Jacques Pierre Brissot de Warville
Portrait by François Bonneville, c. 1790
Member of the National Convention
for Eure-et-Loir
In office
20 September 1792 – 30 October 1793
Preceded byÉtienne Claye
Succeeded byClaude Julien Maras
ConstituencyChartres
Member of the Legislative Assembly
for Seine
In office
1 October 1791 – 19 September 1792
Succeeded byAntoine Sergent-Marceau
ConstituencyParis
Personal details
Born
Jacques Pierre Brissot

(1754-01-15)15 January 1754
Chartres, Orléanais, France
Died31 October 1793(1793-10-31) (aged 39)
Paris, France
Cause of deathExecution by guillotine
Resting placeChapelle expiatoire, Paris
48°52′25″N 2°19′22″E / 48.873611°N 2.322778°E / 48.873611; 2.322778
Political partyGirondin
Spouse
Félicité Dupont
​
(m. 1782)​
Children
  • Pierre Augustin Félix
  • Edme Augustin Sylvain
  • Jacques Jérôme Anacharsis
Alma materUniversity of Orléans
ProfessionJournalist, publisher
Signature

Jacques Pierre Brissot (French pronunciation: [ʒak pjɛʁ bʁiso], 15 January 1754 – 31 October 1793), also known as Brissot de Warville was a French journalist, abolitionist, and revolutionary leading the faction of Girondins (initially called Brissotins) in the National Convention that was located in Paris, France.

In February 1788 Brissot was the founder of the anti-slavery Society of the Friends of the Blacks. From the outbreak of the revolution in July 1789, he became one of its most vocal supporters. As a member of the Legislative Assembly, Brissot advocated for war against Austria and other European powers in order to secure France's revolutionary gains, which led to the War of the First Coalition in 1792. He voted against the immediate execution of Louis XVI which made him unpopular by the Montagnards. On 3 April 1793 Maximilien Robespierre declared in the Convention that the whole war was a prepared game between Dumouriez and Brissot to overthrow the First French Republic.[1] Conflicts with Robespierre, who accused him of royalism eventually brought about his downfall.[2] On 8 October the Convention decided to arrest Brissot. At the end of October 1793 he was guillotined along with 28 other Girondins by Charles-Henri Sanson.[3]

Biography

Early life and family

Brissot was born at Chartres, the 13th child of a tavern keeper.[4] He received an education and worked as a law clerk; first in Chartres then in Paris.[5] In 1774 he moved to London because he wanted to pursue a literary career and decided to "anglicize" his last name by adding Warville, after Ouarville, a hamlet in the village of Lèves where his father owned property.[6] He published many literary articles throughout his time in the British capital. While there, Brissot founded two periodicals that later did not do well and failed.[5] Brissot decided to seek his mother for more money and shortly then Brissot pursued the Paris Bar which was founded when Louis XIV was King, but some of his published pamphlets against the government led him to get denied access.[7] He married Félicité Dupont (1759–1818), who translated English works, including Oliver Goldsmith and Robert Dodsley. They lived in London and had three children. His first works, Théorie des lois criminelles (1781) and Bibliothèque philosophique du législateur (1782), dealt with philosophy of law topics, and showed the deep influence of ethical precepts espoused by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Writer on social causes

In the preface of Théorie des lois criminelles, Brissot explains that he submitted an outline of the book to Voltaire and quotes his answer from 13 April 1778. Théorie des lois criminelles was a plea for penal reform. The pamphlet was considered extremely provocative as it was perceived as opposing the government and the queen. Brissot was imprisoned in the Bastille but was later released in September 1784.[5][8][9]

Brissot became known as a writer and was engaged on the Mercure de France, the Courrier de l'Europe and other papers. Devoted to the cause of humanity, he proposed a plan for the collaboration of all European intellectuals. His newspaper Journal du Lycée de Londres, was to be the organ of their views. The plan was unsuccessful. Soon after his return to Paris, Brissot was placed in the Bastille in 1784 on the charge of having published a pornographic pamphlet Passe-temps de Toinette against the queen of France Marie Antoinette. Brissot had a falling out with Catholicism, and wrote about his disagreements with the church's hierarchical system.[10]

