The Belsen trials were a series of several trials that the Allied occupation forces conducted against former officials and functionaries of Nazi Germany after the end of World War II. British Army and civilian personnel ran the trials and staffed the prosecution and judges.
The Belsen trials took place in Lüneburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, in 1945 and the defendants were men and women of the Schutzstaffel as well as prisoner functionaries who had worked at various concentration camps, notably Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen.
The first trial generated considerable interest around the world, as the public heard for the first time from some of those responsible for the mass murder in the eastern extermination camps. Some later trials are also referred to as Belsen trials.
First trial
Officially called the "Trial of Josef Kramer and 44 others",[1] the trial began in a Lüneburg gymnasium on 17 September 1945, within the British occupation zone.[2]
The defendants were 45 former SS men, women and kapos (prisoner functionaries) from the Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz concentration camps. Josef Kramer had been camp commandant at Bergen-Belsen and before that at Auschwitz. Of the other defendants, 12 were kapos, 16 female SS members and 16 male SS members. Although the SS was an all-male organisation, women were able to enlist as members of the SS-Gefolge, a form of civilian employee. One prisoner functionary, Ladisław Gura, who was also an SS member under arrest, was found to be too ill to stand trial after the trial had started. Three others had been excluded from the list of indicted for the same reason before the trial began.[3] Three SS members had been shot trying to escape after the British took over the camp and one had committed suicide. Out of a total of 77 SS men and women arrested by the British in April, another 17 had died of typhus by 1 June 1945.[4]
Next to Kramer, the most high-profile defendants were Fritz Klein, who had been camp doctor at Belsen, and Franz Hössler, deputy camp commandant. Elisabeth Volkenrath had been Oberaufseherin (head warden or supervising wardress) at Auschwitz before she came to Belsen. Many of the defendants had arrived in Bergen-Belsen only after February 1945, some as late as two days before liberation.[5] However, most had been active in similar functions in other concentration camps before that. The trial took place before a British military tribunal. The judges were Major-General H.M.P. Berney-Ficklin (presiding), Brigadier A. de L. Casonove, Colonel G.J. Richards, Lt.-Colonel R.B. Moriush and Lt.-Colonel R. McLay. C.L. Stirling was Judge Advocate. Colonel T.M. Backhouse, Major H.G. Murton-Neale, Capt. S.M. Stewart and Lt.-Col. L.J. Genn were Counsel for the Prosecution. Counsel for the Defence were also members of the British Army — in the case of the five Polish defendants a Polish officer, Lt. Jedrezejowicz.[6]
As this was a military court, it was legally based on the Regulations for the Trial of War Criminals made under Royal Warrant of 14 June 1945.[6] All the charges related to international law, which applied at the time the crimes were committed, so this was not a case of retroactive justice.[5] Due to the nature of the court, the only charges that could be brought were war crimes and crimes against citizens of the Allied countries. "Crimes against humanity" and "crimes against peace", which featured in the later trials at Nuremberg, were not among the charges at Lüneburg.[2]
Charges
The official charges were grouped into crimes committed at Auschwitz and Belsen and were as follows:
At Bergen-Belsen, Germany, between 1st October, 1942, and 30th April, 1945, when members of the staff of Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp responsible for the well-being of the persons interned there, in violation of the law and usages of war, were together concerned as parties to the ill-treatment of certain of such persons, causing the deaths of Keith Meyer (a British national), Anna Kis, Sara Kohn (both Hungarian nationals), Heimech Glinovjechy and Maria Konatkevicz (both Polish nationals) and Marcel Freson de Montigny (a French national), Maurice Van Eijnsbergen (a Dutch national), Maurice Van Mevlenaar (a Belgian national), Jan Markowski and Georgej Ferenz (both Polish nationals), Salvatore Verdura (an Italian national), and Therese Klee (a British national of Honduras), Allied nationals, and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown, and physical suffering to other persons interned there, Allied nationals and particularly to Harold Osmund le Druillenec (a British national), Benec Zuchermann, a female internee surnamed Korperova, a female internee named Hoffmann, Luba Rormann, Isa Frydmann (all Polish nationals) and Alexandra Siwidowa, a Russian national and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown.[7]
