Bidjigal people
aka: Bediagal.[1]
Hierarchy
Language family:Pama–Nyungan
Language branch:Yuin–Kuric
Language group:Dharug
Area (unknown)
A black and white outlined map of Australia, with a small red section at the bottom left corner of New South Wales, indicating that this region is the Sydney Basin.
The Sydney Basin, where the Bidjigal people are located
Bioregion:Sydney basin
Location:St George, Botany Bay, Western Sydney, and the Hills District
RiversCooks, parts of the Hawkesbury River & Georges rivers;
Salt Pan & Wolli creeks
Other geological:Bidjigal Reserve
Notable individuals
Pemulwuy.[1]
Josh Cook

The Bidjigal (also spelt Bediagal,[1] Bejigal,[2] Bedegal[3] or Biddegal[4]) people are an Aboriginal Australian people whose traditional lands are modern-day western, north-western, south-eastern, and southern Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia. The land includes the Bidjigal Reserve, Salt Pan Creek and the Georges River. They are part of the Dharug language group, and there is debate as to whether the clan is part of the Dharug or Eora people.[5]

The Bidjigal clan were the first Indigenous Australians to encounter the First Fleet.[6] Led by Pemulwuy, the Bidjigal people resisted European colonisation from the First Fleet's arrival in 1788.[7]

Identity

The Bidjigal are sometimes said to be a clan of the Dharug people, and sometimes a clan of the Eora people. This, in part, stems from the anthropological debate around whether the Eora people were a distinct clan, or whether Eora was a general term in colonial papers to refer to Aboriginal people.[8] Additionally, academic Kohen has suggested that there may have been some confusion between two distinct groups: the Bidjigal (living in the Baulkham Hills area) and the Bediagal at Botany Bay in the Salt Pan Creek area.[9] Anthropologist Val Attenbrow discusses their possible origin and location, and concludes that the question is "somewhat vexed".[10] Norman Tindale, referring on the earliest historical sources, regarded them as a horde occupying the area just north of Castle Hill,[11] Their geographical location is confusing, as they seem to have been based in southern Sydney, in the region between the Cooks River, Wolli Creek and the Georges River to Salt Pan Creek, and yet also seem to have inhabited land in the Hills District of Sydney, in what is now Baulkham Hills.

Coastal areas and beaches such as Bondi and Coogee are believed to have been concurrently occupied by a combination of Bidjigal, Gadigal and Birrabirrragal clan groups, who were a shared saltwater cultural group, all from the Dharug language group and strong ties of kinship.[12][13][14]

Culture

Significance of fire

Fire is of central importance to Bidjigal culture and practices. This includes smoking ceremonies, which are a means of communicating with the Fire Spirit.[15][16] Smoking ceremonies are part of many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clans' cultures, and are a means of cleansing people and places of bad spirits to protect from the dangerous powers of spiritual beings.[15][17]

Gender

Men, women and children have different roles in the clan. Men are the warriors, gatekeepers and protectors, while women are storytellers and nurturers.[15] The men are taught to respect and care for the women.[15] Men and women would contribute to fishing, the main source of food for the Bidjigal people.[14] Men would use spears to hunt the fish while the women would use hooks and lines, and both would do so on canoes made from local wood.[14] The women would also gather shellfish.[14] Men would be the key providers for everything

Shellwork

The women and girls have historically made decorative and functional 'shellwork' from seashells.[18] Shellwork is common amongst coastal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, although the connections and practices remain under-researched.[18][19] La Perouse remains a major site of production.[18] The shellwork was popular amongst tourists, particularly amongst white women. The shellwork still blurs the line between art and artefact, and is now often part of museum exhibitions.[18]

In 2015 Bidjigal elder, artist and shellworker Esme Timbery collaborated with Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi artist Jonathan Jones on the seven-story shell art installation 'Shell Wall 2015' in Barangaroo.[20] The public artwork remains on the southern side of the Alexander residential building.[20]

Koojay Corroboree

A corroboree broadly refers to a meeting of Aboriginal Australians, sometimes of different clans.[21] The Randwick City Council, in conjunction with the La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council, have hosted an annual Koojay Corroboree since 2015, although not running in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[22] The Koojay Corroboree is held on Coogee Beach, with the name referring to the traditional Darug name for the beach, Koojay.[22][23] The Koojay Corroboree is held during National Reconciliation Week (NRW) and commemorates the Bidjigal and Gadigal people, who both inhabited the land.[22] The festival involves cultural activities, such as fire ceremonies, song and dance.[22][24]

Language group

They were a subgroup/clan of either the Dharug or Eora people, the Bidjigal would have spoken a variety of Dharug, one of the Yora languages.[25]

The name Bidjigal means plains-dweller in the Dharug language.