After gaining release in four months, Brissot returned to pamphleteering, most notably his 1785 open letter to emperor Joseph II of Austria, Seconde lettre d'un défenseur du peuple a l'Empereur Joseph II, sur son règlement concernant, et principalement sur la révolte des Valaques, which supported the right of subjects to revolt against the misrule of a monarch. Because of the controversy, this generated, he went to London for a time.[11]

In summer 1787 he and Étienne Clavière visited Utrecht, then a "democratic eldorado"; Rotterdam, where they met Abbé Sièyes; and Amsterdam where they met with Pieter Stadnitski, a banker.[12][13][14] By the end of September they were back in Paris.[15]

Abolitionists

Clavière and Brissot lived at 10 rue d'Amboise in 1789.[16]

On a second visit to London, accompanied by Charles-Louis Ducrest, the brother of Madame de Genlis, he became acquainted with some of the leading abolitionists. After returning to Paris on 19 February 1788, he and Étienne Clavière founded an anti-slavery group known as Society of the Friends of the Blacks (Société des amis des Noirs) and was their secretary.

As an agent of the newly formed society, Brissot travelled to the United States from June 1788 till January 1789 to visit abolitionists there. The country had gained independence several years before but was still a slave state. He also met with members of the constitutional convention in Philadelphia to find out what he could about the domestic debt of the United States and researching investment opportunities in Scioto Company. At one point, he was interested in emigrating to America with his family. Thomas Jefferson, the American ambassador in Paris when he returned, was familiar enough with him to note, "Warville is returned charmed with our country. He is going to carry his wife and children to settle there."[17] However, such an emigration never happened. Brissot in 1789 published a pamphlet in arguing that deputies owe any black Frenchman or anyone in the French owned colonies their sacred rights as much as any white man.[18]

In 1789 he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[19] He was president of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks during 1790 and 1791. The rising ferment of revolution engaged Brissot in schemes for progress through political journalism that would make him a household name.[17] In 1791 he published his Nouveau Voyage dans les États-Unis de l'Amérique septentrionale (3 vols.). Brissot believed that American ideals could help improve the French government. In 1791, Brissot along with Marquis de Condorcet, Thomas Paine, and Étienne Dumont created a newspaper promoting republicanism titled Le Républicain.[20] Brissot in 1787 also collaborated with a Swiss Banker named Etienne Clavie and published the first French version of De la France et des Etats-Unis; ou Vlmportance de la Revolution de VAmerique pour le Bon- heur de la Fran, this book was an important showcase of possible economic benefit of France stemming from the American Revolution.[21]

The French Revolution

Elections

From the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Brissot became one of its most vocal supporters. He edited the Patriote français from 1789 to 1793 and took a prominent part in politics.[22] He witnessed at the marriage of Camille and Lucille Desmoulins in December 1790, together with Pétion and Robespierre.[23][24] Famous for his speeches at the Jacobin Club, he was elected a member of the municipality of Paris, then of the Legislative Assembly, and later of the National Convention. At the National Convention, Brissot represented Eure-et-Loir.[5]

Girondins

On 30 November 1789, Brissot suggested a scheme of municipal constitution for Paris, working in collaboration with the National Assembly and the Assembly of Representatives of the Paris Commune, but this plan had to be abandoned when it was refused by the local, decentralized districts of Paris, who had always been more revolutionary than their leaders.[25] Historian and political theorist Peter Kropotkin suggested that Brissot represented the "defenders of property" and the "states-men", which would become the Girondins, also known as the "War Party."[26] They were known for this name because they clamoured for a war that would ultimately force the king to step down (as opposed to a popular revolution); Brissot is quoted as saying, "We want some great treachery."[27] His opinion, recorded in his pamphlet "A sel commettants" ("To Salt Principals"), was that the masses had no "managing capacity" and that he feared a society ruled by "the great unwashed."[28] Writing on 23 May 1793, Brissot had commented...

