Locations in Wessex, from The Wessex of Thomas Hardy by Bertram Windle, 1902, based on correspondence with Hardy

Thomas Hardy's Wessex is the fictional literary landscape created by the English author Thomas Hardy as the setting for his major novels,[1] located in the south and southwest of England.[2] Hardy named the area "Wessex" after the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom that existed in this part of that country prior to the unification of England by Æthelstan. Although the places that appear in his novels actually exist, in many cases he gave the place a fictional name.[3] For example, Hardy's home town of Dorchester is called Casterbridge in his books, notably in The Mayor of Casterbridge.[4][5] In an 1895 preface to the 1874 novel Far from the Madding Crowd he described Wessex as "a merely realistic dream country".[6]

The actual definition of "Hardy's Wessex" varied widely throughout Hardy's career, and was not definitively settled until after he retired from writing novels. When he created the concept of a fictional Wessex, it consisted merely of the small area of Dorset in which Hardy grew up; by the time he wrote Jude the Obscure, the boundaries had extended to include all of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire, much of Berkshire, and some of Oxfordshire, with its most north-easterly point being Oxford (renamed "Christminster" in the novel). Cornwall was also referred to but named "Off Wessex". Similarly, the nature and significance of ideas of "Wessex" were developed over a long series of novels through a lengthy period of time. The idea of Wessex plays an important artistic role in Hardy's works (particularly his later novels), assisting the presentation of themes of progress, primitivism, sexuality, religion, nature and naturalism.[7][8][9] However, this is complicated by the economic role Wessex played in Hardy's career. Considering himself primarily to be a poet, Hardy wrote novels mostly to earn money. Books that could be marketed under the Hardy brand of "Wessex novels" were particularly lucrative, which gave rise to a tendency to sentimentalised, picturesque, populist descriptions of Wessex[10] (which, as a glance through most tourist giftshops in the south-west reveals, remain popular with consumers today).

Hardy's resurrection of the name "Wessex" is largely responsible for the popular modern use of the term to describe the south-west region of England (with the exception of Cornwall and arguably Devon). Today, a panoply of organisations take their name from Hardy to describe their relationship to the area. Hardy's conception of Wessex as a separate, cohesive geographical and political identity has proved powerful,[11] although it was originally created purely as an artistic conceit, and has spawned a lucrative tourist trade, and even a devolutionist Wessex Regionalist Party.

Thomas Hardy's Wessex names

Wessex regions and actual English counties

Map of the historic counties of England on which the approximate regions of Wessex can be found. Hardy did not always use the historic boundaries in his writings
Region of WessexActual English County[12]Position on Map
Lower WessexDevon9
Mid WessexWiltshire37
North WessexBerkshire2
Outer WessexSomerset30
South WessexDorset10
Upper WessexHampshire14

(Note: The Isle of Wight, although today a separate administrative county, was considered to be a part of the county of Hampshire – and thus Upper Wessex – during Thomas Hardy's lifetime. Likewise, Alfredston (Wantage) and the surrounding area in North Wessex was part of Berkshire prior to the 1974 boundary changes but now lies in Oxfordshire.)

Outer Wessex is sometimes referred to as Nether Wessex.

Specific places in Thomas Hardy's Wessex

Key to references for the place name table

The abbreviations for Thomas Hardy's novels that are used in the table are as follows:

  1. DR – Desperate Remedies (1871)
  2. UtGT – Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)
  3. PoBE – A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873)
  4. FftMC – Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
  5. HoE – The Hand of Ethelberta (1876)
  6. RotN – The Return of the Native (1878)
  7. TM – The Trumpet-Major (1880)
  8. L – A Laodicean (1881)
  9. ToaT – Two on a Tower (1882)
  10. MoC – The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
  11. W – The Woodlanders (1887)
  12. WT – Wessex Tales (1888)
  13. TotD – Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891)
  14. JtO – Jude the Obscure (1895)
  15. WB – The Well-Beloved (1897)

Table of Wessex place-names, their actual places, and their appearance in Hardy's novels

