Burmese cat
Black European male
Origin Burma
Breed standards
CFAstandard
FIFestandard
TICAstandard
WCFstandard
ACFstandard
CCA-AFCstandard
GCCFstandard
NZCFstandard
Domestic cat (Felis catus)
A black European adult showing the original colouration of the breed
A chocolate European female kitten
Chocolate American kitten

The Burmese cat (Burmese: ဗမာကြောင်, Băma kyaung, Thai: ทองแดง or ศุภลักษณ์, RTGS: Thongdaeng or Supphalak, meaning copper colour) is a breed of domestic cat, originating in Burma, believed to have its roots near the Thai-Burma border and developed in the United States and Britain.

Most modern Burmese are descendants of one female cat called Wong Mau, which was brought from Burma to the United States in 1930 and bred with American Siamese. From there, American and British breeders developed distinctly different Burmese breed standards, which is unusual among pedigreed domestic cats. Most modern cat registries do not formally recognise the two as separate breeds, but those that do refer to the British type as the European Burmese.

Originally, all Burmese cats were dark brown (genetically black), but are now available in a wide variety of colours; formal recognition of these also varies by standard. Both versions of the breed are known for their uniquely social and playful temperament and persistent vocalisation.

History

In 1871, Harrison Weir organised a cat show at the Crystal Palace, London. A pair of Siamese cats were on display that closely resembled modern American Burmese cats in build, thus probably similar to the modern Tonkinese breed. The first attempt to deliberately develop the Burmese in the late 19th century in Britain resulted in what were known as Chocolate Siamese rather than a breed in their own right; this view persisted for many years, encouraging crossbreeding between Burmese and Siamese in an attempt to more closely conform to the Siamese build. The breed thus slowly died out in Britain.[1]

Joseph Cheesman Thompson imported Wong Mau, a black female cat, into San Francisco in 1930. Thompson considered the cat's build to be sufficiently different from the Siamese to still have potential as a fully separate breed. Wong Mau was bred with Tai Mau, a seal point Siamese, and then bred with her son to produce dark brown kittens that became the foundation of a new, distinctive strain of Burmese. In 1936, the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) granted the breed formal recognition. However, due to continued extensive outcrossing with Siamese cats to increase the population, the original type was overwhelmed, and the CFA suspended breed recognition a decade later.[2] Attempts by various American breeders to refine the unique Burmese standard persisted, however, and in 1954, the CFA lifted the suspension permanently.[2] In 1958, the United Burmese Cat Fanciers (UBCF) compiled an American judging standard that has remained essentially unchanged since its adoption.[2]

Meanwhile, in the UK, interest in the breed was reviving. The cats that composed the new British breeding program were of a variety of builds, including some imported from the United States. By 1952, three true generations had been produced in Britain and the breed was recognised by the United Kingdom's Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF). Since the 1950s, countries in the Commonwealth and Europe started importing British Burmese; as a result, most countries have based their standard on the British model.

Historically, the two versions of the breed were kept strictly distinct genetically. European Burmese (also known as "traditional") were declassed as a breed by the CFA in the 1980s. The GCCF banned the registration of all Burmese imported from the United States in order to preserve the "traditional" bloodlines.[3] Most modern cat registries do not formally recognise these dual standards as representing separate breeds, but those that do refer to the British type as the European Burmese.[4] Recently, The International Cat Association (TICA) and CFA clubs have started using the American breed standard at select shows in Europe.

During the early period of breed development, it became clear that Wong Mau herself was genetically a crossbreed between a Siamese and Burmese type. This early crossbreed type was later developed as a separate breed, known today as the Tonkinese. Burmese cats have also been instrumental in the development of the Bombay and the Burmilla, among others.

Description

Appearance

Side facial profile comparison
lilac tortoiseshell American adult
chocolate European adult
Body shape comparison
chocolate American adult
chocolate European adult

The two standards differ mainly in head and body shape. The British or traditional ideal tends toward a more slender, long-bodied cat with a wedge-shaped head, large pointed ears, long tapering muzzle and moderately almond-shaped eyes. The legs should likewise be long, with neat oval paws. The tail tapers to medium length.[5] The American (also called "contemporary") Burmese is a noticeably stockier cat, with a much broader head, round eyes and distinctively shorter, flattened muzzle; the ears are wider at the base. Legs and tail should be proportionate to the body, medium-length, and the paws also rounded.

In either case, Burmese are a small to medium size breed, tending to be about 4–6 kg (9–13 lb), but are nevertheless substantially-built, muscular cats and should feel heavy for their size when held – "a brick wrapped in silk".[6]

Coat and colour

Chocolate tortoiseshell American adult
Black European kitten. The temperature sensitive colourpoint restriction gene causes black sepia kittens to be born with light coats.

In either standard, the coat should be very short, fine and glossy, with a satin-like finish. Colour is solid and must be uniform over the body, only gradually shading to lighter underparts. Faint colourpoint markings may be visible, but any barring or spotting is considered a serious fault.[1] The eyes are green or gold depending on coat colour.

