Indo-Canadian relations
Map indicating locations of India and Canada

India
Canada
Diplomatic mission
High Commission of India, OttawaHigh Commission of Canada, New Delhi
Envoy
High Commissioner of India to Canada Sanjay Kumar Verma[1]High Commissioner of Canada to India Cameron MacKay[2]

Canada–India relations also referred to as Indo-Canadian relations, are the bilateral relations between Canada and India.[3] Canada and India have had longstanding bilateral relations, with shared traditions such as democracy.[4] India has become one of the top source countries for immigration to Canada with Indian diaspora increasing to over one million as of 2022.[4] According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) data, of the more than 800,000 international students in Canada in 2022, 40 percent were from India, constituting the largest international student group in Canada.[5][6] Bilateral trade between India and Canada has seen significant growth in recent years, reaching $8.16 billion in 2023.[7] Both Canada and India are member nations of the Commonwealth association,[8] and also part of G20, a group of world's largest economies.

While Canada and India have a broad-based relationship, their ties have often been strained by Sikh separatists involved with the Khalistan Movement, calling for an independent Sikh state in India.[9][10] In 1985, Babbar Khalsa, a Sikh militant separatist group was implicated[11] in the bombing of Air India Flight 182, that departed from Montreal, Canada.[12][13] More recently, diplomatic tensions were triggered in September 2023,[14] following Canadian PM, Justin Trudeau's allegations that Indian agents were involved in the killing of a Sikh separatist leader in Surrey, Canada.[15][14]

According to international relations experts, Canada and India will have to find a way forward in their relations due to their engagement in a broad range of geopolitical issues and India's importance for the United States and Canada in their Indo-Pacific strategy.[16]

History

19th century

In 1858, Queen Victoria proclaimed that, throughout the Empire, the people of India would enjoy equal privileges with white people without discrimination of colour, creed or race. Since both Canada and India were under British Crown rule, ex-army men from the British Indian Army migrated to Canada to start a new life. However, what awaited them was racism and discrimination. Many settled in Western Canada, which was sparsely populated at the time, and worked as law enforcement officers due to their military history. They also worked in forest clearing as lumberjacks and owned lumber mills. However, race relations with white Canadians were strained. The socioeconomic systems that advantages white people ensured that racialization and minimal direct contact (e.g. ethnic gatekeeping) remained the same by setting up various barriers. This dynamic continues implicitly and explicitly into the 21st century internally within the country, and the external intercontinental cordiality is also fraught with similar relationship dynamics.[17][18]

20th century

Indian prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru leaves the House of Commons of Canada after making a joint-address to the Canadian parliament, 1949

In the 1940s and 1960s Canada–India relations were enhanced because of the personal ties which developed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and two Canadian Prime Ministers who served during those years: Louis St. Laurent and Lester B. Pearson. At the United Nations and in the Commonwealth, on issues as diverse as the Korean War armistice and the Suez Crisis, there was a convergence of interest and commitment between India and Canada. Canada's aid programme to India began in 1951 and grew substantially under the Colombo Plan. Canada provided food aid, project financing and technical assistance to India. In the past five decades India has been one of the largest recipients of Canadian bilateral aid, amounting to over $3.8 billion Canadian dollars. In the 1960s, Canada supported the Kundah hydro-electric power house project through the Colombo Plan.[19]

Indo-Canadian relations deteriorated in the wake of India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test of May 1974 when the Canadian government severed bilateral nuclear cooperation with both India and Pakistan in 1976 after claims that the fissionable material used to construct India's first nuclear weapon had been synthesized with the Canadian-supplied CIRUS nuclear research reactor. Thereafter Canada resolved to engage in nuclear cooperation only with countries which signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and which instituted full-scope safeguards on their nuclear energy programmes under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). India and Pakistan are two nations that have both consistently refused to sign the NPT, and voted against UN General Assembly Resolutions which they assert violates their nation's sovereign right[20][21] to choose whether or not to sign such treaties. In early February 1997, Foreign Minister I.K.Gujral re-iterated India's opposition to the treaty, saying that "India favours any step aimed at destroying nuclear weapons, but considers that the treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only certain types of tests". At that time, Canada persistently refused to engage in nuclear co-operation with India and Pakistan until and unless they sign the treaty ended its nuclear collaboration with India for the time being, and severely damaged relations between the two nations. However, in 2010, the signing of the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (NCA) between the two countries started a new era of engagement.[22] A follow-on agreement was signed in 2015 to supply 3000 metric ton Uranium concentrate to India under five-year contract.[23]

