"Born to Make You Happy" | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Single by Britney Spears | ||||
from the album ...Baby One More Time | ||||
B-side | "(You Drive Me) Crazy" (Jazzy Jim's hip-hop mix) | |||
Released | December 6, 1999 | |||
Recorded | May 1998 | |||
Studio | Cheiron (Stockholm) | |||
Genre | ||||
Length | 3:35 | |||
Label | Jive | |||
Songwriter(s) | ||||
Producer(s) | Kristian Lundin | |||
Britney Spears singles chronology | ||||
| ||||
Music video | ||||
"Born To Make You Happy" on YouTube |
"Born to Make You Happy" is a song by American singer Britney Spears from her debut studio album, ...Baby One More Time (1999). It was released on December 6, 1999, by Jive Records, as the fourth single from the album in Europe. Spears—whose vision for her sound differed stylistically from that of her producer's—was unhappy with the sexual overtones of the song, and the song underwent at least one re-write before its release. The singer first recorded the vocals for the track in May 1998, which were later re-recorded in September 1999 for the ‘Bonus Remix’ of the song. The teen pop song alludes to a relationship that a woman desires to correct, not quite understanding what went wrong, as she comes to realize that she was "born to make [her lover] happy".
"Born to Make You Happy" received mixed to positive reviews from music critics, who praised Spears' vocals and deemed it an early classic, but criticized the song's message. The song achieved success throughout Europe, topping the charts in Ireland and the United Kingdom and reaching the top five in 15 countries, including Austria, Belgium, Finland, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Sweden and Switzerland. An accompanying music video, directed by Bille Woodruff, was released. The video portrays Spears dreaming that she is with her lover, while she sings and dances during the majority of the video. Spears has performed "Born to Make You Happy" on four concert tours.
Background
Before recording her debut album, Spears had originally envisioned it in style of Sheryl Crow’s music, but younger [and] more adult contemporary".[1] However, the singer agreed with her label's appointment of producers, who had the objective to reach a teen public at the time.[1] She flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, where half of the album was recorded from May 1998,[2] with producers Max Martin, Denniz Pop and Rami Yacoub, among others.[1][3] "Born to Make You Happy" was written and produced by Kristian Lundin, and co-written by Andreas Carlsson, and was the first work by the duo.[4] The song was mixed at Cheiron Studios by Max Martin. Esbjörn Öhrwall played the guitar, while keyboards and programming was done by Lundin. Background vocals were provided by Carlsson and Nana Hedin.[5]
The "Bonus Remix" of “Born To Make You Happy” was recorded in September 1999, following the record label’s idea to re-record and remix the song to have more ‘punch’ and to be more commercial. This idea came from the success of the remix release of the album’s third single (You Drive Me) Crazy". Within 24 hours of hearing the new remix, Clive Calder decided to keep the original album version for the single release, and to have the "Bonus Remix" as the b-side to the single.[6]
"Born to Make You Happy" was released in Europe as the fourth single from ...Baby One More Time on December 6, 1999.[7][8] It was not released as a single in the United States,[9] where "From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" was released as the album's fourth single instead.[10]
Composition
"Born to Make You Happy" is a teen pop and pop song that lasts for four minutes and three seconds.[11][12][13] The song is composed in the key of B minor[14] and is set in time signature of common time, with a moderately slow tempo of 84 beats per minute. Spears vocal range spans over an octave, from F♯3 to B4.[12] The song's lyrics are about a relationship that a woman desires to correct, not quite understanding what went wrong, as she comes to realize that "I don't know how to live without your love/I was born to make you happy".[15] Writing for Pink News, Mayer Nissim described its lyrics as being about "capturing that pain, denial, and self-pitying misery right after things go south".[16] "Born to Make You Happy" has a basic sequence of Bm–G–D–A as its chord progression.[12]
