Hardcore IPA from BrewDog, the UK's largest craft brewer[1]

Beer in the United Kingdom has a long history, and has quite distinct traditions. Historically the main styles were top-fermented Bitters, Porters, Stouts and Milds, but after World War II lagers took over half the market by volume. The Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) was founded in 1971 and has encouraged the preservation and revival of traditional styles of ale. In particular CAMRA has promoted cask conditioned beer, which completes its maturation in casks in the cellar of the pub rather than at the brewery. As of 2014 the UK drank 634 million imperial pints (360 million litres) of cask ale, representing 60% of ale in pubs and restaurants and 17% of all beer in pubs.[2] In total 42.42 million hectolitres of beer were produced in 2013[3] of which 48% was sold in the off-trade (retail shops).[4]

History

In the Middle Ages beer was brewed by abbeys and independent alehouses, but the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century meant British brewing lost its connection with religious houses earlier than in other European countries. As a result, the industry has some of the oldest names in British corporate history – Shepherd Neame were incorporated in 1698, and the Bass Red Triangle and Diamond were the first trademarks to be registered. Family companies became national brands during the 19th century, many based in Burton-on-Trent which had particularly good water for brewing. By the 1970s brewing became concentrated in a handful of large national companies, which became building blocks of major multinationals such as AB InBev. A tax cut for small breweries in 2002 has seen an explosion of new breweries – as of September 2014 there were over 1472[2] breweries in the UK, with three[2] new breweries starting every week. This is the most breweries per capita in the world;[5] they produce over 8,000 regular beers and thousands more seasonal and one-off brews.[5]

The first tax on beer in the United Kingdom was the Saladin tithe, introduced in 1188 by Henry II to raise money for the crusades[6]

982 ha (2,430 acres) of hops were grown in 2014,[7] down from a peak of 31,161 ha (77,000 acres) in 1878.[7] British varieties and their offspring have come to dominate world hop production, both landraces such as Fuggles or Goldings and products of the breeding programme at Wye College such as Challenger and Target. The cool maritime climate means that British-grown hops have less myrcene than the same varieties grown elsewhere, allowing more delicate, complex aromas to come through.[8] British ales tend to reflect these characteristics and have more of a balance between bitterness and aroma compared to New World craft ales, although in the 2010s many British breweries added an American Pale Ale to their range with very citrussy, hoppy aromas.

Economy

Production of beer in the UK faces a challenge from the rising cost of raw materials. The regional breweries are developing contract brewing to keep up production, while the production of ale by the newer, smaller breweries grows. Despite an overall drop in beer sales, real ale has increased its market share.[9] Brewers such as Shepherd Neame, Greene King and Marston's have invested in cheaper, faster and more efficient production facilities which increase capacity.

Imported beers are increasingly popular. Brewers from Eastern Europe are introducing their brands to the UK. Polish brands Okocim, Lech, Tyskie and Żywiec have also gained a foothold in some areas, especially amongst young Polish migrant workers.[10]

The growth in microbreweries in the UK led CAMRA to announce in September 2014 that 'Britain now has more breweries per person than anywhere in the World after two years of continued growth'.[11] A year later CAMRA announced that 'Micropubs leading the way for better beer as new research shows 70% of pubs now serve real ale'. There being 53,444 pubs in the UK, of which 37,356 serve real ale.[12]

Much of the growth in microbreweries can be put down to reductions in Excise Duty, an idea which began in 2002. Currently, a single producer of less than 5,000 hectolitres per annum receives a 50% reduction in the duty payable and tapered relief for production from 5,000 to 60,000 hectolitres.[13]

In 2016 a study showed around 1,700 breweries now operate in the UK, an increase of 8% on the previous year.[14]

Consumption statistics

Beer consumption
Beer consumption, England and Wales;

1800 - 1914[15]

Years Consumption
1800 - 04 33.9
1805 - 9 32.8
1810 - 14 30.2
1815 - 19 28
1820 - 24 29
1825 - 29 28.4
1830 - 34 33.8
1835 - 39 35.4
1840 - 44 30.5
1845 - 49 29.2
1850 - 54 29.5
1855 - 59 29.3
1860 - 64 31.6
1865 - 69 35.9
1870 - 74 38.2
1875 - 79 40.5
1880 - 84 33.6
1885 - 89 32.5
1890 - 94 33.4
1895 - 99 34.5
1900 - 04 34.3
1905 - 9 30.9
1910 - 13 29.4
Beer consumption in the UK based on standard barrels

(excluding the Republic of Ireland); 1919 - 1938[15]

Year Consumption
1919 19.34
1920 20.66
1921 18.05
1922 14.87
1923 16.99
1924 17.82
1925 17.78
1926 16.57
1927 16.68
1928 15.92
1929 16.28
1930 15.47
1931 12.93
1932 10.73
1933 12.42
1934 12.84
1935 13.44
1936 13.74
1937 14.37
1938 14.32
1939 14.6
Beer consumption of the UK (based on bulk barrelage);

1945 - 1995[15]

Year Consumption
1945 22.3
1950 18.4
1955 17.8
1958 17.1
1960 18.9
1965 20.1
1970 22.6
1975 25.5
1979 27.1
1980 26
1985 24.2
1990 24.3
1993 22.4
1995 21.9


Traditional beer styles originating in the United Kingdom

Nations of the UK

See also

References

  1. ↑ Insider.co.uk. Punk IPA remains a winner for BrewDog. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 Brown, Pete. "The Cask Report 2014-15" (PDF). Cask Marque. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  3. ↑ "The Barth Report 2012/13" (PDF). Joh. Barth & Sohn GmbH. July 2014. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  4. ↑ Capper, Alison (November 2014). "A Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust Report" (PDF). Nuffield UK. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  5. 1 2 Cabras, Ignazio (March 2015). "British Beer" (PDF). SIBA. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  6. ↑ Brown, Pete (2004). Man walks into a pub : a sociable history of beer (2nd ed.). London: Pan. p. 140. ISBN 9780330412209.
  7. 1 2 Capper, Alison (November 2014). "A Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust Report" (PDF). Nuffield UK. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  8. ↑ Capper, Alison (November 2014). "A Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust Report" (PDF). Nuffield UK. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  9. ↑ "Bing" (PDF). Wlancscamra.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  10. ↑ "Beer in the United Kingdom". www.euromonitor.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  11. ↑ "CAMRA Press Release issued 10th September". CAMRA. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  12. ↑ "Micropubs leading the way for better beer as new research shows 70% of pubs now serve real ale". CAMRA. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  13. ↑ "Excise Notice 226: Beer Duty". gov.uk.
  14. ↑ "Number of UK breweries rises as craft beer shows no signs of going flat". The Guardian. 3 October 2016.
  15. 1 2 3 Burnett, Proffessor John; Burnett, John (2012). Liquid Pleasures: A Social History of Drinks in Modern Britain. doi:10.4324/9780203019856. ISBN 9780203019856.
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