Indira Gandhi was the second Indian prime minister to make a joint session of the Canadian Parliament, on 19 June 1973. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the first on 24 October 1949.[24]

Canadian and Indian prime ministers Stephen Harper and Narendra Modi visit a memorial for Air India Flight 182 in Toronto, 2015

The bombing by Sikh separatists of Air India Flight 182 in 1985 resulted in Canada and India maintain a bilateral dialogue on anti-terrorism, including an annual meeting of the Canada-India Strategic Dialogue, as well as regular meetings of the aforementioned Canada-India Working Group on Counter-Terrorism.[4]

In the 1990s, a chance to improve Indo-Canadian relations arose when India instituted major reforms of its economy. India went through a large economic liberalisation, which attracted the attention of the Canadian government and the business community. Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien paid a diplomatic mission to India in January 1996 with two cabinet ministers and 300 business figures. India's External Affairs Minister Inder Kumar Gujral paid an official visit to Canada in September 1996. Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy reciprocated with a visit to India in January 1997 during which he inaugurated the Office of the Canadian High Commission in Chandigarh, capital of Punjab and Haryana states. The Canada-India Working Group on Counter- Terrorism was also established in 1997, bringing together on an annual basis several departments and agencies of the Canadian and Indian governments. Former Governor General Roméo LeBlanc undertook a state visit to India in March 1998. Prime Minister Stephen Harper took an official visit to India in November 2009. The Canada India Foundation has been active since 2007 in fostering support for stronger bi-lateral relations between Canada and India. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Canada in June 2010 for the G20 Summit in Toronto.

21st century

2011 was dubbed the "Year of India in Canada," a joint initiative by both governments. Under this auspice, in June 2011, the Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce co-hosted with the government of India the regional Pravasi Bhartiya Divas, a conference of the diaspora. This conference hosted over 1,000 delegates from India and Canada's governmental, business, medical, scientific, and philanthropic sectors. This event was followed by the International Indian Film Academy Awards held in Toronto in June 2011.

Prime ministers Modi and Justin Trudeau during Trudeau's official visit to India in 2018

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau spent a week in India on a state visit in February 2018 that was criticized for the invitation of Jaspal Atwal, who was convicted of attempted murder for his role in the 1986 attempt to assassinate Punjab minister Malkiat Singh Sidhu.[25]

In December 2020, Trudeau expressed concerns about the handling of farmer protests by the Indian government.[26] Trudeau stated that "Canada will always be there to defend the rights of peaceful protestors" and expressed support for "the process of dialogue."[27] In response, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs stated that Prime Minister Trudeau's comments were "an unacceptable interference in our internal affairs".[28]

2023 diplomatic row

In September 2023, during the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit, Canada and India did not have a one-on-one meeting but instead met on the sidelines.[29] Prime Minister Narendra Modi raised concerns with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau about Khalistani protests in Canada, while Trudeau brought up the accusations of Indian government involvement in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar.[30] The talks between the two leaders were tense, affecting ongoing trade discussions.

Later that month, Trudeau spoke in the House of Commons on what he stated were "credible allegations of the potential link" of Indian government involvement in the killing of Nijjar.[31] Subsequently, diplomatic relations between the two nations further deteriorated, and each side announced the expulsion of a top diplomat.[30][32] India rejected the charges as "absurd" and motivated.[33][34] On 20 September, India issued warnings to its citizens in Canada that they should "exercise utmost caution" due to "growing anti-India activities."[35] Marc Miller, Canada's Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, rejected India's characterization of Canada as unsafe in a statement.[35] On 21 September, India suspended visa applications from Canadians until further notice.[36] Following the visa suspension, India's foreign ministry spokesperson, Arindam Bagchi accused Canada of being "a safe haven for terrorists, extremists, and organised crime".[37][38][39] On 25 September, Canada updated its travel advisory and issued a warning to its citizens for potential anti-Canada protests and anti-Canadian sentiments. The advisory also warned the citizens of potential intimidation or harassment of Canadians in the country. Furthermore, Canada put India in the high-risk country category. Citting not just the potiental protests that could be caused by this situation but also the high levels of terrorism in India.[40][41] In September 2023, Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, one of the main leaders of the Khalistan movement and spokesperson of Sikhs for Justice, threatened Indo-Canadian Hindus and advised them to leave Canada.[42][43][44][45][46] The video, which was later deleted, was condemned by Canadian officials.[47] Canadian agencies also took down posters and billboards advocating the killing of three Indian diplomats in a Surrey gurudwara.[48][49]

