Courage (1951)

During an acting career spanning from 1948 to 1969, Murphy made more than 40 feature films and one television series.[ALM 6] When actor and producer James Cagney saw the 16 July 1945 issue of Life magazine depicting Murphy as the "most decorated soldier",[93] he brought him to Hollywood. Cagney and his brother William signed him as a contract player for their production company and gave him training in acting, voice and dance. They never cast Murphy in a movie and a personal disagreement ended the association in 1947.[123] Murphy later worked with acting coach Estelle Harman, and honed his diction by reciting dialogue from William Shakespeare and William Saroyan.[124]

Murphy moved into Terry Hunt's Athletic Club in Hollywood where he lived until 1948.[125][126] Hollywood writer David "Spec" McClure befriended Murphy, collaborating with him on Murphy's 1949 book To Hell and Back.[127] McClure used his connections to get a $500 (equivalent to $6,000 in 2022) bit part in Texas, Brooklyn & Heaven (1948) for Murphy.[128] He had been dating actress Wanda Hendrix since 1946.[129] Her talent agent got him a bit part in the Alan Ladd film Beyond Glory directed by John Farrow.[130] His 1949 film Bad Boy gave him his first leading role.[131] The film's financial backers refused to bankroll the project unless Murphy was given the lead;[132] thus, Allied Artists put aside their reservations about using an inexperienced actor and gave him the starring role.[133]

Murphy in The Red Badge of Courage

Universal Studios signed Murphy to a seven-year studio contract at $2,500 a week (equivalent to $30,400 in 2022).[134][135] His first film for them was as Billy the Kid in The Kid from Texas in 1950. He wrapped up that year making Sierra starring Wanda Hendrix, who by that time had become his wife,[136] and Kansas Raiders as outlaw Jesse James. Universal lent him to MGM in 1951 at a salary of $25,000[137] to play the lead of The Youth[ALM 7] in The Red Badge of Courage, directed by John Huston.[139] Murphy and Huston worked together again in the 1960 film The Unforgiven.[140]

The only film Murphy made in 1952 was The Duel at Silver Creek with director Don Siegel. Murphy worked with Siegel one more time in 1958 for The Gun Runners. In 1953, he starred in Frederick de Cordova's Column South,[141] and played Jim Harvey in Nathan Juran's Tumbleweed, an adaptation of the Kenneth Perkins novel Three Were Renegades.[142][143] Director Nathan Juran also directed Gunsmoke and Drums Across the River.[144] George Marshall directed Murphy in the 1954 Destry, a remake of Destry Rides Again, based on a character created by author Max Brand.[145]

Although Murphy was initially reluctant to appear as himself in To Hell and Back, the 1955 adaptation of his book directed by Jesse Hibbs, he eventually agreed;[146] it became the biggest hit in the history of Universal Studios at the time.[147][148] To help publicize the release of the film, he made guest appearances on television shows such as What's My Line?,[ALM 8] Toast of the Town,[149] and Colgate Comedy Hour.[ALM 9] The Hibbs-Murphy team proved so successful in To Hell and Back[150] that the two worked together on five subsequent films. The partnership resulted in Murphy appearing as John Phillip Clum in the 1956 western Walk the Proud Land,[151] and the non-westerns Joe Butterfly[152] and World in My Corner. They worked together for the last time in the 1958 western Ride a Crooked Trail.[153]

Joseph L. Mankiewicz hired Murphy to play the titular role[ALM 10] in the 1958 film The Quiet American.[155] Murphy formed a partnership with Harry Joe Brown to make three films, starting with The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957). The partnership fell into disagreement over the remaining two projects, and Brown filed suit against Murphy.[156]

In 1957 Murphy was cast as The Utica Kid along with James Stewart and Dan Duryea in the western Night Passage.[157]