and
...at Auschwitz, Poland, between 1st October, 1942,and 30th April, 1945, when members of the staff of Auschwitz Concentration Camp responsible for the well-being of the persons interned there, in violation of the law and usages of war, were together concerned as parties to ill-treatment of certain of such persons, causing the deaths of Rachella Silberstein (a Polish national), Allied nationals, and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown, and physical suffering to other persons interned there, Allied nationals, and particularly to Ewa Gryka and Hanka Rosenwayg (both Polish nationals) and other Allied nationals whose names are unknown.[7]
All of the defendants pleaded not guilty.[8]
Overview of the trial
The trial lasted 54 days in court. It began on 17 September with the indictment and the opening speech for the prosecution. Brigadier Glyn Hughes was the first witness for the prosecution on 18–19 September.[9]
On 20 September, the British Army screened a film they had made of the conditions at Belsen immediately after liberation. On 21 September, the court visited Bergen-Belsen. Evidence for the defence began on 8 October with the opening speech for the defendant, Kramer, who also testified. Closing speeches were made from 7–12 November, followed by the closing arguments by the prosecution on 13 November. Sentencing took place four days later, on 17 November 1945.[10]
Since the trial was conducted in English, translations into German and Polish were necessary. This was one of the factors which prolonged the trial, which had initially been expected to last for two to four weeks. In retrospect, the prosecution has been criticised as hasty and ill-prepared. None of the SS guards who had fled the camp after the ceasefire on 13 April had been searched for. Instead of eyewitness testimony, in some cases only affidavits were available at the trial. Some witnesses contradicted themselves on cross-examination, while others failed to identify the defendants as the perpetrators of the crimes in question. One former inmate, Oskar Schmitz, was erroneously charged as an SS man, and had no chance to clarify this before the trial began.[11][12]
The defence claimed that the arrest of the defendants had been illegal, as it contravened the promise of free withdrawal contained in the ceasefire agreement. However, the wording on this point was only clear for members of the Wehrmacht at Belsen. Moreover, according to the prosecution, the burning of the camp files by the SS and the firing of shots on 15 April had voided the agreement.[13] In fact, the relevant section of the ceasefire agreement read:
SS guard personnel [...] will be treated as PW. SS Adj personnel will [...] remain at their posts and carry on with their duties (cooking, supplies, etc) and will hand over records. When their services can be dispensed with, their disposal is left by the Wehrmacht to the British authorities.[14]
On 17 November, the court sentenced 11 of the defendants to death by hanging.[2] Another 18 were found guilty and sentenced to prison sentences of one to 15 years.[2] One defendant, Erich Zoddel, was sentenced to life in prison,[10] but was then executed 13 days later. Zoddel had been sentenced to death in a separate military trial in August 1945 for murdering a female prisoner after the liberation.[15] None of the sentenced were only found guilty of the "conspiracy" of working within the concentration camp system, but rather all of them were sentenced for individually committed crimes.[16] 14 defendants were acquitted[2] (the final defendant was too sick to stand trial). Due to clemency pleas and appeals, many prison sentences were eventually shortened considerably. By mid-1955, all those sentenced to prison had been released.[2]