As of September 2023, Canada has not provided any evidence linking the Indian government to Nijjar's death.[50] However, there is reporting that some of the intelligence provided to Canada linking India to Nijjar's death came from US intelligence agencies.[51] On Friday, 22 September, two days after the Canadian government accused Indian agencies of killing Hardeep Singh Nijjar, the Premier of British Columbia David Eby informed the media that the "intelligence briefing" received by him from the director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) was based on open-source, Internet material while also claiming that he "strongly" suspects that the federal government is holding back information.[52][53][54][55][56][57] On Sunday, 24 September, the Indian government instructed its investigative agencies to identify all Khalistanis in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia and cancel their Overseas Citizenship of India card to prevent them from entering India, in addition to confiscating their assets in India.[58][59][60][61][62][63] On September 26, former Indian diplomat Deepak Vohra alleged that Trudeau's plane was "full of cocaine" when he came to India for the G20.[64][65] He further alleged that Trudeau missed the G20 dinner because he was 'high on drugs and did not come out of his room for two days".[64] This claim was rejected by Canada's Office of the Prime Minister. The statement read “This is absolutely false and a troubling example of how disinformation can make its way into media reporting.”[66]

The Washington Post believes that the footage from the gurudwara's security cameras, which it had reviewed, and witness accounts suggest a larger and more organized operation than previously been reported. At least six men and two vehicles were involved in the killing. The report, which also contained accounts of Sikh community members present in the vicinity of the attack, said the attackers, two of them in hooded sweatshirts, fired roughly 50 bullets, of which 34 hit Nijjar.[67][68][69][70][71] Speaking at the discussion at the Council on Foreign Relations, India's Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar raised concern over the incidents of threats to Indian diplomats and attacks on Indian consulates, stating that these are "very permissive" because of political reasons. He further stated that Indian Government has provided Canadian government a lot of information about organised crime leadership, which operates out of Canada in addition to a large number of extradition requests. Regarding Trudeau's allegations, Jaishankar assured during the discussion that the Indian side will take action if the Canadian side provides specific information in connection with Nijjar's killing.[72][73][74][75]

On 28 September 2023, a handful of Canadian websites including those of the Canadian military were defaced. A reportedly pro India group which went by the name "Indian Cyber Force" took responsibility for the hack.[76] Some Indian media reports allege that the killing of Khalistani leader Hardeep Nijjar in Canada was orchestrated by individuals connected to the Pakistani intelligence agency, Inter-Services Intelligence , with the aim of straining relations between Canada and India; sources further suggest that ISI had enlisted criminals to carry out Nijjar's assassination and had been pressuring him to wholeheartedly support gangsters who arrived in Canada in the past two years. However no credible evidence has been provided to prove that claim.[77][78][79][80][81] Despite the Nijjar killing row, speaking at a press conference in Montreal on Thursday, September 28, Trudeau said that he thinks it is "extremely important" that Canada and its allies continue to engage "constructively and seriously" with India, given its growing importance on the world stage.[82][83][84][85] On the same day, Balraj Singh Nijjar, son of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, said his father had been meeting with Canadian Security Intelligence Service officers 'once or twice a week,' including one or two days before the June 18 murder, with another meeting scheduled for two days after his death. According to a report by The Economic Times, Nijjar is now assumed to have been an asset for Canadian security services given the frequency of the meetings.[86][87][88][89][90]

On 3 October 2023, India asked Canada to withdraw approximately 40 of its diplomats by October 10.[91] On 19 October 2023, Canadian officials confirmed that 41 diplomats and their dependents have left India, and 21 remained. Canadian Foreign Affairs minister Melanie Joly further confirmed that India's revocation of diplomatic privileges was unilateral, and that Canada would not be issuing a similar mandate for Indian diplomats.[92] However, in the same interview, she also fumbled to answer a query on whether Ottawa has been able to provide evidence to confirm Trudeau's recent allegations.[93][94][95] On 25 October 2023, India resumed visa services in Canada for 4 categories: Entry visa, Business visa, Medical visa and Conference visa which were suspended earlier amid the row.[96][97]