"I have declared, since the beginning of the Convention that there was in France a party of dis-organizers, which was tending towards the dissolution of the Republic, even while it was in its cradle.... I can prove to-day: first, that this party of anarchists has dominated and still dominates nearly all the deliberations of the Convention and the workings of the Executive Council; secondly, that this party has been and still is the sole cause of all the evils, internal as well as the external, which afflict France; and thirdly, that the Republic can only be saved by taking rigorous measures to wrest the representatives of the nation from the despotism of this faction... Laws that are not carried into effect, authorities without force and despised, crime unpunished, property attacked, the safety of the individual violated, the morality of the people corrupted, no constitution, no government, no justice, these are the features of anarchy!"[29]

The Girondins, or Brissotins as they were often called, were a group of loosely affiliated individuals, many of whom came from Gironde, rather than an organized party, but the main ideological emphasis was on preventing revolution and protecting private property. This group was first led by Brissot.[30] Robespierre, representing the party of Revolution, loathed the Girondins.[31] On 24 October 1792, Brissot published another pamphlet, in which he declared the need for a coup against anarchists and the decentralized, populist element of the French Revolution, going so far as to demand the abolition of the Paris Commune.[32]

King Louis XVI

When the king and his conspirators were arrested for attempting to escape the country to join foreign armies, the courts exonerated most of the accused, and Brissot quipped that the High Court of Orleans was "the safeguard of the conspirator."[33]

Following the arrest of King Louis XVI on charges of "high treason" and "crimes against the State", there was widespread disagreement on what the fate of the king should be. While many, believing that leaving the King alive increased the chances of a return to monarchy, argued to execute the king by guillotine, Brissot and other Girondins suggested several alternatives in hopes of sparing his life.[34] Brissot and the Girondins championed the idea of keeping him under arrest both as a hostage and as a bargaining chip. Brissot believed that once Louis XVI was executed all of France's foreign negotiating power would be lost, and he also feared a massive royalist rebellion. At one point, many Girondin leaders, including Brissot, called for a national referendum that would enable the citizens to vote on the king's fate.[34] However, the Convention eventually voted for the king's immediate execution, and King Louis XVI was beheaded on 21 January 1793.

Foreign policy

News of the Declaration of Pillnitz (27 August 1791) reached France shortly before the convening of the new Legislative Assembly, which Brissot rapidly came to dominate. The declaration was from Austria and Prussia, warning the people of France not to harm Louis XVI or these nations would "militarily intervene" in the politics of France. Threatened by the declaration, Brissot rallied the support of the Assembly, which subsequently declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792. They wanted to fortify and secure the revolution.[35] This decision was initially disastrous as the French armies were crushed during the first engagements, leading to a major increase in political tensions within the country.

During the Legislative Assembly, Brissot's knowledge of foreign affairs enabled him as a member of the diplomatic committee to control much of France's foreign policy during this time. Brissot was a key figure in the declaration of war against Leopold II, the Habsburg monarchy, the Dutch Republic, and the Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 February 1793. It was also Brissot who characterized these wars as part of revolutionary propaganda.[36]

