Brazil has a multi-party system since 1979, when the country's military dictatorship disbanded an enforced two-party system and allowed the creation of multiple parties.[1]

Above the broad range of political parties in Brazilian Congress, the Workers' Party (PT), the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), the Liberal Party (PL), the Progressives (PP) and the Brazil Union (UNIÃO) together control the absolute majority of seats in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies.[2] Smaller parties often make alliances with at least one of these five major parties.[3] The number of political parties reached 35 on its apex on 2018, 30 of which were represented in congress after the 2018 Brazilian general election.[4][5][6] However, an electoral threshold introduced on 2017 has resulted in the culling and merger of many parties, as it cuts access to party subsidies and free party political broadcasts.[4][7]

Brazilian parties have access to party subsidies in form of the Fundo Partidário (lit. 'Party Fund') and the Fundo Eleitoral (lit. 'Electoral Fund') for elections.[8] And a system of free party political broadcasts during election time known as the horário eleitoral gratuito.[9]

Since 1982, Brazilian political parties have been given an electoral number to make it easier for illiterate people to vote. Initially, it was a one-digit number: 1 for PDS, 2 for PDT, 3 for PT, 4 for PTB, and 5 for PMDB. When it became clear that there was going to be more than nine parties, two-digit numbers were assigned, with the first five parties having a "1" added to their former one-digit number (PDS becoming number 11, PDT 12, PT 13, PTB 14, and PMDB 15). Political parties often change their names; however, they can retain their number.

Active political parties

Parties in the National Congress

Party Ideology Leader TSE id
number		 Deputies Senators State deputies[10] Councillors[11] Alliances
Liberal Party (PL)
Partido Liberal		 Right-wing populism
Social conservatism		 Valdemar Costa Neto 22
96 / 513
12 / 81
129 / 1,059
3,467 / 58,043
Workers' Party (PT)
Partido dos Trabalhadores		 Social democracy
Lulism		 Gleisi Hoffmann 13
68 / 513
8 / 81
118 / 1,059
2,665 / 58,043
 Brazil of Hope
Brazil Union (UNIÃO)
União Brasil		 Liberal conservatism Luciano Bivar 44
59 / 513
7 / 81
100 / 1,059
5,546 / 58,043
Progressives (PP)
Progressistas		 Liberal conservatism Ciro Nogueira 11
50 / 513
6 / 81
87 / 1,059
6,346 / 58,043
Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB)
Movimento Democrático Brasileiro		 Big tent Baleia Rossi 15
44 / 513
11 / 81
95 / 1,059
7,335 / 58,043
Social Democratic Party (PSD)
Partido Social Democrático		 Big tent Gilberto Kassab 55
43 / 513
15 / 81
78 / 1,059
5,694 / 58,043
Republicans
Republicanos		 Social conservatism
Economic liberalism		 Marcos Pereira 10
41 / 513
4 / 81
76 / 1,059
2,601 / 58,043
Democratic Labor Party (PDT)
Partido Democrático Trabalhista		 Social democracy
Laborism
Brazilian nationalism		 André Figueiredo 12
18 / 513
3 / 81
43 / 1,059
3,441 / 58,043
We Can (PODE)
Podemos		 Third Way
Direct democracy		 Renata Abreu 19
15 / 513
7 / 81
48 / 1,059
3,038 / 58,043
Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB)
Partido Socialista Brasileiro		 Social democracy Carlos Siqueira 40
14 / 513
4 / 81
54 / 1,059
3,029 / 58,043
Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB)
Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira		 Liberalism
Economic liberalism		 Marconi Perillo 45
14 / 513
2 / 81
54 / 1,059
4,377 / 58,043
 Always Forward
Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL)
Partido Socialismo e Liberdade		 Democratic socialism
Anti-capitalism
Eco-socialism		 Paula Coradi 50
13 / 513
0 / 81
22 / 1,059
89 / 58,043
 PSOL REDE
Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB)
Partido Comunista do Brasil		 Communism
Marxism-Leninism		 Luciana Santos 65
7 / 513
0 / 81
18 / 1,059
694 / 58,043
 Brazil of Hope
Forward
Avante		 Laborism
Brazilian nationalism
Centrism		 Luis Tibé 70
7 / 513
0 / 81
14 / 1,059
1,054 / 58,043
Green Party (PV)
Partido Verde		 Green politics José Luiz Penna 43
6 / 513
0 / 81
20 / 1,059
805 / 58,043
 Brazil of Hope
Solidarity
Solidariedade		 Social democracy
Humanism		 Eurípedes Júnior 77
5 / 513
0 / 81
28 / 1,059
2,102 / 58,043
Democratic Renewal Party (PRD)
Partido Renovação Democrática		 Right-wing populism
National conservatism
Christian right		 Ovasco Resende 25
5 / 513
0 / 81
25 / 1,059
3,193 / 58,043
Citizenship
Cidadania		 Social liberalism Comte Bittencourt 23
4 / 513
0 / 81
17 / 1,059
1,585 / 58,043
 Always Forward
New Party (NOVO)
Partido Novo		 Classical liberalism Eduardo Ribeiro 30
3 / 513
1 / 81
5 / 1,059
29 / 58,043
Sustainability Network (REDE)
Rede Sustentabilidade		 Green politics Heloísa Helena 18
1 / 513
0 / 81
6 / 1,059
144 / 58,043
 PSOL REDE