On 4 November 2023, a new video of Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, the spokesperson of Sikhs for Justice, surfaced in which he is seen issuing a threat to people planning to travel via Air India on November 19, the day on which the final of the ongoing cricket World Cup will be played in Ahmedabad, saying that their "lives would be in danger".[98][99][100][101] India's high commissioner to Canada Sanjay Kumar Verma said that Canadian authorities have not yet provided India with evidence of Indian involvement in Hardeep Singh Nijjar's death.[102]

Trade relationship

Preneet Kaur, the Indian Minister of State for External Affairs signs a memorandum of understanding on cooperation on information and communication technology with Ed Fast, the Canadian Minister of International Trade and Asia Pacific Gateway. The prime ministers of both countries are seated at the centre, 2012.

Bilateral trade between India and Canada has seen significant growth in recent years, reaching $8.16 billion in 2022–23, where India's top exports include pharmaceuticals, and jewelry, while Canada's exports include pulses, and timber.[7] Earlier in 2009, Canadian exports to India totaled C$2.1 billion, while in the same year Canadian imports from India totalled C$2.0 billion, giving Canada a C$100 million trade surplus.[4] India celebrated the year 2012 as year of India in Canada to promote business, cultural and political relations with India.

Despite the warm relationship, trade between Canada and India is less than their potential. India accounts for less than 1% of Canada's total export and total import in 2014, with bilateral trade of C$5.77 billion in 2014 (compared to more than C$56 billion bilateral trade between China and Canada). Nevertheless, total trade between the two countries grows steadily over the past 5 years.[103]

Canada and India are currently holding negotiations on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to improve the trade relations between the two countries. As of March 2015, the two countries held their 9th round of negotiations in New Delhi.[104]

Canada's Merchandise Trade with India 2015[105]

Canadian imports from IndiaCanadian exports to India
Merchandise Classification% of total importsMerchandise Classification% of total exports
1Boilers, mechanical appliances, etc.8.43Edible vegetables, roots and tubers36.06
2Mineral fuels, oils6.91Pearls, precious stones or metals12.33
3Pearls, precious stones or metals6.75Fertilizers8.59
4Organic chemicals6.41Ores, slag and ash8.33
5Woven clothing and apparel articles5.66Paper and paperboard6.22
6Pharmaceutical products5.47Mineral fuels, oils4.28
7Iron or steel articles5.06Boilers, mechanical appliances, etc.4.28
8Other textile articles, etc.4.45Aircraft and spacecraft4.28
9Knitted or crocheted apparel4.16Woodpulp; paper or paperboard scraps4.17
10Electrical machinery and equipment3.64Electrical machinery and equipment1.68
% of total from India56.94% of total to India90.23
Indian imports as % of Canadian total0.74Indian exports as % of Canadian total0.88

Resident diplomatic missions

As both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, Canada and India exchange high commissioners rather than ambassadors.

