A small miniature portrait painted in black and white of Charlotte Lennox
"Mrs. Charlotte Lennox," miniature portrait painted by John Smart in 1777 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 491221).

A black and white portrait of Charlotte Lennox.
Engraving by Francesco Bartolozzi after Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1793 (National Portrait Gallery, D13802).

Charlotte Lennox, née Ramsay (c. 1729[1] – 4 January 1804), was a Scottish author and a literary and cultural critic, whose publishing career flourished in London. Best known for her novel The Female Quixote (1752), she was frequently praised for her genius and literary skill. As a result, Sir Joshua Reynolds painted her portrait and she was featured in The Nine Living Muses of Great Britain in 1778. Samuel Johnson declared her superior to all other female writers, and Henry Fielding said that she "excelled Cervantes." Her pioneering study of Shakespeare's source material is still cited and her magazine (1760-1761) is the focus of "The Lady's Museum Project."[2]

Life

Charlotte Lennox was born in Gibraltar. Her father, James Ramsay of Dalhousie, was a Scottish captain in the British Army, and her mother Catherine, née Tisdall (died 1765), was Scottish and Irish. She was baptized Barbara Charlotte Ramsay. Very little direct information on her pre-public life is available, and biographers have extrapolated from her first novel such elements as seem semi-autobiographical. Charlotte lived for the first ten years her life in England before her father, who was a lieutenant in the guards, moved the family to Albany, New York in 1738,[2] where he was lieutenant-governor. He died in 1742.

Lennox's experiences in the colonies probably inspired her first and last novels, Harriot Stuart (1750) and Euphemia (1790).[2] Around the age of 13, she was sent to be a companion to her maternal aunt Mary Lucking in London, but on her arrival she found that the son of her future guardian had died and the arrangement was no longer suitable. Instead, Charlotte became a companion to Lady Isabella Finch, whose attention had been caught by Lennox's writings.[3][2]

Lennox's first volume of poetry, Poems on Several Occasions, published in 1747, was dedicated to Lady Isabella and centered partly on themes of female friendship and independence. She might have been offered a position at court, but this was forestalled by her marriage to Alexander Lennox, and her decision to take up acting and to publish her works (and thereby earn her own income). Her husband's only known employment was in the customs office from 1773 to 1782, and this was reported to be as a benefice of the Duke of Newcastle as a reward for his wife. He also claimed to be the proper heir to the Earl of Lennox in 1768, but the House of Lords rejected his claims, possibly on the basis of bastardy. Charlotte mentioned his "birth misfortunes" in a letter.[3]

In 1746, after turning away from a life of aristocratic patronage, seventeen-year-old Lennox took on a public role for the first time. She performed in a successful run of The Fair Penitent, which was part of a series of "civic" dramas at Drury Lane dealing with social issues of politics and gender.[2] After the publication of her first poems, Poems on Several Occasions (1747), she began to shift away from acting towards writing. However, she did perform at Richmond in 1748 and received a benefit night at the Haymarket Theatre in a production of The Mourning Bride in 1750.[3] In the latter year, she also published her most successful poem, "The Art of Coquetry" in the Gentleman's Magazine. She met Samuel Johnson around that time, and he held her in high regard. When her first novel, The Life of Harriot Stuart, Written by Herself, appeared, Johnson threw a lavish party for Lennox, with a laurel wreath and an apple pie that contained bay leaf. Johnson thought her superior to his other female literary friends, Elizabeth Carter, Hannah More, and Frances Burney, due to her efforts to professionalize her writing career, rather than write anonymously. He ensured that Lennox was introduced to important members on the London literary scene.

However, some of the women of Johnson's circle were not fond of Lennox. Hester Thrale, Elizabeth Carter, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, all members of the Bluestocking Society, faulted her either for her housekeeping (which even Lennox joked about), for her ostensibly unpleasant personality, or for her bad temper. They saw her specifically as an incendiary.

Samuel Richardson and Samuel Johnson both favorably reviewed Lennox's second, most successful novel, The Female Quixote, or, The Adventures of Arabella (1752). Henry Fielding praised it in his Covent Garden Journal and it gained popularity. It was reprinted and packaged in a series of great novels in 1783, 1799, and 1810, and translated into German in 1754, French in 1773 and 1801, and Spanish in 1808. The novel formally inverts Don Quixote: as the Don mistakes himself for the knightly hero of a romance. Arabella, also informed by earnest reading, mistakes herself for the maiden love of a romance. While the Don thinks it his duty to praise the platonically pure damsels he meets (such as the farm girl he loves), so Arabella believes it is in her power to kill with a look and that her lovers have a duty to suffer ordeals on her behalf.

Some of Lennox's other works were advertised as being by "the author of The Female Quixote". The translator/censor of the Spanish version, Lt-Col. Don Bernardo María de Calzada, appropriated the text, stating "written in English by an unknown author and in Spanish by D. Bernardo," even though he was not fluent in English and had only translated into Spanish a previous French translation, which was already censored. In the preface, de Calzada also warns the reader of the questionable quality of the text, as good British texts were only written by "Fyelding" [sic] and Richardson, the two authors of international fame.