The breed's original standard colour is a distinctively rich dark brown (genetically black), variously known as sable (USA), brown (UK, Australia) or seal (New Zealand). It is the result of the Burmese gene (cb), part of the albino series. This gene causes a reduction in the amount of pigment produced, converting black into brown and rendering all other colours likewise paler than their usual expression.[7] The action of the gene also produces the modified colourpoint effect, which is more noticeable in young kittens.

Lilac European adult

The first blue Burmese was born in 1955 in Britain, followed by red, cream, and tortoiseshell over the next decades. Chocolate ("champagne" in the USA) first appeared in the United States. Lilac ("platinum" in the USA), the last major variant to appear, was likewise developed in the USA beginning in 1971. Currently, the British GCCF standard recognises solid black ("brown" in the UK), chocolate, blue, lilac, red and cream, as well as the tortoiseshell pattern on a base of black, chocolate, blue or lilac.

In the USA, chocolate ("champagne"), blue, and lilac ("platinum") cats were first formally considered a separate breed, the Malayan, in 1979. This distinction was abolished in 1984, but until 2010, the CFA continued to place the black ("sable") Burmese into a separate division, bundling all other recognised colours into a "dilute division" and judging them separately.[8] Currently, the CFA standard still recognises the Burmese only in solid black ("sable"), blue, chocolate ("champagne"), and lilac ("platinum").[9]

Other colours have been developed from this initial base set, with varying degrees of popularity and recognition. In 1989 a cinnamon breeding programme was started in the Netherlands; the first fawn kitten was born in 1998. Cinnamon, fawn, caramel, and apricot Burmese have also been developed in New Zealand, as have tortoiseshell variants of all these colours.[10][11] A new colour mutation ("russet") appeared in New Zealand in 2007. This line has an initially dark pigment in the cats' coats, which fades as they grow, eventually becoming a paler orange colour.[12]

Temperament

Burmese are a notably people-oriented breed, maintaining their kitten-like energy and playfulness into adulthood. They are also said to have a number of overtly puppy-like characteristics, forming strong bonds with their owners and gravitating toward human activity. The cats often learn to play games such as 'fetch' and 'tag'.[9] Veterinarian Joan O. Joshua has written that the "dog-like attachment to the owners" of the Burmese, as with the similarly behaving Abyssinians, causes "greater dependence on human contacts". This stands in contrast to the mere "tolerant acceptance of human company" based around "comforts" that other breeds display.[13] They are persistently vocal, in a manner reminiscent of their Siamese ancestry, yet they have softer, sweeter voices. Burmese are not as independent as other breeds and are not suited to being left alone for extended periods of time.[14]

Genetics

Chocolate European adult male

The Burmese gene is also present in some other cat breeds, particularly the established rex breeds, where it can be fully expressed in its homozygous form (cbcb) (referred to as Burmese Colour Restriction or Sepia). The same gene can also be combined with the Siamese gene (cbcs) to produce either darker points or a light-on-dark-brown coat, similar to the Burmese chocolate (champagne in the USA), known as "mink".[15][16]

The Asian Group cat breed is related to the Burmese; the Asian is physically similar but comes in different patterns and colours.[17] The Singapura is always homozygous for the Burmese gene, combining it with a ticked tabby pattern. Snow Bengals with eye colours other than blue also have the gene.[18]

The lineage of Burmese cats known as "Contemporary Burmese" often hosts a 4-aminoacid deletion on the ALX1 gene. Heterozygosity of the mutation results in brachicephaly, while homozygosity results in a profound head malformation known as the Burmese head defect, usually incompatible with life.[19]

Genetic diversity

A 2008 study conducted at UC Davis by the team led by feline geneticist Dr Leslie Lyons found that the American Burmese has the second lowest level of genetic diversity (after the Singapura) of all the breeds studied, and concludes that this situation should be addressed.[20] The CFA observes that "breeders are reporting less hearty litters, smaller adults, smaller litters, and immune system problems, all of which point towards inbreeding depression becoming more common." The Burmese breed council currently allows outcrossing using Bombay, Tonkinese and Burmese type cats imported from Southeast Asia to improve genetic diversity.[21] The Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) excludes novice show cats from breeding.[22]

Health issues

Cream European adult

Burmese cats in Europe and Australia are at increased risk of diabetes mellitus compared to other breeds. American Burmese do not share this increased risk, due to the genetic differences between American Burmese and European Burmese.[23] The incidence of flat-chested kitten syndrome was at one time believed to be particularly prevalent in the Burmese breed, but recent studies have cast some doubt on this hypothesis.[24] A study funded by the UK Burmese Cat Club in 1980 was inconclusive.[25] The breed has an average lifespan of 10 to 17 years.[26]

Certain UK bloodlines suffer from an acute teething disorder in young kittens (FOPS: Feline Orofacial Pain Syndrome), where the eruption of the second teeth causes extreme discomfort and the young cat tears at its face to try to alleviate the pain. Eruption of the new teeth in the jaw that causes the problem; these cannot be removed until they have erupted, by which time the problem ceases. Pain relief intervention should be considered, to prevent overt self-trauma. Apart from scarring caused by the self-mutilation, the cat seems to recover completely.[27]