Murphy was featured in three westerns in 1959: he starred opposite Sandra Dee in The Wild and the Innocent,[158] collaborated as an uncredited co-producer with Walter Mirisch on the black and white Cast a Long Shadow, and performed as a hired killer in No Name on the Bullet, a film that was well received by critics.[159] Thelma Ritter was his costar in the 1960 Startime television episode "The Man".[160] During the early 1960s, Murphy donated his time and otherwise lent his name and image for three episodes of The Big Picture television series produced by the United States Army. He received the 1960 Outstanding Civilian Service Medal for his cooperation in the episode Broken Bridge, which featured his visits to military installations in Germany, Italy, Turkey and the U.S. state of New Mexico to showcase the military's latest weaponry.[161][162]

Writer Clair Huffaker wrote the 1961 screenplays for Murphy's films Seven Ways from Sundown and Posse from Hell.[163] Willard W. Willingham and his wife Mary Willingham befriended Murphy in his early days in Hollywood and worked with him on a number of projects.[164][165][166]

Willard was a producer on Murphy's 1961 television series Whispering Smith,[167] and co-wrote the screenplay for Battle at Bloody Beach that year.[168] He collaborated on Bullet for a Badman[169] in 1964 and Arizona Raiders in 1965.[170] The Willinghams as a team wrote the screenplay for Gunpoint[171] as well as the script for Murphy's last starring lead in the western 40 Guns to Apache Pass in 1967.[172] Murphy made Trunk to Cairo in Israel in 1966.[173]

He first met director Budd Boetticher when Murphy requested to be his boxing partner at Terry Hunt's Athletic Club.[174] He subsequently appeared in the 1951 title role of Boetticher's first western The Cimarron Kid.[175] Boetticher wrote the script in 1969 for Murphy's last film, A Time for Dying.[176] Two other projects that Murphy and Boetticher planned to collaborate on – A Horse for Mr Barnum and When There's Sumpthin' to Do – never came to fruition.[177]

Personal life

Murphy in 1961

Murphy married actress Wanda Hendrix in 1949.[178] Their divorce became final two years later in 1951.[179] Four days later, he married former airline stewardess Pamela Opal Lee Archer, with whom[180] he had two sons: Terry Michael[181][182] and James Shannon.[183]

Murphy bred quarter horses at the Audie Murphy Ranch in what is now Menifee, California, and the Murphy Ranch in Pima County, Arizona.[ALM 11]

His horses raced at the Del Mar Racetrack, and he invested large sums of money in the hobby.[186] Murphy's gambling left his finances in a poor state. In 1968, he stated that he lost $260,000 in an Algerian oil deal and was dealing with the Internal Revenue Service over unpaid taxes.[187] In spite of his financial difficulties, Murphy refused to appear in commercials for alcohol and cigarettes, mindful of the influence he would have on the youth market.[188]

He was noted for a quick, fierce temper, and was involved in various violent altercations during his adult life.[189] In May 1970, he was arrested in Burbank, California, charged with battery and assault with intent to commit murder in a dispute with a dog trainer. He was accused of firing a shot at the man, which he denied.[190][191] Murphy was cleared of the charges.[192]

Death and commemorations

Murphy's headstone at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia

On 28 May 1971, Murphy was killed when the private plane in which he was a passenger crashed into the side of a mountain 14 nautical miles northwest of Roanoke, Virginia,[193] in conditions of rain, clouds, fog, and zero visibility.[ALM 2][196] The pilot and four other passengers were also killed.[195]

The aircraft was a twin-engine Aero Commander 680 flown by a pilot who had a private-pilot license and a reported 8,000 hours of flying time, but who held no instrument rating. The aircraft was recovered on 31 May.[197] After her husband's death, Pamela Murphy moved into a small apartment and got a clerk position at the Sepulveda Veterans Administration Hospital in Los Angeles, where she remained employed for 35 years.[198]

Monument at the site of the Virginia plane crash in which Audie Murphy was killed

On 7 June 1971, Murphy was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.[199] In attendance were Ambassador to the U.N. George H. W. Bush, Army Chief of Staff William Westmoreland, and many of the 3rd Infantry Division.[200] Murphy's gravesite is in Section 46, headstone number 46-366-11, located across Memorial Drive from the Amphitheater. A special flagstone walkway was later constructed to accommodate the large number of people who visit to pay their respects. It is the cemetery's second most-visited gravesite, after that of President John F. Kennedy.[201]

