BN-800
GenerationGeneration III+[1]
Reactor conceptFast breeder reactor
StatusOperational
LocationZarechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia
Main parameters of the reactor core
Fuel (fissile material)U+Pu nitride, MOX, or metal
Fuel stateSolid
Neutron energy spectrumFast
Primary coolantLiquid sodium
Reactor usage
Power (thermal)2100 MWth
Power (electric)789 MWe net
885 MWe gross
External image
image icon BN-800 reactor. Photo from Rosatom

The BN-800 reactor (Russian: реактор БН–800) is a sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor, built at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station, in Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. The reactor is designed to generate 880 MW of electrical power. The plant was considered part of the weapons-grade Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement signed between the United States and Russia. The reactor is part of the final step for a plutonium-burner core (a core designed to burn and, in the process, destroy, and recover energy from, plutonium) [2] The plant reached its full power production in August 2016.[3] According to Russian business journal Kommersant, the BN-800 project cost 140.6 billion rubles (roughly 2.17 billion dollars).[4]

Design

The plant is a pool-type LMFBR, in which the reactor, coolant pumps, intermediate heat exchangers and associated piping are all located in a common liquid sodium pool. This is similar to the general design of EBR-II, which went into service in 1963, but is otherwise significantly different. For example, EBR-II used metallic fuel, which is the major factor in its inherent safety, while BN-800 uses oxide fuel. The design of this plant was started in 1983 and was completely revised in 1987 after the Chernobyl disaster and to a somewhat lesser degree in 1993, according to the new safety guidelines. After the second revision, output power was increased by 10 % to 880 MW due to the increased efficiency of the power generator steam turbines.

The reactor core is, in size and mechanical properties, very similar to the BN-600 reactor core, but the fuel composition is not. While BN-600 uses medium-enriched uranium dioxide, this plant burns mixed uranium-plutonium fuel,[5] helping to reduce the weapons-grade plutonium stockpile and provide information about the functioning of the closed uranium-plutonium fuel cycle, which does not require plutonium separation or other chemical processing.

The unit employs a three-circuit coolant arrangement; sodium coolant circulates in both the primary and secondary circuits. Water and steam flow in the third circuit. This heat is transferred from the reactor core via several independent circulation loops. Each comprises a primary sodium pump, two intermediate heat exchangers, a secondary sodium pump with an expansion tank located upstream, and an emergency pressure discharge tank. These feed a steam generator, which in turn supplies a condensing turbine that turns the generator.[6]

Many infrastructure facilities were designed to accommodate both the BN-800 and a proposed BN-1200 reactor.[7]

History

Construction started in 1983 as Unit 4 at the Beloyarsk nuclear power plant. It was put on hold after Chernobyl. It resumed in 2006 and BN-800 achieved minimum controlled power in 2014, but issues led to further fuel development work. On 31 July 2015, the unit achieved minimum controlled power again - 0.13 % of rated power. Commercial operations was expected to start before the end of 2016, with a power rating of 789 MWe.[7] The reactor was connected to the electricity grid in February 2016[8] and achieved full power for the first time in August 2016.[3] Commercial power production started on November 1, 2016.[9]

With both the United States and Russia reaching an agreement in 2001 to render a joint 34 tons of weapons grade plutonium, into reactor grade plutonium alongside reaching the spent fuel standard, that is mixed with the other more highly radioactive products within spent fuel.[10]

US president Barack Obama canceled construction of the agreement-supporting US MOX fuel fabrication facility in 2016, citing cost overruns and financial reasons. He proposed that the US share of plutonium be diluted with non-radioactive material and disposed in the underground WIPP facility.[10][11] However, the dilution could be reversed, and the material reconverted into weapons-grade plutonium.[10]

On October 3, 2016, Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered the agreement to be suspended because the US did not meet its obligations.[12]

In January 2020 the reactor started commercial operation with the first batch of MOX reprocessed uranium-plutonium fuel.[13]

In 2023 the reactor completed one year of operation using a nearly full load of uranium (96%)/plutonium/americium/neptunium MOX fuel.[14]

Plutonium disposal

The BN-800 could be used to close the fuel cycle. The core load of 15 t material consists mostly of U-238 and about 20.5 % plutonium. This could be taken from reprocessed spent nuclear fuel assemblies.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "List of Generation III (and III+) reactors". world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  2. ↑ Kütt, Moritz; Frieß, Friederike; Englert, Matthias (2 September 2014). "Plutonium Disposition in the BN-800 Fast Reactor: An Assessment of Plutonium Isotopics and Breeding" (PDF). Science & Global Security. 22 (3): 188–208. Bibcode:2014S&GS...22..188K. doi:10.1080/08929882.2014.952578. ISSN 1547-7800. S2CID 73571691. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Russian fast reactor reaches full power". www.world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  4. ↑ "Rosatom postpones fast reactor project, report says". www.world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  5. ↑ "Mox fuel for Russia's BN 800 - Nuclear Engineering International". www.neimagazine.com. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  6. ↑ "Фотографии со строительства блока с реактором БН-800 на Белоярской АЭС". atominfo.ru. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Fast reactor progress at Beloyarsk". Nuclear Engineering International. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  8. ↑ "Russian Fast Reactor Connected to the Grid". powermag.com. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  9. ↑ "Russia's BN-800 unit enters commercial operation". www.world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 Pavel Podvig: Can the US-Russia plutonium disposition agreement be saved? Archived 2016-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 28. April 2016.
  11. ↑ "Obama seeks to terminate MOX project at Savannah River". World Nuclear News. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  12. ↑ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 03.10.2016 № 511 (in Russian).
  13. ↑ Larson, Aaron (2020-01-28). "MOX Nuclear Fuel Loaded in Russian Reactor, More to Come". POWER Magazine. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
  14. ↑ Wang, Brian (2023-12-15). "Russian Fast Reactor Makes Progress to Eliminating Nuclear Waste | NextBigFuture.com". Retrieved 2023-12-16.
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