History

The Bidjigal population was an estimated 500 people at the time of the British arrival, making them one of the most densely populated areas prior to colonisation.[26] The Bidjigal clan, like many of the Darug people, utilised their access to water for fishing, with fish being their main source of food.[27][14] This includes Georges rivers, Cooks River, Salt Pan Creek, Wolli Creek and parts of the Hawkesbury River. This has resulted in different sea animals, including the whales and eels, being totemic, or culturally significant.[28][27] The eel's migratory journey would be celebrated at the start of the eel's migration, or the 'running of the eels', with feasts and ceremonies.[27] Archaeological evidence has also indicated different tools and weapons were used for hunting local wildlife on land, such as boomerangs.[29][30]

Colonisation and its impacts

Black and white painting of Aboriginal man in a canoe on a body of water, in the midst of rowing.
Painting of Pemulwuy, the leader of the Aboriginal resistance in the Bidjigal clan

The Bidjigal people were the first to encounter Captain Cook and the First Fleet.[6] There was a strong Aboriginal resistance to colonisation.[31] There was a period of sustained warfare throughout coastal Sydney, involving the Bidjigal clan at the Sydney basin, from 1788 to 1817.[32] The Aboriginal people utilised guerrilla-style warfare, as a way of combating the vast gap in weaponry capabilities to the colonists.[32] One battle tactic was their War Dance, where the Aboriginal fighters would dance from a high vantage point to distract hostile colonists and slow their reloading speed before throwing spears.[32] Prospect Hill was one of the major sites of warfare and Indigenous deaths.[33]

Despite their resistance, several factors resulted in their displacement and the destruction of their ability to continue many aspects of their traditional way of life.[34] The clan was severely weakened by the many deaths caused by the smallpox epidemic in 1790. At the time, Governor Phillip estimated deaths to be around half of the Aboriginal people, although estimates since then have been much higher, with most of the Bidjigal clan perishing.[35][36][37][34] Debate remains around whether or not the disease was smallpox or chickenpox, and whether it was brought deliberately by European colonists.[38] Nonetheless, the deaths decimated population size.[34][35] This, alongside continuing expansion and violence from encroaching colonists into the area, prevented the Bidjigal clan from living life as they used to, although descendants continue to preserve and celebrate their culture.[34]

Rock art and middens from the Bidjigal people remain in several areas across Sydney, including Bondi, George's River and the heritage listed paintings in a hidden, private cave in Undercliffe.[28][39][12] These historical sites are at risk of being eroded and/or lost for a variety of reasons, including public intervention, vandalism, natural erosion and failure of governments or councils to take necessary actions to ensure preservation.[40][39]

Bidjigal Reserve

The Bidjigal Reserve is a 300 hectare corridor of protected public bushland along Darling Mills Creek, mostly lying within The Hills Shire.[34][41] The Bidjigal clan have inhabited the area for at least 40 000 years.[34] The rock overhangs and caves provided shelter, freshwater provided the opportunity for fishing, and the plants and animals were utilised for food, medicine and creating tools.[34] In 1804 3,800 the Bidjigal reserve was included in 3,800 acres of land set aside by the Governor King as the Baulkham Hills Common, which was then given in 1818 to private individuals as land grants.[34] The area was named Excelsior Reserve, and the flora and fauna suffered from the introduction of foreign wildlife, such as foxes, clearing of the land by settlers for construction projects, and wildfires.[34] One such project was the M2 Motorway, which was considered 'environmentally controversial' due to the destruction and disconnection of parts of the bushland.[34] In 2004, an agreement was reached between the Indigenous population and the local council, whereby representatives of Darug descendants were included on a new board, and the park was renamed from Excelsior Reserve to Bidjigal, and the Native Title claim over the area was withdrawn.[34][42]