David Gauntlett, author of Media, gender, and identity: an introduction (2002), noted that, despite wanting her lover next to her in the song, Spears' "fans see her as assertive, strong and confident, and an example that young women can make it on their own".[17] The singer revealed in an interview with Rolling Stone, the writers had to re-write the original lyrics of the song. "I asked them to change the words to 'Born to Make You Happy.' It was a sexual song," she revealed.[1] "I said, 'This may be a little old for me.' Because of the image thing, I don't want to go over the top. If I come out being Miss Prima Donna, that wouldn't be smart. I want to have a place to grow".[1]
Critical response
"Born to Make You Happy" received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Kyle Anderson of MTV considered the song's chorus more than "a little bit off-putting," saying the first lines of it "could be a sentiment that a lovelorn 16-year-old can understand, but it also sounds like Spears is in training to be a geisha".[15] Craig MacInnis of Hamilton Spectator said "["Born to Make You Happy"] verges on the sort of boy-worshipping dreck that even Tiffany would have sniffed at".[18] Mike Ross of Edmond Sun said, as Spears emotes in the song, "the message behind the music is worse than mere sweet nothings. [...] So much for Girl Power".[19] Amanda Murray of Sputnikmusic considered "Born to Make You Happy" a "proficient but entirely unrememberable song,"[20] while Andy Petch-Jex of musicOMH considered the song an "early classic".[21] Christopher Rosa, from Glamour, deemed it Spears' tenth best song, calling it an "euphoric slice of late nineties bubblegum, featuring some of her fullest vocals and one of her most memorable bridges".[22] Shannon Barbour from Cosmopolitan called it a "prime stare-out-the-widow-pretending-to-be-in-an-emotional-music-video song".[23] Digital Spy's Alim Kheraj praised "Spears' pure vocals and the dreamlike production".[24]
For Alex Macpherson from The Guardian, it's one of the best examples of Spears' "distressing vulnerability" as well as her best song; "a determined erasure of the autonomous self [...] 'Born to Make You Happy' is horrifying as text and irresistible as pop, and the two are inextricable".[25] While reviewing ...Baby One More Time on its 20th anniversary, Billboard's Chuck Arnold felt that "the old-fashioned sentiment of this song - that a girl is born to please her guy - feels even more antiquated 20 years later. Still, this is a teen-pop dream".[26] For Daniel Megarry from Gay Times, it was one of the "standout tracks" from ...Baby One More Time and wrote that "it’s impossible not to feel nostalgia when the melancholic beats of 'Born To Make You Happy' grace your eardrums".[27] Mayer Nissim pointed out that "on the surface the lyrics are more than a little limp and pathetic, but [...] the powerful pop backing and unbreaking vocals show that Britney will more than live to fight (and love) another day".[16] Nicholas Hautman, from Us Weekly, said that the song "may not have aged well, but there is no question that it has some of Spears' best vocals".[28]
Commercial performance
On January 29, 2000, "Born to Make You Happy" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart becoming Spears' second UK number one.[29] The song shipped over 400,000 copies in the United Kingdom, earning a gold certification by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in February 2021.[30] It is her sixth best-selling single in the country.[31] In Ireland, the song also entered the Irish Singles Chart at number one on January 20, 2000,[32] while peaking at number two on the European chart.[33] In Sweden, "Born to Make You Happy" debuted at number four on December 23, 1999, peaking at number two in the following week.[34] The song has shipped over 30,000 copies in the country, earning a platinum certification by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).[35] In Germany, the song earned a gold certification by The Federal Association of Music Industry (BMVI),[36] after peaking at number three on the charts.[37] In France, "Born to Make You Happy" reached number nine,[37] and was certified gold by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP).[38] The single was not released in the United States.