Air connectivity

Air Canada operates non-stop flights from Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver to Delhi, and from Toronto to Mumbai.[108] In September 2019, Air India resumed its nonstop flights from Delhi to Toronto, and in October 2020 began scheduled flights from Delhi to Vancouver.[109] Indian carrier Vistara has expressed interest in flying nonstop from Delhi to Toronto as its first North American destination, while Canadian carrier WestJet has noted India as part of its expansion plans with the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.[110][111] In May 2022, Union Aviation Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia met with Canadian Transport Minister Omar Alghabra to discuss an open skies policy between the two countries.[112] This would allow unlimited flights between Canada and India.[113][114][115]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Sanjay Kumar Verma appointed India's High Commissioner to Canada : The Tribune India".
  2. ↑ "Watch: Canadian High Commissioner, summoned by India, slams door on reporter". India Today.
  3. ↑ "Canada–India Relations". Government of Canada. 4 June 2008. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Canada–India Relations". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  5. ↑ "India-Canada row: How Indian students contribute crores every year to Canada's economy". Firstpost. 25 September 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  6. ↑ "India can hit Canada where it hurts the most". India Today. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  7. 1 2 "India-Canada row: Will multi-billion trade ties between two countries take a hit?". BusinessToday. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023. Bilateral trade between India and Canada has seen significant growth in recent years, reaching $8.16 billion in 2022-23, PTI noted. India's exports ($4.1 billion) to Canada include pharmaceuticals, gems and jewellery, textiles, and machinery, while Canada's exports to India ($4.06 billion) include pulses, timber, pulp and paper, and mining products.
  8. ↑ "What is the Commonwealth?". UsaToday. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2023. The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of countries around the world that were once part of the British Empire..The countries include Canada, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand.
  9. ↑ "What is the Khalistan movement? How is it linked to India-Canada tensions?". aljazeera. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023. A row between India and Canada surrounding Sikh independence, commonly referred to as the Khalistan movement, continues to cause tensions.. Last week, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused India of playing a role in the killing of Sikh separatist leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar, who was shot dead in June in British Columbia state.
  10. ↑ "What is the Khalistan movement and why is it fuelling India-Canada rift?". reuters. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023. It wants an independent Sikh state carved out of India
  11. ↑ Roach, Kent (2011). "The Air India Report and the Regulation of Charities and Terrorism Financing". The University of Toronto Law Journal. 61 (1): 46. doi:10.3138/utlj.61.1.045. ISSN 0042-0220. JSTOR 23018688.
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  13. ↑ "Man Convicted for 1985 Air India Bombing Now Free". Time. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  14. 1 2 "Tensions are high between Canada and India. Here's why". CBC. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023. Trudeau accused India's government of potentially being involved in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar..The tensions are also fuelled by a larger disagreement over how Canada deals with supporters of the Khalistan movement
  15. ↑ Mogul, Rhea (20 September 2023). "Canada and India are enmeshed in an unprecedented diplomatic row. Here's how it happened". CNN. allegation from Canada that the Indian government may have been behind the assassination of a Sikh separatist activist on Canadian soil has triggered a huge diplomatic row
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  21. ↑ United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Verbatim 67. A/52/PV.67 9 December 1997.
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  35. 1 2 Thanthong-Knight, Randy (20 September 2023). "India Strikes at Canada With Warning to Students, Immigrants". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
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  64. 1 2 "'Trudeau Was High, Plane Was Full Of Cocaine,' Ex-Diplomat Makes Stunning Claims | Details". Hindustan Times. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
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  68. ↑ "Nijjar's killing: Video footage reveals six men, two getaway cars may have been involved, says Washington Post report". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
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Further reading

  • Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." Indian Foreign Affairs Journal 13.1 (2018): 1-50. online essays by seven experts
  • Chandrasekhar, Sripati (1986). From India to Canada: a brief history of immigration, problems of discrimination, admission and assimilation. Population Review Books. ISBN 9780960908011.
  • Coward, Howard, ed. Peace. Development and Culture: Comparative Studies of lndia and Canada (Calgary: Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. 1988).
  • Dobell, W. M. "Canada and India: The Mulroney Years." Journal of Asian and African Studies 25.3-4 (1990): 131–145.
  • Edwards, Lucie. "The lady is a tiger: Canada's erratic courtship of India." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 18#3 (2012): 264–266.
  • Grewal, J.S. and Hugh Johnston, eds. The India-Canada Relationship -- Exploring Political, Economic and Cultural Dimensions (London: Sage/Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, 1994).
  • Gupta, Ashis, ed. Canada-lndia Opportunities - Selected 1988 Conference Proceedings, (University of Calgary, 1988)
  • Mishra, Anil Dutta and Govind Prasad (2003). India and Canada: Past, Present & Future. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170998785.
  • Raj, Christopher S. and Abdul Nafey (2007). Canada's global engagements and relations with India. Manak Publications. ISBN 978-81-7827-168-2.
  • Reid, Escott. Envoy to Nehru (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1981).
  • Rubinoff, Arthur, ed. Canada and South Asia: Political and Strategic Relations (University of Toronto Press, 1992).
  • Rubinoff, Arthur G. "Canada's re-engagement with India." Asian Survey 42.6 (2002): 838–855. online
  • Rudner, Martin. "The Canada‐India nexus: Trade and development assistance in Canada's new foreign policy framework." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 3.2 (1995): 33–50.
  • Singh, Milan, and Anita Singh. "Diaspora, political action, and identity: A case study of Canada's Indian diaspora." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 17.2 (2014): 149–171. online
  • Touhey, Ryan. Conflicting Visions: Canada and India in the Cold War World, 1946-76 (U British Columbia Press, 2015)
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