Other parties

Party Ideology Leader TSE id
number		 State deputies[10] Councillors[11]
Brazilian Labor Renewal Party (PRTB)
Partido Renovador Trabalhista Brasileiro		 National conservatism
Janismo
Laborism		 John dos Santos 28
7 / 1,059
220 / 58,043
National Mobilization (MOBILIZA)
Mobilização Nacional		 Democratic socialism
Brazilian nationalism		 Antonio Massarollo 33
6 / 1,059
200 / 58,043
Act
Agir		 Autistic people's interests Daniel Tourinho 36
5 / 1,059
220 / 58,043
Brazilian Woman's Party (PMB)
Partido da Mulher Brasileira		 Social conservatism
Anti-feminism
Anti-abortion		 Suêd Haidar 35
3 / 1,059
46 / 58,043
Christian Democracy (DC)
Democracia Cristã		 Christian democracy José Maria Eymael 27
1 / 1,059
123 / 58,043
Brazilian Communist Party (PCB)
Partido Comunista Brasileiro		 Marxism-Leninism Edmilson Costa 21
0 / 1,059
0 / 58,043
Workers' Cause Party (PCO)
Partido da Causa Operária		 Trotskyism Rui Costa Pimenta 29
0 / 1,059
0 / 58,043
United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU)
Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado		 Trotskyism Zé Maria 16
0 / 1,059
0 / 58,043
Popular Unity (UP)
Unidade Popular		 Revolutionary socialism Léo Péricles 80
0 / 1,059
0 / 58,043

Historical parties

Imperial Brazil

First Republic and Vargas Era

Fourth Republic

Military Dictatorship and Sixth Republic

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sousa, Ana Cristina Augusto de; Silva, Lays Correa da (6 August 2021). "Redemocratização no Brasil: continuidade ou ruptura?". Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) (in Portuguese). 22 (47): 570–575. doi:10.1590/2237-101X02204713. ISSN 1518-3319. S2CID 238849517.
  2. ↑ Freedom House report on Brazil, 2007
  3. ↑ "Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados". tse.jus.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Número de partidos na Câmara deve cair após ápice da fragmentação em 2018". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  5. ↑ "Brasil tem 75 partidos políticos em processo de formação".
  6. ↑ "Brasil vai às urnas em outubro com 35 partidos". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  7. ↑ "Perspectiva é de fusão entre partidos". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  8. ↑ Fundo Partidário (estudo) Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine. Por Miriam Campelo de Melo Amorim. Brasília: Biblioteca Digital da Câmara dos Deputados, outubro de 2005.
  9. ↑ "L9504". www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  10. 1 2 "Raio-X das eleições: Leia como serão as assembleias em 2023". Poder360 (in Portuguese). 11 October 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  11. 1 2 "DEM, PP e PSD aumentam número de vereadores no Brasil; MDB, PT, PSDB, PDT e PSB registram redução". G1 (in Portuguese). 17 November 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
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