Wessex NameRegion of WessexActual NameAppearance in Hardy's Novels[12][13]
Abbot's-CernelSouth WessexCerne AbbasWhere Mrs. Dollery was driving to in the beginning of the novel. (W)
AbbotseaSouth WessexAbbotsbury
AldbrickhamNorth WessexReadingWhere Jude and Sue lived together after Sue left Phillotson. It is also where Arabella used to work as a barmaid before she met Jude. (JtO)
AlfredstonNorth WessexWantageJude Fawley becomes a mason's apprentice there. It is also where he works following his marriage to Arabella Donn. (JtO)
AngleburySouth WessexWarehamWhere Thomasin and Wildeve's marriage did not take place due to an invalid licence (RotN)
Where Ethelberta lodged in the beginning of the novel. (HoE)
BramshurstUpper WessexLyndhurstTess and Angel fled to an unoccupied manor house in Bramshurst near the end of the novel. (TotD)
BudmouthSouth WessexWeymouthWhere Frank Troy goes to gamble on horse races. (FftMC)
Eustacia Vye's hometown (RotN)
The working place of Owen. (DR)
On the way home from Budmouth, Dick and Fancy confessed to each other. (UtGT)
One of the cities where Farfrae did his business. (MoC)
The neighbouring village of Overcombe/(Sutton Poyntz), the principal location of TM, is sometimes called Budmouth-Regis in Hardy's novels, but that is more precisely Melcombe Regis, where George III popularised the watering place; Weymouth is the other side of the river.(TM)
CasterbridgeSouth WessexDorchesterThe principal location of The Mayor of Casterbridge. (MoC)
Where Fanny Robin dies at the poorhouse, and whose Corn Exchange is frequently visited by Bathsheba and Boldwood. (FftMC)
Where Rhoda and Farmer Lodge's son is hanged. The Withered Arm. (WT)[14]
When Tess's horse died while delivering goods from her home town to Casterbridge. (TotD)
Chalk NewtonSouth WessexMaiden NewtonSite of Flintcomb-Ash farm, where Tess worked after Angel left her. (TotD)
ChaseboroughSouth WessexCranborneTess passed through Chaseborough on the way from home to Trantridge. (TotD)
ChristminsterNorth WessexOxfordWhere Jude Fawley goes to become a scholar, and is advised to give up his career choice. Sue Bridehead works in a shop which produces religious artefacts there, meets her cousin, and is thrown from her lodgings. (JtO)
Cytherea and Owen's hometown. Although Christminster is technically not within the borders of Hardy's Wessex, as it is located to the north of the River Thames, he describes it in Jude the Obscure as "within hail of the Wessex border, and almost with the tip of one small toe within it". (DR)
Cliff MartinOuter WessexCombe MartinCombe Martin is actually in Devon, indicating that Hardy's boundaries are not necessarily linked to current county boundaries
CresscombeNorth WessexLetcombe BassettArabella's hometown. (JtO)
DeansleighSouth WessexRomseySir Ashley Mottisfont and his Lady Philipa reside at Deansleigh Park (probably a reference to Broadlands).[15]
DownstapleLower WessexBarnstaple
DurnoverSouth WessexFordington
EndelstowOff WessexSt JuliotThe home of Elfride Swancourt and her Rector father (PoBE). In real life this was where Thomas met Emma whom he later married.
EmminsterSouth WessexBeaminster[14]The home of Angel Clare, and the site of Clare's father's vicarage. (TotD)
EversheadSouth WessexEvershotWhere Tess met Alec for the first time after they parted, when Alec was preaching. (TotD)
ExonburyLower WessexExeterWhere Grace went to after she found out Fitzpier's affair. (W)
Falls ParkOuter WessexMells Park
Flintcomb-Ash Dole's Ash Farm at Plush[16] The "starve-acre" farm where Tess undertakes hard manual field work. (TotD)
FountallOuter WessexWells
GaymeadNorth WessexTheale(JtO and WT)
HavenpoolSouth WessexPooleNewson landed here on his return from Newfoundland. (MoC)
Isle of SlingersSouth WessexIsle of PortlandThe principal location of the Well-Beloved. (WB)
IvellOuter WessexYeovil
KennetbridgeNorth WessexNewbury"A thriving town not more than a dozen miles south of Marygreen" (JtO)[17] between Melchester and Christminster.[18] The main road (A338) from Oxford to Salisbury runs past Fawley and through Hungerford, which may be Kennetbridge instead of Newbury, which is to the south-east of Fawley.
KingsbereSouth WessexBere RegisHere is situated the Church of the d'Urbervilles. After Tess' Father's death, the Durbeyfield family take refuge outside the chapel. (TotD)
KnollseaSouth WessexSwanageWhere Lord Mountclere lived. (HoE)