Arrest and execution

The end of Brissot appeared in sight when, on 26 May 1793, Brissot authored "To His Constituents", in which he demanded the guillotining of "the anarchists", and tried to rouse the middle classes to resist the decentralized departments, which had not taken the lead from Robespierre but rather from The Mountain and largely local organizers and agitators.[37] Brissot was condemned and then escaped from Paris, going to Normandy and Brittany, where he and other Girondists, such as Pétion, Gaudet, Barbaroux, Louvet, Buzot, and Lanjuinais, had planned to organize Counter-Revolutionary Vendée Uprising.[38] Here Brissot had seized the delegates of the convention, having them arrested, but the uprising was short-lived, as the masses marched through the streets and overthrew Brissot and his clique. The Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition, remarked: "Brissot was quick, eager, impetuous, and a man of wide knowledge. However, he was indecisive, and not qualified to struggle against the fierce energies roused by the events of the Revolution."[5] Brissot's stance on the King's execution and the war with Austria, and his moderate views on the Revolution intensified the friction between the Girondins and Montagnards, who allied themselves with disaffected sans-culottes. Brissot ultimately attempted to rein in the violence and excesses of the Revolution by calling for the reinstatement of the constitutional monarchy that had been established by the Constitution of 1791, a ploy that landed on deaf ears.

In late May 1793, the Montagnards in the convention, meeting in the Tuileries Palace, called for the removal of the Commission of Twelve. The convention was further radicalized by the call for the removal and arrest of Brissot and the entire Girondin group made by the sans-culottes in the Parisian National Guard, which had armed with cannons and surrounded the convention.[39] When the refusal of the convention to make such a hasty decision was delivered to the National Guard, François Hanriot, its leader, replied: "Tell your stupid president that he and his Assembly are doomed and that if within one hour he doesn't deliver to me the twenty-two, I'm going to blast it!"[40] Under this threat of violence, the Convention capitulated and on 2 June 1793, Brissot and the other Girondins were arrested.[41]

Execution of Brissot, 31 October 1793 = 10 Brumaire, l'an II

Brissot was one of the first Girondins to escape but was also one of the first captured. Passing through his hometown of Chartres on his way to the city of Caen, the centre of anti-revolutionary forces in Normandy, he was caught travelling with false papers on 10 June and taken back to Paris.[42] On 3 October, the trial of Brissot and the Girondins began. They were charged with being "agents of the counter-revolution and the foreign powers, especially Britain."[43] Brissot, who conducted his own defence, attacked point by point the absurdities of the charges against him and his fellow Girondins.

He was unsuccessful, and on 30 October the death sentence was delivered to Brissot and the 28 other Girondins.[44] The next day, the convicted men were taken by tumbrel to the guillotine, singing La Marseillaise as they travelled, and embracing the role of martyred patriots.[45] Brissot was executed on October 31st, 1793 at age 39. His corpse was buried in the Madeleine cemetery alongside his guillotined associates.

Spying allegations

Robespierre and Marat alleged that Brissot was involved in several actions against the revolution. These included accusations of him supporting the movement known as Orleanism or "federalism," allegedly receiving financial support from Great Britain, his reluctance to support the immediate execution of the former king, and supposedly collaborating with General Dumouriez, who was accused of betraying the revolutionary cause.[46]

Brissot's activities after the siege of the Bastille have been closely studied. While enthusiasts and apologists consider Brissot to be an idealist and unblemished, philosophe revolutionary, his detractors have challenged his credibility and moral character. They have repeated contemporary allegations that during the mid-1780s, he defrauded his business partner, was involved in the production and dissemination of libelles – pornographic and otherwise – and spied for the police.[47] The accusations were led by Jean-Paul Marat, Camille Desmoulins, Maximilien Robespierre, and above all the notorious scandal-monger, extortioner, and perjurer Charles Théveneau de Morande, whose hatred, Brissot asserted, 'was the torment of my life'. Brissot was accused of organizing (or taking part in) conspicuous dinners.[48]