The headstones of Medal of Honor recipients buried at Arlington National Cemetery are normally decorated in gold leaf. Murphy previously requested that his stone remain plain and inconspicuous, like that of an ordinary soldier.[202] The headstone contains the birth year 1924, based upon purportedly falsified materials among his military records.[203]

In 1974, a large granite marker was erected just off the Appalachian Trail at 37°21′52″N 80°13′33″W / 37.364554°N 80.225748°W / 37.364554; -80.225748 (Audie Murphy monument) at 3,100' elevation, near the crash site.[204]

In 1975, a court awarded Murphy's widow, Pamela, and their two children $2.5 million in damages because of the accident.[194]

Civilian honors were bestowed on Murphy during his lifetime and posthumously, including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[205] In 2013, Murphy was honored by his home state with the Texas Legislative Medal of Honor.[ALM 12]

Songwriting

David McClure, his collaborator on the book To Hell and Back, discovered Murphy's talent for poetry during their work on the memoir when he found discarded verses in Murphy's Hollywood apartment. One of those poems, "The Crosses Grow on Anzio", appears in To Hell and Back attributed to a soldier named Kerrigan. Only two others survived, "Alone and Far Removed" and "Freedom Flies in Your Heart Like an Eagle". The latter was part of a speech Murphy had written at a 1968 dedication of the Alabama War Memorial in Montgomery, and later set to music by Scott Turner under the title "Dusty Old Helmet".[210]

Murphy was a fan of country music, in particular Bob Wills and Chet Atkins, but was not a singer or musician himself.[211] Through his friend Guy Mitchell, Murphy was introduced to songwriter Scott Turner in 1961.[212][213] The two collaborated on numerous songs between 1962 and 1970, the most successful of which were "Shutters and Boards" and "When the Wind Blows in Chicago".[214]

Notes

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 Murphy's son Terry is the President of the Audie Murphy Research Foundation, which in both its biographical sketch and Murphy Family Tree list his year of birth as 1925.[7] Murphy's date of birth has been given as both 1924 and 1925 by Murphy himself. He seemed to go back and forth on the dates for the rest of his life. His sister, Mrs. Corinne Burns, as his nearest living kin, had signed a notarized document attesting to the birth date of 20 June 1924 that Murphy put on his enlistment application, falsifying his year of birth so he could meet the U.S. Army age qualification for enlistment. Subsequently, all military records show the purportedly falsified date as his birth date.[8] His California driver's license showed a birth date of 1925.[9][10]
  2. 1 2 Sources differ on the location of the plane crash. The National Transportation Safety Board press release identifies the crash site as Brushy Mountain,[193] as does the wrongful death lawsuit filed by Murphy's widow and sons.[194] Other sources state that the crash site was on Brush Mountain, which is where the Veterans of Foreign Wars memorial to Murphy has been established.[195][196]
  3. ↑ Conflicting information exists as to Murphy's date and place of enlistment. The Audie L. Murphy Memorial website has scanned documents from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration that include Corinne Burns' statement and Murphy's "Induction Record", which shows him "Enlisted at Dallas, Texas" on 30 June 1942, and the line above it says "Accepted for service at Greenville, Texas". The National Register of Historic Places Listing added the Greenville post office as historic site number 74002081 in 1974, citing it as Murphy's place of enlistment, possibly referring to the act the military termed "Accepted for service". The NRHP also shows his enlistment date as 20 June 1942 which might be the date he was accepted for service.[19][21][22][23][24]
  4. ↑ Murphy's war service was combat-related. Therefore, he did not receive the non-combat Soldier's Medal. Act of Congress (Public Law 446–69th Congress, 2 July 1926 (44 Stat. 780) established the Soldier's Medal for heroism "as defined in 10 USC 101(d), at the time of the heroic act who distinguished himself or herself by heroism not involving actual combat with the enemy.")[92] At the end of his World War II service, Murphy became known as America's most decorated soldier.[93]
  5. ↑ The Officers' Reserve Corps was originally one of several units of the United States Organized Reserve that also included the Enlisted Reserve Corps, Reserve Officers' Training Corps and the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Organized Reserve was restructured during the Korean War and renamed the United States Army Reserve. The new structure was divided into the Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve and Retired Reserve.[94][98]
  6. ↑ The exact count on the number of feature films Murphy made varies by source. The Hollywood Walk of Fame and other sources put his total number of feature films at 44.[122]
  7. ↑ Henry Fleming is the Youth in Stephen Crane's novel. In the 1951 film, Fleming is played by Murphy as the unnamed character "The Youth". However, Fleming is addressed by name when other characters are speaking to him.[138]
  8. ↑ YouTube has several uploaded versions of the 5-minute What's My Line segment that features Murphy as the mystery guest. Listed as Episode dated 3 July 1955 at IMDb
  9. ↑ 56-minute uploaded on YouTube as Audie Murphy Attends Beverly Hilton Grand Opening 1955. He appears at 28:48 and briefly talks with Hedda Hopper about how he once gave his medals away but had them replaced by the U.S. Army.
  10. ↑ Alden Pyle is the American in Graham Greene's novel. In the 1958 film, Pyle is played by Murphy as the unnamed character "The American"[154]
  11. ↑ The Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website has user-generated information on an Arizona quarter horse ranch Murphy purchased in 1956 and sold to Guy Mitchell in 1958.[184] While not stating that the use of Murphy's name and image were authorized by his estate, the website of the Menifee residential development Audie Murphy Ranch claims it is the location of the ranch Murphy owned in California.[185] Menifee was incorporated in 2008 and borders the community of Perris.
  12. ↑ The actual award was presented by Governor Rick Perry to Murphy's family on 29 October 2013 at a ceremony in Farmersville, Texas.[206][207][208][209]