Image of construction process of Randwick light rail stop.
Construction of the Randwick light rail stop, 2018

Sydney light rail construction

The Bidjigal clan were part of a conflict between Aboriginal elders and the Federal Government regarding the construction of the Sydney light rail following the discovery of Indigenous artefacts on the construction site.[43] Over 22 000 artefacts were found in a 100-metre-square area around the light rail's proposed tram stabling yard in Randwick, including spearheads and cutting tools.[44] Transport for NSW employed four Aboriginal groups to advise on cultural heritage following the discovery.[45] Bidjigal elders claimed that paid consultants were chosen over the traditional owners in consultation, and that the consultants had a vested interest in the construction going ahead.[45] Despite protest and an emergency heritage appeal under the federal 'Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act', construction went ahead.[46][47] Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt ultimately determined that the area did not satisfy a significant Aboriginal area, and denied an emergency stop work order.[48][49] Over 21,000 artefacts were excavated and preserved, although thousands more were disturbed and destroyed by construction. The presence of objects such as weapons indicate the area was a site of conflict, marking a high probability of death occurring on the site.[47]

Modern place name

The name of the Bidjigal is today remembered by the name of the 186-hectare (460-acre) Bidjigal Reserve, in Baulkham Hills, Castle Hill, Carlingford, North Rocks and Northmead to the north-west of Sydney. The Bidjigal Reserve was known as Excelsior Park until 2004, when it was dedicated to preserve Aboriginal cultural heritage, local flora and fauna and for public recreation.[50] The Bidjigal word Wolli means 'camping place', and is the name suburb and waterway through the Wolli Creek Valley, both being Wolli Creek.[12]

Notable individuals

Perhaps the most famous Bidjigal person was Pemulwuy, who successfully led Aboriginal resistance forces against European colonisation, before finally being captured and killed by explorer Henry Hacking in 1802.[1][51] The treatment of his severed head and Pemulwuy's depiction in European art remain the subject of controversy and academic pursuit, in their significance as representatives of European disregard for Aboriginal culture and paternalism.[52]

William Victor Simms, known as Vic Simms or Uncle Vic, is a Bidjigal man and Australian singer and songwriter.[53] He was the first Aboriginal man to appear on commercial TV and became an international recording artist.[53]

Josh Cook is a professional rugby league footballer and is part of the Bidjigal and Yuin clans.[54]

The Timbery family

Portrait of Emma Timbery
Portrait of Emma Timbery

The Timbery family are said to have been present when the First Fleet arrived, and are descendants of Pemulwuy.[55][56] They have notably impacted Aboriginal and secular culture, and still remain in the La Perouse area where they first discovered the First Fleet.[55][57] They continue to tell their family story of the invasion, which tells that they gained some level of trust from the colonisers, turning into responsibility for certain members of the family such as Joe Timbere, who was designated 'King of the Five Islands' by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1816.[55][58] However, they also allege that their openness did not protect them from the cruelty of the colonisers, who still raped and abused the women of the clan.[55]

Esme Timbery was a Bidjigal woman and elder.[32] She was also a notable shell worker, with her art featured in several museums throughout Australia.[32] Esme and her sister Rose were fourth-generation shell artists and descendants of Emma Timbery, who began the family tradition of shellwork, amongst other achievements in language preservation.[59][60] The men have partaken in the wooden crafts, with members such as Joe Timbery being a notable boomerang and shield maker.[57][61] Laddie Timbery also gained notability in his later life for his boomerangs, valued both artistically and culturally.[62]

Garry Purchase is an artist of Dharawal, Bidjigal and Dhungutti descent, and is part of the Timbery family.[63] His paintings "The Journey" and "Missing Pieces" won both the Aboriginal Health award in 2014, 2016 and 2017 respectively.[64][65] "The Journey" also won the People's Choice award at Mental Health Art Works! 2014.[65]

