C/2010 X1 (Elenin)
Comet Elenin as seen by the STEREO-B spacecraft on August 1st, 2011.
Discovery
Discovered byLeonid Elenin
0.45-m reflector (H15)[1][2]
Discovery dateDecember 10, 2010
Orbital characteristics
EpochMarch 31, 2011
(JD 2455651.5)[3]
Orbit typeOort cloud
Aphelion~97,000 AU (1.5 ly) (inbound)[4]
Perihelion0.48242 AU[3]
Semi-major axis~48000 AU (inbound)[4]
Eccentricity1.000067 (heliocentric)[3]
0.999990 (inbound)[4]
Orbital periodmillions of years (inbound)[4]
Inclination1.8396°[3]
Last perihelion10 September 2011[3]
Next perihelionunknown/disintegrated

Comet C/2010 X1 (Elenin) is an Oort cloud comet discovered by Russian amateur astronomer Leonid Elenin on December 10, 2010, through remote control of the International Scientific Optical Network's robotic observatory near Mayhill in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The discovery was made using the automated asteroids discovery program CoLiTec.[5] At the time of discovery, the comet had an apparent magnitude of 19.5,[2] which made it about 150,000 times fainter than can be seen with the naked eye.[6] The discoverer, Leonid Elenin, originally estimated that the comet nucleus was 3–4 km in diameter,[7] but more recent estimates place the pre-breakup size of the comet at 2 km.[8] Comet Elenin started disintegrating in August 2011,[9] and as of mid-October 2011 was not visible even using large ground-based telescopes.[10]

Brightness

In April 2011, the comet was around magnitude 15 (roughly the brightness of Pluto), with a coma (expanding tenuous dust atmosphere) estimated to be about 80,000 km in diameter.[11] As of 21 May 2011 the coma had exceeded 100,000 km,[12] and as of August 2011 it had exceeded 200,000 km.[13] Estimates of the comet's visual brightness varied from 13.1 to 13.8 magnitude between May 22 and June 4, were approaching 10 by late July 2011, and were around 8.3 as of mid August 2011.[14] Even at a magnitude of 8.3, the comet was about 5 times fainter than the naked eye can see under a completely dark sky.[15] On 19 August 2011 comet Elenin was hit by a coronal mass ejection (CME).[16] The comet started disintegrating, as did comet C/1999 S4.[9][17] As of mid September 2011 the comet had become dimmer than magnitude 10.5, and appeared around magnitude 12 as seen by STEREO-A.[18] As of October 2011 the comet is projected to be about magnitude 14 and fading.[19] By mid-October 2011 there had been no confirmed ground based sighting of Comet Elenin even using the 2.0-metre (79 in) Faulkes Telescope North with a limiting magnitude of around 20.5.[10] The dust cloud remnants of Comet Elenin started to become visible to ground-based telescopes around 21 October 2011.[20][21] The post-disintegration appearance of C/2010 X1 has been visually compared to the debris field of Shoemaker-Levy 9 as seen on 23 June 1993.[22]

Between August 1 and August 12 of 2011,[23] NASA repeatedly rolled the STEREO-B spacecraft to view the forward scattering of light as the spacecraft, comet, and Sun aligned.[24] As of 14 August 2011, Comet Elenin was visible in STEREO-B without rolling the craft.[25] Because it disintegrated, SOHO failed to detect the forward scattering of light in late September.[26] Because the orbit of Elenin is nearly coincident with the ecliptic plane with an inclination of only 1.84°, the comet entered forward-scattering geometry from STEREO-B, SOHO, and Earth.[27] Had the comet not disintegrated, it would have allowed the dust scattering function to be studied simultaneously from two different locations.[27]

C/2010 X1 made its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) on 10 September 2011 at a distance of 0.4824 AU (72,170,000 km; 44,840,000 mi).[3] The remnant of Elenin made its closest approach to Earth on 16 October 2011, at a distance of 0.2338 AU (34,980,000 km; 21,730,000 mi)[3][28] or slightly closer than the planet Venus, at a relative velocity of 86,000 km/h.[3] Before the August fading of the comet, the Minor Planet Center ephemeris projected that the originally bright comet Elenin would reach about 6th magnitude in September and October 2011,[29] but the brightness depends on the activity level of the coma.[30] But because Elenin disintegrated, it did not become visible to the naked eye or binoculars.[10] Elenin made its closest apparent pass in the night sky to Comet 45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková on the morning of October 8, and moved apparently close to Mars on October 15. The comet came to opposition at 178° from the Sun on March 14, 2011[27] and came to opposition again on November 22, 2011[27] at 175° from the Sun. The minimum angle between the Sun and comet occurred on September 26 (1.9°),[27] and between July 28 and October 10 the comet was less than 45 degrees from the Sun.

Original and future orbit

Given the orbital eccentricity of this object, its orbital period is not a fixed value, because it is frequently perturbed by the gravity of the planets. Near perihelion, using an August 2011 epoch, Kazuo Kinoshita shows C/2010 X1 to have a heliocentric orbital period of 600,000 years, though more perturbations will occur.[31][32] For objects at such high eccentricity, the Sun's barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.[33] The orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed at an epoch after leaving the planetary region and is calculated with respect to the center of mass of the Solar System. Using JPL Horizons with an observed orbital arc of 271 days, the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 2200 generate a hyperbolic orbit with an eccentricity of 1.0004.[4]

Before entering the planetary region (epoch 1800), Elenin had a calculated barycentric orbital period of tens of millions of years with an apoapsis (aphelion) distance of about 97,000 AU (1.53 ly).[4] Elenin was probably in the outer Oort cloud with a loosely bound chaotic orbit that was easily perturbed by passing stars.