Individual defendants and sentences
List of SS-defendants
(A=guilty of crimes at Auschwitz, B = guilty of crimes at Bergen-Belsen)[17][18]
| Name | Sentence |
|---|---|
| Josef Kramer (A, B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Fritz Klein (A, B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Peter Weingärtner (A, B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Franz Hössler (A) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Karl Franzioh (B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Ansgar Pichen (B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Franz Stofel (or Stärfl) (B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Wilhelm Dörr (B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Irma Grese (A, B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Elisabeth Volkenrath (A, B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Johanna Bormann (B) | Death, executed on 13 December 1945 |
| Otto Kulessa (B) | 15 years, released on 7 May 1955 |
| Heinrich Schreirer (A) | 15 years, released on 3 September 1950 |
| Herta Ehlert (B) | 15 years, reduced to 12 years, released on 7 May 1953 |
| Ilse Förster (B) | 10 years, released on 21 December 1951 |
| Herta Bothe (B) | 10 years, released on 21 December 1951 |
| Irene Haschke (B) | 10 years, released on 21 December 1951 |
| Gertrud Sauer (B) | 10 years, released on 21 December 1951 |
| Anna Hempel (B) | 10 years, released on 21 April 1951 |
| Gertrud Feist (B) | 5 years, released on 11 August 1949 |
| Frieda Walter (B) | 3 years, released on 16 November 1948 |
| Hilde Lisiewicz (B) | 1 year, released on 16 November 1946 |
| Georg Krafft | Acquitted |
| Josef Klippel | Acquitted |
| Fritz Mathes | Acquitted |
| Karl Egersdörfer | Acquitted |
| Walter Otto | Acquitted |
| Erich Barsch | Acquitted |
| Ida Förster | Acquitted |
| Klara Opitz | Acquitted |
| Charlotte Klein | Acquitted |
| Hildegard Hähnel | Acquitted |
Not able to stand trial due to illness: Nikolaus Jänner, Paul Steinmetz, Walter Melcher, Ladisław Gura (who was both an SS member and a prison functionary).
List of Kapos
(A=guilty of crimes at Auschwitz, B = guilty of crimes at Bergen-Belsen)[19][20]
| Name | Sentence |
|---|---|
| Erich Zoddel (B) | Life imprisonment, but executed for an unrelated charge on 30 November 1945[21] |
| Wladisław Ostrowski (B) | 15 years, released on 24 June 1955 |
| Helena Kopper (B) | 15 years, reduced to 10 years, released on 26 February 1952 |
| Hilde Lohbauer (A, B) | 10 years, released on 15 July 1950 |
| Antoni Aurdzig (B) | 10 years, released on 20 March 1952 |
| Johanne Roth (B) | 10 years, released on 15 July 1950 |
| Stanisława Starostka (A) | 10 years, committed suicide in prison on 10 May 1946 |
| Medislaw Burgraf (B) | 5 years, released on 11 August 1949 |
| Ilse Lothe | Acquitted (charged with B) |
| Oskar Schmitz | Acquitted (charged with B) |
| Ignatz Schlomowicz | Acquitted (charged with B) |
| Anton Polanski | Acquitted (charged with B) |
| Ladisław Gura | Unable to stand trial (accused of B) |
Public reaction
The Belsen Trial attracted substantial national and international media interest. Significantly, more than 100 representatives of the news media reported at length on the trial's progress.[2]
Through them, the world learned not just about the thousands of deaths by hunger and disease at Belsen, communicated especially forcefully by the film and photo evidence produced by the British Army. Possibly even more importantly, the Belsen trial also was the first time that the organised mass murder at Auschwitz Birkenau received a public airing, with some of those responsible describing the selection process, the use of the gas chambers and the crematoria. In Great Britain, the trial was mostly viewed positively, as a triumph of the rule of law, given the fairness and meticulousness with which it had been conducted. However, in some other countries, notably the Soviet Union and France, the verdicts were criticised as too mild. Many survivors also felt this way.[2]
Executions
All the executions were carried out on 13 December 1945 by hanging at Hamelin Prison.[22] The executioner was Albert Pierrepoint, aided by an assistant.
Second trial
A second Belsen trial was conducted at Lüneburg from 13 to 18 June 1946 by a British military tribunal.