Citations

  1. 1 2 Reyna, Charmaine (25 January 2013). "Lead From The Front: Sergeant Audie Murphy Study Guide" (PDF). Fort Lee. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  2. ↑ Audie Murphy's Medal of Honor citation (War Department GO 45, 9 August 1945)
  3. ↑ "Audie Murphy Single-handedly Stopped a German Attack". The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  4. ↑ Andrews, Evan (29 August 2018). "WWII Hero Audie Murphy: 'How Come I'm Not Dead?'". HISTORY. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  5. ↑ Kernan, Michael (28 July 1989). "Audie Murphy, Killer Hero". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  6. ↑ Martin, Philip (19 July 2020). "Critical Mass: Unassuming Audie Murphy a true American hero". arkansasonline.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  7. ↑ "BIOGRAPHY A short biographical sketch". Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  8. ↑ "Scan of original Application for Degrees, N. Hollywood Freemasons" (PDF). Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  9. ↑ "Scan of charred California driver's license for Audie Murphy, recovered from crash site after his death" (PDF). Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Scan of service records 1942–1971" (PDF). Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  11. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 5.
  12. ↑ Webb, James (25 January 2011). Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America. Mainstream. ISBN 978-1-907195-89-1.
  13. ↑ Rodgers, Richard L. (18 December 2020). "Upgrading Audie Murphy's Family Tree" (PDF). Audie Murphy Newsletter.
  14. 1 2 Murphy 2002, pp. 4–7.
  15. ↑ "Celeste, Texas". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  16. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 28.
  17. 1 2 Murphy 2002, p. 7.
  18. ↑ Minor, David (12 June 2010). "Boles Home". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Tate 2006, pp. 152–63.
  20. ↑ Murphy 2002, p. 143.
  21. ↑ "Scan of Audie Murphy's Service Record book" (PDF). Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website.
  22. ↑ "NRHP Greenville Post Office". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  23. ↑ "The Old Greenville Post Office". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  24. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 23, 24.
  25. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 29.
  26. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 33–34.
  27. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 49.
  28. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 36.
  29. ↑ Champagne 2008, p. 41.
  30. ↑ "To Bizerte with the II Corps, 23 April-13 May 1943, the Second Phase". Center of Military History United States Army. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  31. ↑ Champagne 2008, p. 45.
  32. ↑ Champagne 2008, pp. 45–47.
  33. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 37.
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  36. ↑ "Sicily 1943". CMH Pub 72-16. Center of Military History United States Army. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  37. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 40.
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  40. 1 2 Graham 1989, p. 47.
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  42. ↑ "Naples-Foggia 1943 1944". CMH Pub 72-17. Center of Military History United States Army. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
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  44. 1 2 Champagne 2008, p. 106.
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  46. ↑ "The Allied Offensive (30 January–1 February)". Anzio Beachhead CMH Pub 100-10. Center of Military History United States Army. pp. 28–36. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  47. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 51, 52.
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  49. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 54.
  50. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 58, 59.
  51. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 59.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Tanber, George G. (5 May 2005). "Who Had More Medals? Depends on Who's Counting". Toledo Blade. p. 3. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  53. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 102.