See also

Notes

    Citations

    1. 1 2 3 4 Kohen 2005.
    2. ↑ "Aboriginal people of the Cooks River valley | The Dictionary of Sydney". dictionaryofsydney.org. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
    3. ↑ "Search | Indigenous Strategy, Education & Research". www.indigenous.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
    4. ↑ "AboriginalPeople". www.georgesriver.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
    5. ↑ "The Eora Dilemma | Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation". Retrieved 26 December 2021.
    6. 1 2 Uncle Vic Simms yarns with new Indigenous students, retrieved 26 December 2021
    7. ↑ Hinkson, Melinda (2010). Aboriginal Sydney : a guide to important places of the past and present. Alana Harris, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (2nd ed.). Canberra, ACT: Aboriginal Studies Press. ISBN 978-0-85575-712-0. OCLC 655900028.
    8. ↑ "The Eora Dilemma | Darug Custodian Aboriginal Corporation". Darug Corporation. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    9. ↑ Kohen 1993, p. 21.
    10. ↑ Attenbrow 2010, p. 27.
    11. ↑ Tindale 1974, p. 127.
    12. 1 2 3 Wolli Creek Preservation Society (2011). "Traditional Owners" (PDF). Wolli Creek.
    13. ↑ "Aboriginal History". Hello Bondi. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    14. 1 2 3 4 5 Randwick City Council (21 May 2019). "Coogee and the Bidjigal and Gadigal People". Randwick City Council. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    15. 1 2 3 4 Bidjigal Dreaming – Abyss Projects offshore research vessel, retrieved 26 December 2021
    16. ↑ Smoking Ceremony, retrieved 26 December 2021
    17. ↑ Annab, Rachid (28 May 2020). "Fire in ceremony". Indigenous Knowledge Institute. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    18. 1 2 3 4 Nugent, Maria (2014). "Shellwork on show: Colonial history, Australian Aboriginal women and the display of decorative objects". Journal of Material Culture. 19 (1): 75–92. doi:10.1177/1359183513509535. hdl:1885/62015. ISSN 1359-1835. S2CID 144194168.
    19. ↑ Samuels, Miranda (May 2016). "Illuminating tradition: 'Shimmer' at Wollongong". Art Monthly Australia. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    20. 1 2 "Discover the first public art piece to be commissioned for Barangaroo – a work which draws on a strong connection to Country". Barangaroo. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    21. ↑ Arthur, Bill; Morphy, Frances (2019). Macquarie Atlas of Indigenous Australia: Second Edition (2nd ed.). Macquarie: Google Books. pp. 79, 134, 267. ISBN 9781760786946.
    22. 1 2 3 4 Randwick City Council (n.d.). "Koojay Corroboree: Celebrating Aboriginal ceremony, tradition & culture". Randwick City Council.
    23. ↑ O'Neill, Majorie. "About Coogee". marjorieoneill.com.au. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    24. ↑ Koojay Corroboree 2016, retrieved 2 January 2022
    25. ↑ Dixon 2002, p. xxxv.
    26. ↑ Ryan, Lyndall (June 2013). "Untangling Aboriginal resistance and the settler punitive expedition: the Hawkesbury River frontier in New South Wales, 1794–1810". Journal of Genocide Research. 15 (2): 219–232. doi:10.1080/14623528.2013.789206. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 108777720.
    27. 1 2 3 "The Bidjigal People". Revesby Workers' Club. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
    28. 1 2 Hromek, Michael (2021). "Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment". Major Projects Planning Portal NSW Gov. WSP Australia Pty Limited.
    29. ↑ "International Reserves and Reserve Currencies". 1 October 1972. doi:10.14217/9781848591967-3-en. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    30. ↑ Shoalhaven Stories- Meet Laddie from Laddie Timbery's Aboriginal Arts and Crafts, retrieved 28 December 2021
    31. ↑ Woodroffe, Ronald D (1993). "Pemulwuy". Ngoonjook Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues. No. 9: 23–31 – via Informit.
    32. 1 2 3 4 5 The Australian Museum (2021). "The Sydney wars". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
    33. ↑ Flynn, M., Holroyd History and the Silent Boundary Project, Holroyd City Council, August 1997.
    34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bear, Virginia (2004). The bushland of Bidjigal Reserve and adjoining reserves. Baulkham Hills. Council. Castle Hill, N.S.W. ISBN 0-9587344-2-9. OCLC 224258676.
    35. 1 2 "'Those floating islands brought something we'd never encountered before': The sickness that changed Australia". ABC News. 6 June 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
    36. ↑ Warren, Chris (17 April 2014). "Was Sydney's smallpox outbreak of 1789 an act of biological warfare against Aboriginal tribes?". ABC Radio National. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