Lulwind CoveSouth WessexLulworth CoveWhere Sergeant Troy is thought to have drowned. (FftMC)
LumsdonNorth WessexCumnorIt is there that Jude Fawley meets up with his old teacher Mr. Phillotson again. It is where Sue Bridehead starts to work as a teacher and promises herself in marriage to Mr. Phillotson. (JtO)
MarlottSouth WessexMarnhullTess Durbeyfield is born and brought up there. After becoming pregnant by Alec D'Urberville she returns to the village and gives birth to a baby boy, who dies in infancy. (TotD)
MarygreenNorth WessexFawleyDrusilla Fawley runs a bakery there. It is the place where Sue Bridehead spent her childhood. Jude Fawley is brought there following the death of his father, and it is where he matures into a man. (JtO)
MelchesterMid WessexSalisburyThis is the place where Jude goes to prepare himself for the ministry, and where Sue Bridehead is studying to become a teacher. The latter runs away from her school there, and later marries Mr. Phillotson in the town. (JtO)
Where Troy's military camp deployed. (FftMC)
Where Julian moved to after Ethelberta refuse his love. (HE)
Lord Helmsdale was the bishop of Melchester. (ToaT)
Tess and Angel pass through this city on their way to Stonehenge. (TotD)
MellstockSouth WessexStinsford and Higher & Lower BockhamptonThomas Hardy's birthplace. Hardy's heart is also buried here, next to his first wife, Emma. Jude Fawley's father died there. (JtO)
Nearly all of Under the Greenwood Tree is set in Mellstock. (UtGT)
MiddletonSouth WessexMilton AbbasWhere Charmond lived. (W)
Middleton AbbeySouth WessexMilton AbbeyWhere Charmond lived. (W)
NarrowbourneOuter WessexWest CokerWhere the main character is a priest in A Tragedy of Two Ambitions a short story part of Life's Little Ironies.
NuttleburySouth WessexHazelbury BryanTess passes through here on her way back home. (TotD)
OvercombeSouth WessexSutton PoyntzThe principal location of The Trumpet-Major.(TM)
One of the places from where the vans of carriers in and out of Casterbridge hailed. (MoC)[19]
Port BredySouth WessexBridport[14]Where Lucetta and Farfrae secretly married. (MoC)
Po'shamSouth WessexPorteshamThe home of Captain Thomas Hardy, one of Lord Nelson's commanders at the Battle of Trafalgar, who lived at Portesham House. (TM)
QuartershotUpper WessexAldershotAn important military station near Stoke-Barehills. (JtO)
SandbourneUpper WessexBournemouth[14]Where Tess Durbeyfield lives with Alec d'Urberville, and where she murders him upon the return of her husband, Angel Clare. (TotD).
It is also where Sue Bridehead's freethinking friend was buried, and where she was the only mourner at his funeral. (JtO)
The principal location of The Hand of Ethelberta. (HoE)
ShastonSouth WessexShaftesburyJack Durbeyfield visits the doctor in Shaston and learns that he has a bad heart. (TotD) Mr. Phillotson moves there to run a school. Jude Fawley travels there to see Sue Bridehead, who, married to Mr. Phillotson, is working in the town, and they flee the place together. (JtO)
Sherton AbbasSouth WessexSherborne[14]The major neighboring city of the Hintocks, where The Woodlanders took place. (W)
SlingersSouth WessexIsle of PortlandThe principal location of The Well-Beloved. (WB)
SolentseaUpper WessexSouthseaThe setting of the short story "An Imaginative Woman."
Stancy CastleOuter WessexDunster CastleThe principal location of A Laodicean. (L)
Stoke BarehillsUpper WessexBasingstokeWhere Great Wessex Agricultural Show was held. (JtO)
StourcastleSouth WessexSturminster NewtonTess travelled through here. (TotD)
Street of WellsSouth WessexFortuneswellThe main street on Isle of Slingers, where The Well-Beloved mostly took place. (WB)
ToneboroughOuter WessexTaunton
TrantridgeSouth WessexPentridgeSite of the D'Urberville estate. (TotD)
WarborneSouth WessexWimborneNearest town and railway station to Welland. (ToaT)
WeatherburySouth WessexPuddletown[14]Farms of Bathsheba and Boldwood, main setting for Far From the Madding Crowd (FftMC)
Weatherbury FarmSouth WessexWaterston ManorBathsheba's farm, in Far From the Madding Crowd (FftMC)
WellbridgeSouth WessexWoolWhere Tess told Angel her story after they married. (TotD)
Weydon-PriorsUpper WessexWeyhillWhere Michael Henchard sells his wife while he is drunk. (MoC)
WintoncesterSouth WessexWinchesterTess Durbeyfield is imprisoned and executed in this former capital of Wessex. (TotD)