In 1968 historian Robert Darnton affirmed some of these accounts,[49] and reaffirmed them in the 1980s, holding Brissot up as a case-study in the understanding of the difficult circumstances many philosophes encountered attempting to support themselves by their writing.[50] Brissot's life and thinking are so well documented, from his early age through to his execution, many historians have examined him as a representative figure displaying the Enlightenment attitudes that drove many of the leading French revolutionaries. Thus, he undoubtedly exemplified the beliefs of many supporters of the Revolution. Darnton sees him in this way, but also argued that he was intimately tangled in the business of "Grub Street", the scrappy world of publishing for profit in the eighteenth century, which was essential to the spread of Enlightenment ideas. Thus, Darnton explores his relationship to his business partners, to the libellistes who wrote scandalous accusations against the crown and other leading figures, and to the police, arguing that based on suggestive evidence it is probable that when Brissot fell on hard financial times in the mid-1780s he agreed to operate as a police spy. Historian Frederick Luna has argued that the letters and memoirs from which Darnton drew his information were written fifteen years after his supposed employment and that the timeline does not work out because Brissot was documented as having left Paris as soon as he was released from the Bastille (where he was held on suspicion of writing libelles) and therefore could not have talked with the police as alleged.[51] More convincing still is the work of historian Simon Burrows who, drawing on the Brissot papers (deposited in the Archives Nationales in 1982), comprehensively engages each of Darnton's speculations demonstrating that Brissot's financial problems were not evidence of fraud, that while – like many others – he traded in books and may have transported libelles, there is no evidence that he wrote them, and that while like many others he collected and collated general information on contemporary opinion in France for royal officials, there is no evidence that he operated as a paid police spy. As Burrows further notes, Darnton has progressively retreated from his earlier speculations, and he argues Brissot's behaviour in the 1780s and after, while it demonstrates his willingness to compromise with authority to advance his career, also demonstrates him to be "a committed philosophe and reformer, keen to avoid unnecessary entanglements in illegal activities, who despite his political radicalism, aspired to advise the regime and serve like-minded patrons."[47]

Legacy

Through his writings, Brissot made important contributions to "pre-revolutionary and revolutionary ideology in France".[52] His early works on legislation, his many pamphlets, speeches in the Legislative Assembly and the convention, demonstrated dedication to the principles of the French Revolution. Brissot's idea of a fair, democratic society, with universal suffrage, living in moral as well as political freedom, foreshadowed many modern liberationist ideologies.[53] He was influenced by the dissenters Richard Price and Joseph Priestley.[54]

Brissot was also very interested in science. He was a strong disciple of Sextus Empiricus and applied those theories to modern science at the time in order to make knowledge well known about the enlightenment of Ethos.[55]

The varying actions of Brissot in the 1780s also helped create a key understanding of how the Enlightenment Republic of letters was transformed into a revolutionary Republic of Letters.[56]

Brissot was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789.[57]