Plot showing how Comet Elenin comes into the planetary region on a hyperbolic orbit and after perihelion is perturbed into an elliptical orbit that is bound to the Sun.

References

  1. ↑ "IAUC 9189: C/2010 X1; P/2010 V1". IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
  2. 1 2 "MPEC 2010-X101: COMET C/2010 X1 (ELENIN)". IAU Minor Planet Center. 2010-12-12. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Small-Body Database: C/2010 X1 (Elenin)". 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2023-09-03.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2010 X1 (Elenin)". JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System. Retrieved 2023-09-03. (Solution using the Solar System's barycenter (Sun+Jupiter). Select Ephemeris Type:Elements and Center:@0) (saved Horizons output file 2011-Aug-08) Archived 2015-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ "CoLiTec - Collection Light Technology, software for automated asteroids and comets discoveries".
  6. ↑ Math:
  7. ↑ Elenin, Leonid. "Comet Elenin FAQ | SpaceObs". Archived from the original on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
  8. ↑ "NASA Says Comet Elenin Gone and Should Be Forgotten". NASA/JPL. October 25, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-26. (Backup link)
  9. 1 2 Nancy Atkinson (August 29, 2011). "Comet Elenin Could Be Disintegrating". Universe Today. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  10. 1 2 3 Ernesto Guido; Giovanni Sostero; Nick Howes (October 11, 2011). "C/2010 X1 (Elenin) post solar conjunction recovery attempt". Remanzacco Observatory in Italy – Comets & Neo. Retrieved 2011-10-11. (Oct 17 failed recovery) (Oct 21 attempt)
  11. ↑ Elenin, Leonid (2011-04-10). "Comet Elenin continues to increase in size, and another close approach with a large Main belt asteroid". Archived from the original on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
  12. ↑ Elenin, Leonid (2011-05-25). "Perhaps the closest approach of comet Elenin to a main-belt asteroid". Retrieved 2011-05-25.
  13. ↑ Elenin, Leonid (2011-08-04). "Diameter of coma of comet Elenin exceeded 200,000 km". Retrieved 2011-08-04.
  14. ↑ J.P. Navarro Pina (6 Jun 2011). "International Visual Observations of Comets (I.V.O.C.)". International Visual Observations of Comets (I.V.O.C.). Archived from the original on 2012-04-29. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
  15. ↑ Math: 2.512(8.3 − 6.5) = 5.2
  16. ↑ Elenin, Leonid (2011-08-24). "Interaction between comet Elenin and coronal mass ejection from the Sun". Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  17. ↑ Bob King (August 28, 2011). "Comet Elenin tired of doomsday finger pointing". Astro Bob. Archived from the original on 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2011-08-28.
  18. ↑ Michael Mattiazzo (14 Sep 2011). "Southern Comets Homepage". Retrieved 2011-09-17. (STEREO-A image)
  19. ↑ Artyom Novichonok (2011-09-23). "Light Curve for C/2010 X1". Light curves for comets (made in Comet for Win). Archived from the original on 2011-10-15. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
  20. ↑ Ernesto Guido; Giovanni Sostero; Nick Howes (October 21, 2011). "Another recovery attempt on C/2010 X1 (Elenin)". Remanzacco Observatory in Italy – Comets & Neo. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
  21. ↑ Aussie Pete (October 24, 2011). "A Dust Cloud once called Comet Elenin". GRAS. Archived from the original on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
  22. ↑ Ernesto Guido; Giovanni Sostero; Nick Howes (October 24, 2011). ""Debris cloud" of comet C/2010 X1 (Elenin)". Remanzacco Observatory in Italy – Comets & Neo. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
  23. ↑ Joseph B Gurman (2011-07-19). "STEREO Coordinated Observations Calendar". STEREO Science Center @ NASA. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
  24. ↑ "Observing Comet Elenin". STEREO @ NASA. Retrieved 2011-08-02. (Aug 6th to Aug 12th animation)
  25. ↑ Ian Musgrave (August 17, 2011). "Comet Elenin in STEREO H1B (August14)". Astroblog. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
  26. ↑ Elenin, Leonid (2011-07-28). "The test roll was successful, let's wait for August 1". Retrieved 2011-07-28.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Joseph N. Marcus (2011-07-28). "Forward-Scattering Enhancement of Comet Brightness III. Prospects for C/2010 (Elenin) as viewed from the Earth, SOHO, STEREO-A, and STEREO-B" (PDF). International Comet Quarterly. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
  28. ↑ Mike Wall (14 October 2011). "Debris of 'Doomsday' Comet Elenin to Pass By Earth on Sunday". Space.com. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
  29. ↑ "Elements and Ephemeris for C/2010 X1 (Elenin)". minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html. Comet Ephemeris Service @ IAU Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2011-03-20. (C/2010 X1)
  30. ↑ "Comet C/2010 X1 (Elenin)". Remanzacco Observatory in Italy – Comets & Neo. 2011-03-31. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
  31. ↑ Kazuo Kinoshita (2011-02-26). "C/2010 X1 (Elenin)". Comet Orbit Home Page. Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
  32. ↑ Elenin, Leonid (7 March 2011). "Influence of giant planets on the orbit of comet C/2010 X1". Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  33. ↑ Kaib, Nathan A.; Becker, Andrew C.; Jones, R. Lynne; Puckett, Andrew W.; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Dilday, Benjamin; Frieman, Joshua A.; Oravetz, Daniel J.; Pan, Kaike; Quinn, Thomas; Schneider, Donald P.; Watters, Shannon (2009). "2006 SQ372: A Likely Long-Period Comet from the Inner Oort Cloud". The Astrophysical Journal. 695 (1): 268–275. arXiv:0901.1690. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695..268K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/268.
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