Promotion
Music video
Jive Records commissioned a music video for the song to be directed by Bille Woodruff on October 24-25, 1999.[39] It was produced under Geneva Films,[40] while the choreography was created by Wade Robson.[41] The video premiered on November 13, 1999. The narrative of the video shows Spears dreaming as she sleeps in her room. As the dream begins, Spears is shown in a blue and silver futuristic room with several different levels, where she sings and walks around, and puts her feet on the wall while wearing a shiny silver outfit. MTV news reporter Ellen Thompson considered it the sexiest moment of the music video.[42] As the video continues, Spears is seen on top of the apartment building she lives in, performing a dance segment in a red top and black skirt with a few backup dancers. The following scenes shows the singer wearing white clothes and singing in the room in which she is sleeping, while her love interest comes into her room to see her. Together, they start a pillow fight that shortly ends after Spears is shown again in her room still sleeping, however, now with a smile upon her face. A longer dance segment intercalates with all the scenes during the whole video.
Anna Ben Yehuda, from Time Out magazine, called it Spears' eleventh best video; "we don't know why Brit is dreaming of making someone happy by dancing on a stage in space, but we don't care, because that choreography is dope".[43] Negative criticism came from Bustle's Kaitlin Reilly, who panned it as "patently ridiculous".[44]
Live performances
Spears performed the song for the very first time at her L'Oreal Hair Zone Mall Tour in New York City, USA on July 1, 1998. "Born to Make You Happy" has been performed by Spears on four tours. On her first big tour, ...Baby One More Time Tour, she sang the song seated on a staircase,[45] while on her second tour, Crazy 2k, the performance of the song included a full dance segment.[46] On the Oops!... I Did It Again Tour, Spears performed "Born to Make You Happy" wearing pajamas and slippers, with a dance segment near the end.[47] "Born to Make You Happy" was performed for the last time on Dream Within a Dream Tour, where Spears emerged from the middle of a giant musical box on the stage as a ballerina, to perform the song in a medley with "Lucky" and "Sometimes", right after the performance of "Overprotected".[48][49] Spears also performed "From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" and "Born to Make You Happy" on Disney Channel in Concert in 1999. The performances were recorded and included on Spears' first home video release, Time Out with Britney Spears.[50]
Track listing
|
|
Credits and personnel
- Britney Spears – lead vocals
- Kristian Lundin – songwriting, producer, keyboards, programming
- Andreas Carlsson – songwriting, background vocals
- Nana Hedin – background vocals
- Esbjörn Öhrwall – bass, guitar
- Max Martin – mixing
- Michael Tucker – pro-tools engineer
- Reza Safina – assistant engineer
- Tom Coyne – audio mastering
Source:[5]
Charts
Weekly charts
|
Year-end charts
All-time charts
|
Certifications
Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
---|---|---|
France (SNEP)[38] | Gold | 250,000* |
Germany (BVMI)[36] | Gold | 250,000^ |
Sweden (GLF)[35] | Platinum | 30,000^ |
United Kingdom (BPI)[30] | Gold | 400,000‡ |
* Sales figures based on certification alone. |
Release history
Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
France | December 6, 1999 | Maxi CD | Virgin | |
Germany | BMG | |||
United Kingdom | January 17, 2000 |
|
Jive | |
France | February 8, 2000 | CD | Virgin |
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Daly, Steven (April 15, 1999). "Cover Story: Britney Spears: Britney Spears : Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. ISSN 0035-791X.
- ↑ "The story behind Britney Spears' "Sometimes"".