Works

Bibliothèque philosophique du Législateur, du Politique, du Jurisconsulte, 1782

His Mémoires and his Testament politique (4 vol.) were published in 1829-1832 by his sons with François Mongin de Montrol:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Munsey's People Search: Page 1". Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  2. ↑ Wikisource: Œuvres complètes de Maximilien Robespierre. Speech Robespierre against Brissot and the girondins Delivered to the Convention on 10 April 1793 Discours contre Brissot & les girondins
  3. ↑ Sanson Memoirs Vol II p.70
  4. ↑ Robert C. Darnton, "The Grub Street Style of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Police Spy", p. 301 in The Journal of Modern History vol. 40, no. 3 (Sept. 1968)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Jacques-Pierre Brissot | French revolutionary leader". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  6. ↑ Frederick A. de Luna, " The Dean Street Style of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Jeune Philosophe ", pp. 162 in: French Historical Studies, Volume 17, No. 1 (Spring 2001)
  7. ↑ Mark, Harrison W. "Jacques-Pierre Brissot". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  8. ↑ William Bridgewater; Elizabeth J. Sherwood; Evelyn Bartshi Boyce; et al., eds. (1950) [1935]. "Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre". The Columbia Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 254 – via Internet Archive.
  9. ↑ Brissot de Warville (1781). Théorie des lois criminelles (in French). Vol. 1.
  10. ↑ Loft, Lenore (2009). "Brissot, Jacques Pierre (1754–1793)". The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest : 1500 to the present. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0247. ISBN 9781405184649.
  11. ↑ Léonore Loft, "The Transylvanian Peasant Uprising of 1784, Brissot and the Right to Revolt: A Research Note", pp. 209–218 in: French Historical Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring, 1991)
  12. ↑ Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre (1754-1793) Auteur du texte (18 April 1877). Mémoires de Brissot / avec introduction, notices et notes par M. de Lescure – via gallica.bnf.fr.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Jourdan, A. (2007). "The 'alien origins' of the French Revolution: American, Scottish, Genevan, and Dutch influences". Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, 35, 185–205. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dodidx?c=wsfh;idno=0642292.0035.012
  14. ↑ Rosendaal, J.G.M.M. (2005) De Nederlandse Revolutie. Vrijheid, volk en vaderland 1783–1799, p. 242, 245.
  15. ↑ Perroud, C. (1912) Correspondance et papiers de Brissot, p. XLIV, 161.
  16. ↑ Roster of Membership in the Society of Friends of Blacks, 1789,” LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY: EXPLORING THE FRENCH REVOUTION, accessed June 13, 2023, https://revolution.chnm.org/d/339
  17. 1 2 David Andress, 1789: The Threshold of the Modern Age, 87.
  18. ↑ Geggus, David (1989). "Racial Equality, Slavery, and Colonial Secession during the Constituent Assembly". The American Historical Review. 94 (5): 1290–1308. doi:10.2307/1906352. ISSN 0002-8762.
  19. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  20. ↑ Berges, Sandrine (2015). "Sophie de Grouchy on the Cost of Domination in the Letters on Sympathy and Two Anonymous Articles in Le Républicain" (PDF). Monist. 98: 102–112. doi:10.1093/monist/onu011. hdl:11693/12519.
  21. ↑ Stern, Madeleine B. (1976). "Brissot De Warville and the Franco-American Press". Studies in Bibliography. 29: 362–372. ISSN 0081-7600.
  22. ↑ Christopher Hibbert, The Days of the French Revolution, 137.
  23. ↑ "Maximilien Robespierre's False Friends by Peter McPhee" (PDF).
  24. ↑ Jean-Joseph Gaume (1856) La Révolution, recherches historiques, Quatrième partie, Paris, Gaume frères, pp. 136–37
  25. ↑ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 24: The "Districts" and the "Sections" of Paris". The Great French Revolution.
  26. ↑ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 26: Delays in the Abolition of the Feudal Rights". The Great French Revolution.
  27. ↑ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 30: The Legislative Assembly--Reaction in 1791-1792". The Great French Revolution.
  28. ↑ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 32 : The Twentieth of June 1792". The Great French Revolution.
  29. ↑ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 40 : Attempts of the Girondins to Stop the Revolution". The Great French Revolution.
  30. ↑ "Girondists | The Columbia Encyclopedia – Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018.
  31. ↑ "Brissot, Jacques Pierre | The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide – Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018.
  32. ↑ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 39 : The "Mountain" and The Gironde". The Great French Revolution.
  33. ↑ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 34 : The Interregnum--The Betrayals". The Great French Revolution.
  34. 1 2 Jeremy D. Popkin, " The Defeat of the Liberal Revolution ", pp. 73 in: A Short History of the French Revolution, Fifth Edition (2010)
  35. ↑ "Brissot (de Warville), Jacques-Pierre | Britannica Concise Encyclopedia – Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com.
  36. ↑ Thomas Lalevée, "National Pride and Republican grandezza: Brissot's New Language for International Politics in the French Revolution", French History and Civilisation (Vol. 6), 2015, pp. 66-82.
  37. ↑ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 45 : A New Rising Rendered Inevitable". The Great French Revolution.
  38. ↑ Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 53 : Counter-Revolution in Brittany--Assassination of Marat". The Great French Revolution.
  39. ↑ David Andress, The Terror, p. 175.
  40. ↑ David Andress, The Terror, p. 176.
  41. ↑ David Andress, The Terror,p. 382.
  42. ↑ David Andress, The Terror, p. 180.
  43. ↑ David Andress, The Terror, p. 228.
  44. ↑ David Andress, The Terror, p. 229.
  45. ↑ David Andress, The Terror, p. 230.
  46. ↑ Frederick A. de Luna, "The Dean Street Style of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Jeune Philosophe", p. 178 in: French Historical Studies, Volume 17, No. 1 (Spring 2001)
  47. 1 2 Simon Burrows, "The Innocence of Jacques-Pierre Brissot," The Historical Journal vol. 46 (2003), pp. 843-871.
  48. ↑ Linton, Marisa; Harder, Mette (12 March 2015). "'Come and Dine': The Dangers of Conspicuous Consumption in French Revolutionary Politics, 1789–95". European History Quarterly. 45 (4): 615. doi:10.1177/0265691415595959. S2CID 143310428 – via www.academia.edu.
  49. ↑ Robert C. Darnton, "The Grub Street Style of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Police Spy", The Journal of Modern History vol. 40, no. 3 (Sept. 1968), p. 301.
  50. ↑ Robert Darnton, The Literary Underground of the Old Regime, Harvard University Press, 1982, pp. 49-68.
  51. ↑ Frederick A. Luna, "Interpreting Brissot", The Dean Street Style of Revolution, pp. 159–190.
  52. ↑ Loft, p. 209.
  53. ↑ Leonore Loft, Passion, Politics, and Philosophie : Rediscovering J.-P. Brissot'', (2001)
  54. ↑ "A. Jourdan (2007) The "Alien Origins" of the French Revolution: American, Scottish, Genevan, and Dutch influences. Proceedings of the Western Society for French History".
  55. ↑ Charles, Sébastien (1 January 2013). "From Universal Pyrrhonism to Revolutionary Scepticism: Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville". In Charles, Sébastien; Smith, Plínio J. (eds.). Scepticism in the Eighteenth Century: Enlightenment, Lumières, Aufklärung. International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées. Springer Netherlands. pp. 231–244. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4810-1_16. ISBN 9789400748095.
  56. ↑ Denna Goodman, "Conclusion", pp. 73 in: The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French enlightenment, (1994)
  57. ↑ "Jean P. Brissot". American Philosophical Society Member History. American Philosophical Society. Retrieved 15 December 2020.