  54. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 276.
  55. ↑ "Hall of Valor". Military Times. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  56. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 64–65.
  57. 1 2 3 Brinkley 2004, p. 191.
  58. ↑ Champagne 2008, p. 161.
  59. 1 2 "Southern France". CMH Pub 72-31. Center of Military History United States Army. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  60. 1 2 3 Hollen, Staff Sergeant Norman (December 1944). Statement describing Murphy's August 15, 1944 actions near Ramatuelle, France. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299779. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  61. ↑ Clarke & Smith 1993, p. 166.
  62. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 124.
  63. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 72.
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  66. ↑ Simpson 1975, pp. 131–35.
  67. ↑ Fredriksen 2010, p. 279.
  68. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 81–83.
  69. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 82.
  70. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 137.
  71. ↑ Clarke & Smith 1993, p. 533.
  72. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 86.
  73. ↑ Clarke & Smith 1993, pp. 543–44.
  74. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 153.
  75. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 88.
  76. 1 2 Abramski, Pvt. First Class Anthony V. (27 February 1945). Statement describing Murphy's 26 January 1945 actions at Holtzwihr. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299775. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  77. ↑ Weispfenning, First Lieutenant Walter W. (18 April 1945). Statement describing Murphy's January 26, 1945 actions at Holtzwihr. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299785. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  78. ↑ Ware, Kenneth L. (18 April 1945). Statement describing Murphy's January 26, 1945 actions at Holtzwihr. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 19421945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299784. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  79. ↑ "The Price of Freedom: Audie Murphy's Medal of Honor Citation". Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  80. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 164.
  81. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 95.
  82. ↑ Simpson 1975, pp. 175–76.
  83. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 96.
  84. 1 2 3 4 "The Price of Freedom: Americans at War". Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  85. ↑ Dept. of Defense (19 July 1948). Award of the "Au Grade De Chevalier" for Murphy's exceptional services rendered during operations to liberate France., 07/19/1948. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299781. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  86. ↑ Dept. of Defense (16 April 1945). De La Croix De Guerre Award for Murphy's services rendered during operations to liberate France. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299782. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  87. 1 2 Simpson 1975, p. 410.
  88. ↑ Edson, Lt. Colonel Hallet D. (17 February 1945). Recommendation from Lt. Colonel Hallet D. Edson, 15th Infantry, to Award of Medal of Honor to Lieutenant Audie L. Murphy. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299777. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  89. ↑ Lovett, Brigadier General R.B. (12 April 1945). Recommendation from Brigadier General R.B. Lovett, to Lieutenant General A.M. Patch, for Audie L. Murphy to be awarded the Medal of Honor and General Patch's approval. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299783. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  90. ↑ Willbanks 2011, p. 234.
  91. ↑ "'War' excerpt about Staff Sgt. Salvatore Giunta's actions". Stars and Stripes. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010.Oettinger, Callie (26 January 2011). "Focus on Audie Murphy". Command Posts. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011.
  92. ↑ "Soldier's Medal" (PDF). U.S. Army Regulation 600-8-22: Military Awards. Department of the Army Administrative Publications. 23 June 2013. chapter 2, section II, 3–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013.