- ↑ "Cover Story: Britney Spears". Rolling Stone. April 15, 1999. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- ↑ "Interview with KRISTIAN LUNDIN, songwriter/producer for Backstreet Boys, Britney Spears, Celine Dion and NSync". Hit Quarters. January 7, 2003. Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- 1 2 ...Baby One More Time liner notes. JIVE Records (1999)
- ↑ "The Original Doll with James Rodriguez: Born To Make You Happy (The Bonus Mix) - Britney Spears - JIVE RECORDS - Steve Lunt Interview on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- 1 2 "Born To Make You Happy [CD Single, Single Maxi] by Britney Spears". Amazon France. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
- 1 2 "Born to Make You Happy [Single, Maxi] by Britney Spears". Amazon Germany. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
- ↑ Chuck Arnold (January 12, 2019). "Britney Spears' '...Baby One More Time' at 20: All the Songs, Ranked". Billboard. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ↑ Justin Myers (January 23, 2015). "Number 1 today in 2000: Britney Spears – Born To Make You Happy". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
- ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (January 12, 1999). "...Baby One More Time – Album Review". AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 31, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- 1 2 3 "Born to Make You Happy – Digital Sheet Music". Music Notes. Universal Music Publishing Group. February 25, 2000. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ↑ "Born to Make You Happy by Britney Spears". Yahoo! Music. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
- ↑ Andreas, Carlsson; Kristian, Lundin; Britney, Spears (February 25, 2000). "Born To Make You Happy". Musicnotes. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- 1 2 Anderson, Kyle (March 3, 2010). "Britney Spears Goes Back To Her Schoolgirl Days For The First Installment Of 'Popology'". MTV. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- 1 2 Nissim, Mayer (October 18, 2018). "Britney Spears '…Baby One More Time' at 20: All 42 Britney songs ranked". Pink News. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ↑ Gauntlett 2002, p. 235
- ↑ MacInnis, Craig (January 12, 1999). "Bopper babe's CD glib collection of cliches". Hamilton Spectator. Metroland Media Group. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- ↑ Ross, Mike (January 23, 1999). "Britney Spears fails miserably". Edmond Sun. Community Newspaper Holdings. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- ↑ Murray, Amanda (March 26, 2006). "Britney Spears – ...Baby One More Time (Staff Review)". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- ↑ Petch-Jex, Andy (November 8, 2004). "Britney Spears — Greatest Hits: My Prerogative — Album Review". musicOMH. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- ↑ Rosa, Christopher (November 17, 2019). "Britney Spears's 10 Best (and Worst) Songs of All Time". Glamour. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ↑ Barbour, Shannon (October 26, 2018). "A Definitive Ranking of Britney Spears' Best Tracks for the Britney Stan in Your Life". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ↑ Kheraj, Alim (April 30, 2016). "Britney Spears's 15 biggest hits, ranked: which is our No.1?". Digital Spy. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ↑ Macpherson, Alex (August 24, 2016). "Britney Spears – 10 of the best". The Guardian. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ↑ Arnold, Chuck (December 1, 2019). "Britney Spears' '...Baby One More Time' at 20: All the Songs, Ranked". Billboard. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ↑ Megarry, Daniel (February 28, 2019). "We ranked every single Britney Spears album from worst to best". Gay Times. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ↑ Hautman, Nicholas (December 2, 2019). "All 40 of Britney Spears' Singles Ranked, From '…Baby One More Time' to 'Slumber Party'". Us Weekly. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ↑ "The Official Charts Company — Britney Spears — Born to Make You Happy". The Official Charts Company. January 29, 2000. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- 1 2 "British single certifications – Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
- ↑ "Britney Spears — Official Top 20". MTV. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ↑ "GFK Chart Track — Britney Spears — Born to Make You Happy". Irish Singles Chart. January 20, 2000. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- 1 2 Sexton, Paul (January 31, 2000). "Gabrielle, R.E.M. Debut High On U.K. Singles Chart". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy". Swedishcharts. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- 1 2 "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2000" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2011.
- 1 2 "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Britney Spears; 'Born to Make You Happy')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
- 1 2 "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy". Les Charts. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
- 1 2 "French single certifications – Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
- ↑ Thakur, Pradeep. Britney Spears is Coming-back!. ISBN 9781257089024.