Further reading

  • Burrows, Simon. "The Innocence of Jacques-Pierre Brissot." Historical Journal (2003): 843–871. online
  • Darnton, Robert. "The Brissot Dossier." French Historical Studies 17.1 (1991): 191–205. online
  • De Luna, Frederick A. "The Dean Street style of revolution: J.-P. Brissot, jeune philosophe." French Historical Studies 17.1 (1991): 159–190.
  • Durand, Echeverria, and Mara Vamos (New Travels in the United States of America. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964) ix-xxvii
  • D'huart, Suzanne (1986). Brissot : la Gironde au pouvoir (in French). Paris: R. Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-04686-9.
  • Ellery, Eloise. Brissot de Warville: A study in the history of the French Revolution (1915) online.
  • This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brissot, Jacques Pierre". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
  • Marisa Linton, Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2013).
  • Marisa Linton, "The First Step on the Road to Waterloo", History Today, vol 65, issue 6, June 2015..
  • Marisa Linton, 'Friends, Enemies and the Role of the Individual,' in Peter McPhee (ed.), Companion to the History of the French Revolution (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013): 263–77.
  • Lalevée, Thomas. "National Pride and Republican grandezza: Brissot's New Language for International Politics in the French Revolution", French History and Civilisation (Vol. 6), 2015, pp. 66–82.
  • Loft, Leonore. "J.-P. Brissot and the evolution of pamphlet literature in the early 1780s". History of European ideas 17.2-3 (1993): 265–287.
  • Loft, Leonore. Passion, politics, and philosophie: Rediscovering J.-P. Brissot (Greenwood, 2002).
  • Oliver, Bette W. Jacques Pierre Brissot in America and France, 1788–1793: In Search of Better Worlds (Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).
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