  93. 1 2 "Life Visits Audie Murphy". Life. 16 July 1945. pp. 94–97.
  94. 1 2 3 "Scan of service records 1953–1971" (PDF). Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  95. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 127.
  96. ↑ Spiller & Dawson 2010, pp. 137–54, chpt Man Against Fire: Audie Murphy and His War.
  97. ↑ "Scan of Audie L. Murphy signed request for his Good Conduct Medal, addressed to the Commanding Officer at Fort Sam Houston" (PDF). Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. 21 August 1945.
  98. ↑ "Army Reserve, a Concise History" (PDF). United States Army Reserve. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  99. ↑ Murphy 2002, pp. 122–24.
  100. ↑ Whiting 2001, p. 224.
  101. ↑ Redfern 2007, pp. 67, 68.
  102. ↑ Redfern 2007, pp. 65, 67–68.
  103. ↑ Curtis & Golenbock 2009, p. 119.
  104. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 183.
  105. ↑ Murphy 2002, p. 125.
  106. ↑ Simpson 1975, pp. 373–76.
  107. ↑ Redfern 2007, p. 60.
  108. ↑ Rosen 2012, pp. 149–51.
  109. ↑ O'Reilly 2010, pp. 163–65.
  110. ↑ "Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  111. ↑ "About the South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS)". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  112. ↑ Teague, Congressman Olin (13 October 1971). "Designating the Veteran's Administration Hospital in San Antonio Texas As the Audie L. Murphy Veterans' Memorial Hospital". Congressional Record. Washington, D.C.: Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website.
  113. ↑ Dawson III, Joseph G. (15 June 2010). "Thirty-Sixth Infantry Division". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  114. ↑ Simpson 1975, pp. 340–41.
  115. ↑ "Audie Murphy's Commissioning Oath of Office paperwork" (PDF). NARA service document.
  116. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 342.
  117. ↑ Simpson, Harold B (15 June 2010). "Audie Leon Murphy". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  118. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 194.
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  121. ↑ "Scan of Retired Reserve request" (PDF). Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. 18 April 1969.
  122. ↑ "Audie Murphy profile". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
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  131. ↑ Movies of the Month (April 1949). "Bad Boy". Boys' Life: 50.
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  134. ↑ Young & Young 2010, pp. 493–95.
  135. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 177.
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  137. ↑ Ross 1997, p. 100.
  138. ↑ Mauldin, Bill (11 June 1971). "Parting Shots". LIFE. Vol. 70, no. 22. p. 77.
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  141. ↑ Roberts 2009, pp. 125–26.
  142. ↑ Lucas 2004, pp. 175–77.
  143. ↑ Nott 2005, pp. 51–22.
  144. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 231–32.
  145. ↑ Yoggy 1998, p. 101.
  146. ↑ Huebner 2007, pp. 140–43.
  147. ↑ Gossett 1996, p. 15.
  148. ↑ Niemi 2006, p. 90.
  149. ↑ Message to TAGO from H.D. Kight, Public Information Division, detailing an appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show by Audie L. Murphy. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299780. 24 September 1955. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  150. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 241–46, 261.
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  153. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 263, 268.
  154. ↑ DiLeo 2004, p. 253.
  155. ↑ O'Connor & Rollins 2008, pp. 407, 414–15.
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  159. ↑ Maltin 2008, pp. 994–95.
  160. ↑ "Ford startime. The man". Library of Congress (Catalog record). 1960. LCCN 96500439. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  161. ↑ Broken Bridge. Series: Motion Picture Films from "The Big Picture" Television Program Series, 1860–1985. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 2569746. 1974. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
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  163. ↑ Herzberg 2005, p. 153.
  164. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 235.
  165. ↑ Pitts 2012, pp. 14, 48, 114, 139, 357.