- ↑ Spears, Britney (November 9, 2004). Greatest Hits: My Prerogative (DVD). Zomba/JIVE Label Group. ASIN B00064AM62. Retrieved February 4, 2011. Alt URL
- ↑ "Wade Robson". Wade Robson. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ Thompson, Ellen (February 17, 2011). "The Sexiest Moment From Every Britney Spears Video". MTV. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- ↑ Yehuda, Anna Ben (August 25, 2016). "All 38 of Britney Spears' music videos, ranked". Time Out. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ↑ Reilly, Kaitlin (June 18, 2015). "A Definitive Ranking Of All 36 Britney Spears' Music Videos From "...Baby One More Time" To "Pretty Girls" And Everything In Between". Bustle. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ↑ Ganahl, Jane (July 30, 1999). "The musical equivalent of cotton candy". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ↑ Graham, Adam (March 17, 2000). "Oops! Britney Drives Us Crazy ...One More Time". Central Michigan Life. Central Michigan University. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
- ↑ Miller, Andrew (July 20, 2000). "Britney Spears/Mikaila". The Pitch. Village Voice Media. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
- ↑ McHugh, Catherine (July 1, 2002). "Britney's Big Splash". Live Design. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ↑ Reid, Shaheem; Moss, Corey (November 2, 2001). "Britney Goes Bald, Plays Tiny Dancer, Gets Caught In The Rain At Tour Kickoff". MTV. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ↑ Time Out with Britney Spears liner notes. JIVE Records (1999)
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Oficiální Česká Hitparáda - Pro týden" (in Czech). IFPI ČR. Archived from the original on March 3, 2000. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ↑ "European Radio Top 50" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 6. February 5, 2000. p. 16. OCLC 29800226. Retrieved June 16, 2020 – via World Radio History.
- ↑ "Britney Spears: Born to Make You Happy" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy" (in French). Les classement single.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
- ↑ "Top 10 Greece" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 7. February 12, 2000. p. 13. Retrieved June 26, 2018. See LW column.
- ↑ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (Vikuna 21.1. – 27.1. 2000)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 21, 2000. p. 10. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
- ↑ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Born to Make You Happy". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
- ↑ "History" (in Italian). FIMI. Retrieved June 17, 2022. Set "Ricerca per" on "Titolo", then search "Born to Make You Happy" and click "Classifiche".
- ↑ "Top National Sellers" (PDF). Music & Media. March 11, 2000. p. 23. OCLC 29800226. Retrieved October 24, 2018 – via World Radio History.
- ↑ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 2, 2000" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy". VG-lista. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- 1 2 "Romanian Top 100: Top of the Year 2000" (in Romanian). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on January 22, 2005.
- ↑ "Major Market Airplay – Scandinavia" (PDF). Music & Media. January 29, 2000. p. 31. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
- ↑ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. January 23, 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Britney Spears – Born to Make You Happy". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. January 23, 2000. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. January 23, 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
- ↑ "Jaarlijsten 1999" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
- ↑ Sverigetopplistan (1999). "Årslista Singlar". Archived from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ↑ "Rapport Annuels" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Ultratop & Hung Medien / hitparade.ch. 2000. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ↑ "Jaaroverzichten" (in French). Ultratop 50. 2000. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ↑ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles 2000" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 52. December 23, 2000. p. 9. OCLC 29800226. Retrieved June 15, 2020 – via World Radio History.
- ↑ "European Radio Top 100 2000" (PDF). Music & Media. December 23, 2000. p. 13. OCLC 29800226. Retrieved June 15, 2020 – via World Radio History.
- ↑ "Classement Singles" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Disque en France. 2000. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ↑ "Top 100 Jahrescharts 2000". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
- ↑ "Top 100 of 2000". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Archived from the original on June 2, 2004. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
- ↑ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2000". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ↑ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2000". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ↑ "Årslista Singlar". Sverigetopplistan. 2000. Archived from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ↑ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade". Hit Parade. Ultratop & Hung Medien / hitparade.ch. 2000. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- ↑ "Top 500 wszech czasów – wyniki głosowania" (in Polish). Radio Złote Przeboje. Agora SA. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
- ↑ "New Releases – For Week Starting 17 January, 2000: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. January 15, 2000. p. 19. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
- ↑ "Born to make you happy – Britney Spears – CD single" (in French). France: Fnac. February 8, 2000. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
Bibliography
- Gauntlett, David (2002). Media, gender, and identity: an introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-18960-6.
- Hughes, Mark (2005). Buzzmarketing: get people to talk about your stuff. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-59184-092-3.