In art and books

Artists such as Walter Tyndale, Edmund Hort New, Charles George Harper and others, have painted or drawn the landscapes, places and buildings described in Hardy's novels. Their work was used to illustrate books exploring the real-life countryside on which the fictional county of Wessex was based:

References

  1. ↑ Williams, Harold (January 1914). "The Wessex Novels of Thomas Hardy". The North American Review. 199 (698): 120–134. JSTOR 25120154.
  2. ↑ Darby, H.C. (July 1948). "The Regional Geography of Thomas Hardy's Wessex". Geographical Review. 38 (3): 426–443. Bibcode:1948GeoRv..38..426D. doi:10.2307/210904. JSTOR 210904.
  3. ↑ "Map of Thomas Hardy's Wessex". British Library. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  4. ↑ Birchall, Eugene. "Wessex Place Names". Wessex Photos. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  5. ↑ "An Introduction To Hardy's Wessex". South Coast Central. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  6. ↑ "Exploring Thomas Hardy's West Dorset" (PDF). Visit Dorset. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  7. ↑ Birch, B.P. (1981). "Wessex, Hardy and the Nature Novelists". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 6 (3): 348–358. Bibcode:1981TrIBG...6..348B. doi:10.2307/622293. JSTOR 622293.
  8. ↑ Farrell, John P. (Autumn 2010). "Hardy versus Wessex". The Hardy Review. 12 (2): 126–147. doi:10.1179/193489010X12858552463204. JSTOR 45301021.
  9. ↑ Tait, Adrian (Autumn 2013). "Hardy, Sassoon, and Wessex: The Enduring Appeal of the Immutable". The Thomas Hardy Journal. 29: 140–161. JSTOR 48568997.
  10. ↑ Bennett, Alan (2008). "Hardy's Wessex in Railway Representations". The Hardy Society Journal. 39 (2): 47–60. JSTOR 45274571.
  11. ↑ Kester Rattenbury (February 2018). "The Invention of Wessex". Places Journal (2018). doi:10.22269/180213. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  12. 1 2 "Wessex Novel Placenames". Dorsetshire.com. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  13. ↑ "Wessex place-names". Thomas Hardy's Wessex. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Thomas Hardy's Dorset inspirations". BBC News. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  15. ↑ Ray, Martin (2016). Thomas Hardy: A Textual Study of the Short Stories. London: Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 978-1351879378.
  16. ↑ Harper, Charles G (1904). The Hardy country: literary landmarks of the Wessex novels. London: Adam and Charles Black. p. 170.
  17. ↑ Paragraph 4, Chapter VII, Part Fifth, Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/153/153-h/153-h.htm#5-7
  18. ↑ Paragraph 6, Chapter X, Part Third, Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/153/153-h/153-h.htm#5-7
  19. ↑ Chapter IX, Thomas Hardy, The Mayor of Casterbridge at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/143/143-h/143-h.htm

Further reading

  • J. Stevens Cox, Hardy's Wessex: Identification of Fictitious Place Names in Hardy's Works, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1972.
  • Joanna Cullen Brown (ed.), Figures in a Wessex Landscape: Thomas Hardy's Picture of English Country Life, Allison & Busby, 1987.
  • Anne-Marie Edwards, Discovering Hardy's Wessex, Arcady Books, 1982.
  • Tony Fincham, Exploring Thomas Hardy's Wessex, Wimborne: The Dovecote Press, 2016.
  • Desmond Hawkins, Hardy's Wessex, London: Macmillan, 1983.
  • Clive Holland, Thomas Hardy's Wessex Scene, London: Longmans, 1948.
  • Denys Kay-Robinson, Hardy's Wessex Reappraised, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1972.
  • Hermann Lea, Highways & Byways in Hardy's Wessex, London: Macmillan, 1925.
  • Hermann Lea, Thomas Hardy's Wessex, London: Macmillan, 1913.
  • James W. Worth, Thomas Hardy's Wessex, Pitkin Guides, 1978.
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