  166. ↑ "Willard Willingham filmography". The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  167. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 354.
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  169. ↑ Pitts 2012, p. 48.
  170. ↑ Herzberg 2005, pp. 79–80.
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  173. ↑ Lewis 2002, p. 223.
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  175. ↑ Rausch & Dequina 2008, pp. 38–39.
  176. ↑ Boggs 2011, pp. 189–94.
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  178. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 174.
  179. ↑ "Divorces". The Billboard. Nielsen Business Media: 48. 28 April 1951.
  180. ↑ "Marriages". The Billboard. Nielsen Business Media: 48. 5 May 1951.
  181. ↑ "Births". The Billboard. Nielsen Business Media: 55. 22 March 1952.
  182. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 269.
  183. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 250.
  184. ↑ "Homes Owned or Lived in By Audie Murphy". Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  185. ↑ "Audie Murphy Ranch". Brookfield Residential. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  186. ↑ Graham 1989, pp. 256–58.
  187. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 307.
  188. ↑ Scott, Vernon (22 September 1968). "One-Time Hero Audie Murphy is Now Broke and in Debt". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. p. 8.
  189. ↑ Larkins, Bob; Magers, Boyd (2009) [2004]. The Films of Audie Murphy. McFarland & Company Publishing. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-7864-4508-0.
  190. ↑ "War Hero Murphy: I Didn't Have Gun". The Miami Herald. United Press International. 5 June 1970. p. 155. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  191. ↑ "Audie Murphy Held On Assault Charges". Daily Variety. 29 May 1970. p. 3.
  192. ↑ "Almanac". Pittsburgh Post - Gazette. Pittsburgh, Pa., United States. 28 May 1995. p. 2. ISSN 1068-624X. ProQuest 391908235. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  193. 1 2 "NTSB Press release" (PDF). audiemurphy.com. NTSB. NTSB. 15 June 1972. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  194. 1 2 Colorado Court of Appeals. "Murphy v. Colorado Aviation Inc". Leagle. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  195. 1 2 "Hero-Actor Audie Murphy Dies in Plane Crash". Philadelphia Daily News at Newspapers.com. 1 June 1971.Free access icon
  196. 1 2 Landon, Tom (9 June 2013). "Audie Murphy crash site now well marked". The Roanoke Times.
  197. ↑ Maslowski & Winslow 2005, p. 420.
  198. ↑ McCarthy, Dennis (14 April 2010). "Pam Murphy, widow of actor Audie Murphy, was veterans' friend and advocate". Los Angeles Daily News.
  199. ↑ "Audie Murphy Buried With Military Rites at Arlington". The New York Times. 8 June 1971.
  200. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 338.
  201. ↑ "Audie Murphy Biography". U.S. Army Fort Lee, Virginia. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  202. ↑ "Biography of Audie Murphy". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  203. ↑ Richard L. Rodgers. "Audie Murphy Research Foundation". audiemurphy.com.
  204. ↑ Cavileer 2013, p. 290.
  205. ↑ "Inducted to the Walk of Fame on February 8, 1960 with 1 star". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  206. ↑ "Gov. Perry Awards Audie Murphy Texas Legislative Medal of Honor". Press Release. Office of Governor Rick Perry. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  207. ↑ Texas Legislature. "Bill HCR3 Legislative Medal of Honor". State of Texas. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  208. ↑ Slinkard, Caleb (21 August 2013). "Murphy finally gets medal". Herald Banner. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
  209. ↑ Root, Jay (20 June 2013). "Audie Murphy, a Texas Hero Still Missing One Medal". The New York Times.
  210. ↑ Simpson 1975, pp. 374–76.
  211. ↑ Simpson 1975, pp. 371–73.
  212. ↑ Graham 1989, p. 298.
  213. ↑ Beck, Ken (30 November 1989). "Remembering a Musical Audie". The Tennessean. p. 1E.
  214. ↑ Simpson 1975, p. 372.

References

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Further reading

  • Smith, David A. (2015). The Price of Valor: The Life of Audie Murphy, America's Most Decorated Hero of World War II. Regnery History. ISBN 978-1-62157-317-3.
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