| Name | Sentence |
|---|---|
| Walter Quakernack | Death, executed on 11 October 1946 |
| Heinz-Züder Heidemann | Death, executed on 11 October 1946 |
| Karl Redehase | Death, executed on 11 October 1946 |
| Kasimir Cegielski | Death, executed on 11 October 1946 |
| Theodor Wagner | 20 years, released on 24 December 1954 |
| Karl Schmidt | 15 years, reduced to 10 years, released on 21 December 1951 |
| Gertrud Heise | 15 years, reduced to 7 years |
| Martha Linke | 12 years, reduced to 7 years |
| Anneliese Kohlmann | 2 years, released on 16 June 1946 |
Third trial
The British held a third Belsen trial in April 1948. There was only one defendant, Ernst Julius Curt Meyer. Meyer had been arrested in May 1945, but was erroneously released in September 1947. He was re-arrested in February 1948. Meyer was found guilty of war crimes for non-fatal abuse and sentenced to life in prison. His sentence was reduced to 21 years in 1950, and he was released from prison on 24 December 1954.[23]
See also
References
- ↑ "Transcript of the Official Shorthand Notes of 'The Trial of Josef Kramer and Forty Four Others". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010). Bergen-Belsen: Historical Site and Memorial. Stiftung niedersächsische Gedenkstätten. p. 37. ISBN 978-3-9811617-9-3.
- ↑ "Transcript of the Official Shorthand Notes of 'The Trial of Josef Kramer and Forty Four Others', day 2". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ Taake, Claudia (1998). SS-Frauen vor Gericht. Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Univ. Oldenburg. pp. 112–. ISBN 3-8142-0640-1.
- 1 2 Wenck, Alexandra-Eileen (1997). Verbrechen als 'Pflichterfüllung'? Die Strafverfolgung nationalsozialistischer Gewaltverbrechen am Beispiel des Konzentrationslagers Bergen-Belsen, in: Die frühen Nachkriegsprozesse. KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme (ed.), Bremen. p. 40. ISBN 3-86108-322-1.
- 1 2 "Transcript of the Official Shorthand Notes of 'The Trial of Josef Kramer and Forty Four Others, Day 1'". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- 1 2 "Excerpts from The Belsen Trial". The Nizkor Project. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ Taake, Claudia (1998). SS-Frauen vor Gericht. Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Univ. Oldenburg. p. 54. ISBN 3-8142-0640-1.
- ↑ Celinscak, Mark (2015). Distance from the Belsen Heap: Allied Forces and the Liberation of a Concentration Camp. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442615700.
- 1 2 "Transcript of the Official Shorthand Notes of 'The Trial of Josef Kramer and Forty Four Others'". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ Kolb, Eberhard (1996). Bergen-Belsen. Vom 'Aufenthaltslager' zum Konzentrationslager 1943 – 1945. Göttingen. pp. 58–.
- ↑ Wenck, Alexandra-Eileen (1997). Verbrechen als 'Pflichterfüllung'? Die Strafverfolgung nationalsozialistischer Gewaltverbrechen am Beispiel des Konzentrationslagers Bergen-Belsen, in: Die frühen Nachkriegsprozesse. KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme (ed.), Bremen. pp. 42–. ISBN 3-86108-322-1.
- ↑ Kolb, Eberhard (1996). Bergen-Belsen. Vom 'Aufenthaltslager' zum Konzentrationslager 1943 – 1945. Göttingen. pp. 54–.
- ↑ Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010). Bergen-Belsen: Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940-1945, Concentration Camp 1943-1945, Displaced Persons Camp 1945-1950. Catalogue of the permanent exhibition. Wallstein. p. 257. ISBN 978-3-8353-0794-0.
- ↑ "Erich Zoddel". Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ↑ Wenck, Alexandra-Eileen (1997). Verbrechen als 'Pflichterfüllung'? Die Strafverfolgung nationalsozialistischer Gewaltverbrechen am Beispiel des Konzentrationslagers Bergen-Belsen, in: Die frühen Nachkriegsprozesse. KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme (ed.), Bremen. p. 41. ISBN 3-86108-322-1.
- ↑ "Trial Transcript - Sentencing". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ↑ "List of Sentences". Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ↑ "Trial Transcript - Sentencing". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ↑ "List of Sentences". Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ↑ "First Belsen Trial Kapo Erich Zoddel". Stalag XIC (311) and KZ Bergen-Belsen, A History From 1935. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ↑ "The British Hangman Who Executed Belsen's Most Sadistic Nazis". Haaretz. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ↑ "Hauptsturmführer Ernst Julius Kurt/Curt Max Meyer". www.bergenbelsen.co.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2022.