Lennox cultivated friendships that assisted her in her publishing efforts. For her translation of The Greek Theatre of Father Brumoy,[4] the most influential French study of Greek tragedy in the mid-18th century, she found several learned men to contribute. In 1755 she translated Memoirs of Maximilian de Bethune, Duke of Sully, which sold well. Learning several languages, including Italian from Joseph Baretti, Lennoz studied the sources for William Shakespeare's plays. In 1753, the first two volumes of Shakespear Illustrated – seen by many scholars as the first feminist work of literary criticism – were published by Andrew Millar. The third volume, which appeared in 1754, spoke to its success. Lennox studied and discussed how Shakespeare used his sources and was especially attentive to the romance tradition on which Shakespeare drew. One criticism Lennox had was that his plays strip female characters of their original authority, "taking from them the power and the moral independence which the old romances and novels had given them."[5]

Samuel Johnson wrote the dedication for the work, but others criticized its treatment, in David Garrick's words, by "so great and so Excellent an Author."[6] and the literary world took its revenge upon the presentation of her play, The Sister (1769), based on her third novel, Henrietta (1758). Several groups of attendees concerted to boo the play off the stage on its opening night, though it went on to be printed in several editions.[6][7]

Henrietta sold well, but did not bring her any money. From 1760 to 1761 she edited and wrote for the periodical The Lady's Museum, which included her novel Harriot and Sophia (later Sophia), known as one of two of the earliest serialized novels (along with Tobias Smollett's The Life and Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves). David Garrick produced her Old City Manners at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1775 (an adaptation of Ben Jonson's Eastward Ho). Finally, in 1790, Lennox published Euphemia with little success, as the public's interest in novels of romance seemed to have waned. Euphemia is an epistolary novel set in New York before the American Revolution.

Lennox had two children who survived infancy: Harriot Holles Lennox (1765–1782/3) and George Lewis Lennox (born 1771), who emigrated to America in 1793. In that same year, she and her husband, with whom she had been estranged for many years, separated. Charlotte then lived in "solitary penury" for the rest of her life, relying on support from the Literary Fund. She died on 4 January 1804 in London and was buried in an unmarked grave not far from Dean's Yard, Westminster.[3]

During the 19th century, The Female Quixote remained moderately popular. In the 20th century, feminist scholars such as Janet Todd, Jane Spencer, and Nancy Armstrong praised Lennox's skill and inventiveness.

The Female Quixote has been chosen for the 2024 Aggregation exam to certify English teachers in France.[8]

Works

Lennox (standing, right, with cittern) in the company of other "Bluestockings" (The Nine Living Muses of Great Britain by Richard Samuel, 1778).

Poetry

  • Poems on Several Occasions (1747)[9]
  • The Art of Coquetry (1750)[10]
  • Birthday Ode to the Princess of Wales[11]

Novels

Plays

Literary criticism

  • Shakespear [sic] Illustrated (1753–1754)[21]

Periodical

Translations

References

  1. ↑ Carlile, Susan (1 December 2004). "Charlotte Lennox's Birth Date and Place". Notes and Queries. 51 (4): 390–392. doi:10.1093/nq/510390. ISSN 1471-6941.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Carlile, Susan (2018). Charlotte Lennox: An Independent Mind. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 5, 7, 24–25, 38, 44, 83, 240, 351, 357. ISBN 9781442648487.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Amory, Hugh (2004). "Lennox, (Barbara) Charlotte (c. 1730/1731–1804)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16454. Retrieved 29 January 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ↑ The Greek Theatre of Father Brumoy, translated by Mrs. Charlotte Lennox (London: Millar, Vaillant, Baldwin, Crowder, Johnston, Dodsley, etc. 1759)
  5. ↑ Doody, Margaret Anne (Fall 1987). "Shakespeare's Novels: Charlotte Lennox Illustrated". Studies in the Novel. 19 (3): 306.
  6. 1 2 Lennox, Charlotte (2008). "Introduction". In Perry, Ruth; Carlile, Susan (eds.). Henrietta. University of Kentucky Press. pp. xxi.
  7. ↑ Runge, Laura (1997). Gender and Language in British Literary Criticism, 1660–1790. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–47. ISBN 9780511553530.
  8. ↑ "Agrégation d'anglais 2024" (PDF).
  9. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1747). Poems on Several Occasions. London: S. Paterson.
  10. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (November 1750). "The Art of Coquetry". Gentleman's Magazine. xx: 518–19.
  11. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (November 1750). "Birthday Ode to the Princess of Wales". Gentleman's Magazine. xx: 518.
  12. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1750). The Life of Harriot Stuart. London: J. Payne and J. Bouquet.
  13. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1752). The Female Quixote. London: A. Millar.
  14. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1758). Henrietta. London: A. Millar.
  15. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1762). Sophia. London: James Fletcher.
  16. ↑ Schürer, Norbert (2001). "A New Novel By Charlotte Lennox". Notes and Queries. 48 (4): 419–22. doi:10.1093/nq/48.4.419b.
  17. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1790). Euphemia. London: T. Cadell.
  18. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1758). Philander. London: A. Millar.
  19. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1769). The Sister. London: J. Dodsley.
  20. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1775). Old City Manners. London: T. Becket.
  21. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1753–1754). Shakespear Illustrated. London: A. Millar.
  22. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1760–1761). The Lady's Museum. London: J. Newbery.
  23. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1756). Memoirs of Maximilian de Bethune, Duke of Sully, Prime Minister to Henry the Great. London: A. Millar and J. Dodsley.
  24. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1756). The Memoirs of the Countess of Berci. London: A. Millar.
  25. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1757). Memoirs for the History of Madame de Maintenon of the Last Age. London: A Millar and J. Nourse.
  26. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1759). The Greek Theatre of Father Brumoy. London: Millar, Vaillant, etc.
  27. ↑ Lennox, Charlotte (1774). Meditations and Penitential Prayers by the Duchess of de la Valiere. London: J. Dodsely.

Further reading

  • Carlile, Susan (2018). Charlotte Lennox: An Independent Mind. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Browning, DC; Cousin, John W (1969). Everyman's dictionary of literary biography. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.

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