    37. ↑ Lawrence, Joan (2011). St George pictorial memories : Rockdale, Kogarah, Hurstville (3rd ed.). Alexandria, N.S.W.: Kingsclear Books. ISBN 978-0-9871840-2-3. OCLC 774452781.
    38. ↑ Carmody, Dr John (17 September 2010). "Chicken pox or smallpox in the colony at Sydney Cove in April, 1789". ABC Radio National. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
    39. 1 2 "Aboriginal culture of the Georges River". Georges Riverkeeper. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    40. ↑ Eder, Billie (15 May 2021). "Ancient Bondi rock carvings at risk of destruction". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
    41. ↑ Sydney Hills Visitors Centre (n.d.). "Bidjigal Reserve" (PDF).
    42. ↑ Moore, Penelope (January 1999). "Native Title Newsletter" (PDF). Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS). p. 2.
    43. ↑ Small, Virginia (1 April 2016). "Protesters want Sydney light rail stopped after Indigenous artefacts found". ABC News. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
    44. ↑ Gerathy, Sarah (29 March 2016). "Indigenous artefacts found at Sydney light rail construction site". ABC News. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
    45. 1 2 Malone, Ursula (28 April 2016). "Elders call for artefacts at 'site of magnitude' to be saved". ABC News. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    46. ↑ Harris, Christopher (15 June 2016). "Sydney Light Rail project steam rolls Aboriginal heritage site". City Hub Sydney | Your Local Independent News. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
    47. 1 2 Murphy-Oates, Laura (1 April 2016). "Artefact find prompts emergency heritage appeal to federal government to halt Sydney light rail construction". NITV. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    48. ↑ O'Sullivan, Matt (25 April 2016). "Hunt rejects call for halt to light rail project to protect Aboriginal artefacts". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    49. ↑ Murphy-Oates, Laura (26 April 2016). "Sydney artefact site not 'a significant Aboriginal area', says Environment Minister". NITV. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    50. ↑ FastTracking the Future – Primary Edition (5th ed.). Sydney: Sydney Metro. 2019. pp. 50–57. ISBN 978-1-922030-45-0.
    51. ↑ Goodall & Cadzow 2009, p. 31.
    52. ↑ Roginski, Alexandra (2 October 2021). "The Artist as Pemulwuy: Somatic Histories, Stolen Remains and Contemporary Indigenous Art". Journal of Australian Studies. 45 (4): 471–490. doi:10.1080/14443058.2021.1976249. ISSN 1444-3058. S2CID 244179624.
    53. 1 2 McBride, Laura (12 July 2021). "Vic Simms". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
    54. ↑ "Indigenous map showcases NRL, NRLW players' heritage". National Rugby League. 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
    55. 1 2 3 4 "A tale of two histories". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 January 2005. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    56. ↑ NSW, Museums & Galleries (11 August 2015). "At Home: Uncle Laddie Timbery". MGNSW. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    57. 1 2 "'Timbere sauvage de la nouvelle galles du sud en grand costume (Relache au Port Jackson)', 1822". National Portrait Gallery collection. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    58. ↑ "Timbery | The Dictionary of Sydney". dictionaryofsydney.org. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    59. ↑ NSW Government. "Discover the first public art piece to be commissioned for Barangaroo – a work which draws on a strong connection to Country". Barangaroo. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    60. ↑ Nugent, Maria, "Timbery, Emma (1842–1916)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 29 December 2021
    61. ↑ "Boomerang by Joe Timbery". Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    62. ↑ "Laddie Timbery's death marks the end of an era at La Perouse". La Perouse Museum & Headland. 9 November 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    63. ↑ "Dream On Aboriginal Arts". welldonestuff.com. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
    64. ↑ Mulholland, Harry (24 November 2021). "Established artists share their platform for Voices of the Land". Central Coast News. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
    65. 1 2 Carr, Deb (5 June 2019). "Garry Purchase, a Multi Award-winning Dharawal/Dunghutti Australian Aboriginal Artist". Sydney Chic. Retrieved 2 January 2022.

    Sources

    Further reading

    • Willmott, Eric (1987). Pemulwuy, the rainbow warrior. Weldons. ISBN 978-0-947116-42-2.
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