Hypokalemia, a genetic disease that is characterised by low serum potassium levels, has also been seen in the European Burmese and can similarly be traced to certain bloodlines. The gene is recessive, and both parents must carry it for the kittens to develop the problem. A carrier mated to a non-carrier may pass the problem on unnoticed for several generations. Clinical signs include skeletal muscle weakness, which is often episodic in nature and either affects the whole cat or is localised to the neck muscles. As a consequence, the cat can have difficulty in walking and holding their head correctly. In extreme cases, the clinical symptoms can result in death, if unattended medically. Hypokalemic cats can usually lead a normal life if they get the correct potassium supplement. Onset of symptoms often occurs around puberty and many may never experience another attack. A DNA test is now available to identify cats affected by or carrying this recessive gene.[28]

Genetic testing for abnormalities

DNA tests are available for three genetic abnormalities that have been found in Burmese: the Burmese head defect, GM2 Gangliosidosis, and Hypokalaemia.[29][30] Breeders are currently taking steps to ensure that these genes are carefully eliminated from the Burmese gene pool. It is thought that some genes are only found in certain populations of Burmese; the head defect in particular is not known to be present in European Burmese, presumably as a result of stringent import regulations in the modern GCCF Burmese registration policy.[3]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Rosemary Hale. "History of Burmese". burmesecatclub.com. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 The Burmese Cat by: Rosemond S. Peltz, MD
  3. 1 2 "GCCF Burmese Registration Policy" (PDF). The Governing Council of the Cat Fancy. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  4. ↑ "Breed Profile: The European Burmese". Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  5. ↑ "Standard of Points - October 2009". burmesecatassociation.org. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  6. ↑ The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Cats| ISBN 978-0-7894-1970-5
  7. ↑ "Genes and Alleles Summary". Messybeast.com. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  8. ↑ CFA Breed Article: Burmese by Erika Graf-Webster
  9. 1 2 "Breed Profile: The Burmese". Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  10. ↑ "The Cinnamon Burmese Programme" (Microsoft Word). Arsenios. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
  11. ↑ "NZCF Standard of Points – Burmese" (PDF). New Zealand Cat Fancy. 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  12. ↑ "AMBER AND RUSSET - LATE COLOUR CHANGE GENES". messybeast.com. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  13. ↑ Joshua, Joan O. (2013). The Clinical Aspects of Some Diseases of Cats. Elsevier. p. 1. ISBN 9781483226002.
  14. ↑ Anderson, Colette (5 September 2014). Burmese Cats. EKL. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-909820-61-6.
  15. ↑ "CFA Breed Standard: Devon Rex" (PDF). 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  16. ↑ "CFA Breed Standard: LaPerm" (PDF). 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  17. ↑ "Asian". The Governing Council of the Cat Fancy. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  18. ↑ Nancy Robbins. Domestic Cats: Their History Breeds and Other Facts. Barnes and Noble Press. ISBN 9781987061802. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  19. ↑ "Burmese - Burmese Head Defect". Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  20. ↑ Lipinski, M. J.; Froenicke, L.; Baysac, K. C.; Billings, N. C.; Leutenegger, C.M. (2008). "The ascent of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations". Genomics. 91 (1): 12–21. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009. PMC 2267438. PMID 18060738.
  21. ↑ "2012 Breed Council Poll: Burmese" (PDF). The Cat Fanciers' Association. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  22. ↑ "FIFe Rules" (ZIP). Fifeweb.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  23. ↑ O'Neill, DG; Gostelow, R; Orme, C; Church, DB; Niessen, SJ; Verheyen, K; Brodbelt, DC (July 2016). "Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among 193,435 cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 30 (4): 964–72. doi:10.1111/jvim.14365. PMC 5094533. PMID 27353396.
  24. ↑ Information about FCKS Archived 16 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ Kit Sturgess et al: An investigation of Taurine levels as a possible cause of FCKS. Burmese Cat Club Newsletter 1980
  26. ↑ o'Neill, Dan G.; Church, David B.; McGreevy, Paul D.; Thomson, Peter C.; Brodbelt, David C. (12 June 2014). "Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England" (PDF). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 17 (2): 125–33. doi:10.1177/1098612X14536176. PMID 24925771. S2CID 7098747.
  27. ↑ Rusbridge, Clare; Heath, Sarah; Gunn-Moore, Danièlle A.; Knowler, Susan Penelope; Johnston, Norman; McFadyen, Angus Kennedy (June 2010). "Feline orofacial pain syndrome (FOPS): a retrospective study of 113 cases". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 12 (6): 498–508. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2010.03.005. ISSN 1532-2750. PMC 7128958. PMID 20451434.
  28. ↑ Schaer, Michael (23 October 2009). Clinical Medicine of the Dog and Cat, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781840766400.
  29. ↑ Bradbury, A. M.; Morrison, N. E.; Hwang, M.; Cox, N. R.; Baker, H. J.; Martin, D. R. (2009). "Cat GM2". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. Vgl.ucdavis.edu. 97 (1): 53–9. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.01.003. PMID 19231264. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  30. ↑ "List of Feline Genetic Tests | Langford Veterinary Services". Langfordvets.co.uk. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
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