Chenab Valley
Chenab valley
Chenab River at Ramban
Nicknames: 
Chenab-belt, Chenab region
Country India
Union TerritoryJammu and Kashmir
Lok Sabha constituencyUdhampur-Doda Lok Sabha Constituency
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Jammu and Kashmir
Area
 • Total11,885 km2 (4,589 sq mi)
Population
[1]
 • Total924,345
 • Density78/km2 (200/sq mi)
DemonymChenabis[2]
Languages
 • Spoken
List
Districts
Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)Sunil Gupta (IPS)[3]
MilitiaVillage Defence Guards
Public Works (R&B) DepartmentChenab Zone[4]
Department of ForestChenab Circle[5] .
Chenab Valley
Geology
TypeRiver Valley
LocationJammu and Kashmir, India
Population centersDoda, Ramban, Kishtwar
Borders onAnantnag District & Kulgam District to its north, Kargil District on its east, Rajouri District on its west and Udhampur district, Kathua District and Indian state of Himachal Pradesh on its south
Traversed byNH244
Rivers

The Chenab Valley is a river valley formed by the Chenab River. The term is also used collectively for Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts of Jammu Division in the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. These districts were formerly part of a single district, called Doda.[lower-alpha 1][6][7][8]

Name

The name derives from the Chenab river, which flows through and forms the valley. The term "Chenab valley" was used by Erik Norin in a 1926 journal article "The Relief Chronology of Chenab Valley", to refer to the valley formed by the Chenab river in the Himalayas.[9] More recently, this term has also come to be used by various social activists and politicians referring to the areas of the former Doda district[lower-alpha 1] formed in 1948.[1][10] The term is used by many residents of Doda, Ramban, Kishtwar districts to assert a distinct cultural identity within the larger Jammu division.[11][12]

Geography

The Chenab Valley lies between the middle and great Himalayan range in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It constitutes parts of the Doda, Ramban, and Kishtwar districts of Jammu and Kashmir.[1][6] The area is an active seismic zone.[13]

History

In the past, the area around Doda was largely inhabited by Sarazi population before people started settling here from the Kashmir valley and other adjoining areas.[14][15] The reasons for this migration in the 17th and 18th centuries are a matter of ambiguity among historians.[16] Sumantra Bose says that repression by the feudal class in the Kashmir valley drew people to these areas.[17][18] The three districts consist of areas drawn from the principalities of Kishtwar and Bhadarwah, both of which were part of Udhampur district in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. In addition, Paddar used to be part of Chamba State in the past and was later added to the princely state. Kashmiris form the largest group in the three districts while Gujjars, Dogras, Paharis and Bhaderwahis have significant population. Chenab Valley is rich in cultural heritage and ethical values, but also has age-old traditions of secularism and tolerance.[17]

This region in Jammu and Kashmir has a long history intertwined with legends and stories of various rulers and dynasties. According to records from the State Revenue Department, the erstwhile district Doda got its name from its headquarters in Doda, which was named after a migrant from Multan, a utensil maker. He was persuaded by one of the ancient rulers of Kishtwar to settle in the area and establish a utensil factory. Over time, the name Deeda was distorted into Doda.[19]

The early history of Chenab Valley is not well documented, with few chronicles available about the rulers of Kishtwar and Bhaderwah. The settlement reports indicate that the area was ruled by various groups including Ranas, Rajas, and independent chiefs from time to time, including the Jaral Ramas, Katoch Rajas, Bhaus Manhases, Chibs, Thakkars, Wanis, and Gakkars. In 1822 AD, Doda was conquered by Maharaja Gulab Singh and became the winter capital of the Kishtwar state.[20]

The Fort of Doda was significant in the district's history and was one of the seventy forts in Jammu province, according to author Thakur Kahan Singh Balowria. The fort served as the office of the Thanedar and provided storage space for armaments and food grains. The fort was also built to protect against potential attacks from the Bhaderwah Rajas. The fort was made of unbaked bricks and had walls that were four feet wide and forty to fifty feet high, with dome-like towers at the corners. The fort was demolished in 1952 and as of 2023, the Government Boys Higher Secondary School Doda occupies its site.[21]

English traveller G.T. Vigne visited Doda in 1829 and described his journey through the region. He mentions traveling through a deep and rocky nullah which joins the Chenab River,[lower-alpha 2] and then crossing the river over a dangerous bridge in the Himalayas. Vigne writes about the bridge in Doda, a strong rope stretched from one bank to the other, tied to rocks. A wooden structure was placed over the rope and additional ropes were tied to it, allowing the structure to move back and forth. He also encountered another type of bridge, which was crossed on foot, made of small ropes bound with pieces of bark and woven into a thick rope. Hanging ropes were provided for support.[19][21]

The area that includes the tehsil of Bhaderwah has a long history dating back to the 10th century. In 1846, Doda and Kishtwar became part of the newly created Jammu and Kashmir state after the Amritsar pact between the British government, Lahore Darbar, and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu. Bhaderwah was once a principality with 15 administrative units and has a recorded history going back to the Rajtarangni of Kalhan. The state of Bhadhrwah was established in the 15th century by a Sicon of the Baloria family of Bilawar. It was later ruled by the Raja of Chamb until Raja Nagpal became the ruler in the 16th century. Bhaderwah was then ruled by Nagpal's descendants until it was captured by the Kishtwar Raja. It became part of Chamba in 1821 and was transferred to Jammu Darbar in 1846. During this time, Bhaderwah was military-administered Label was appointed as the Kardar. The Bhaderwah Jagir was later bestowed upon Raja Amar Singh of Jammu and then to his son, Raja Hari Singh. When Raja Hari Singh became the Maharaja of J&K in 1925, he dissolved his Jagirs and converted Bhaderwah into a tehsil of Udhampur in 1931.[22]

In 1948, the erstwhile Udhampur district was partitioned into the present Udhampur district, containing the Udhampur and Ramanagar tehsils, and Doda district containing the Ramban, Bhadarwah, Doda, Thathri and Kishtwar tehsils.[23][17][24]

From 1975 to 1976, the Government of India conducted the Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources specifically in the Chenab Valley by Department of Agriculture. During this period, a detailed survey of forests in the Chenab Catchment area was done in Doda, Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, and Ramban divisions of the forest.[25][26]

In 1990s, various incidents were reported about the suppression of Hindus by the Militant organizations. In response to the rising terrorism, the government authorities made Village Defense Committee (VDC) in various villages. However some reports of VDC members indulging in criminal activities have also reported in the past. In a village called Karada, four Muslims were allegedly killed by VDC members. This incident also triggered the Terrorist organisations to target those who supported the VDCs, believing them to be anti-Muslim. Since 1990s, many such incidents of killings by Terrorist and VDCs have been reported.[27]

As of 2001 census, the total population of Chenab Valley stood at 690,474, with 362,471 males and 328,003 females. Among the tehsils within the district, Kishtwar had the highest population, totaling 1.9 lakhs, while Thathri tehsil had the lowest population, with 0.42 lakhs. Doda ranked as the second most populous tehsil within the district, with a population of 1.5 lakhs, followed by Banihal at 0.94 lakhs, Bhadarwah at 0.61 lakhs, Ramban at 0.86 lakhs, and Gundoh at 0.58 lakhs. The hilly and challenging terrain of the region contributed to a low population density of only 59 people per square kilometer.[28]

In 2006, Ramban was made into an independent district and the hilly area to the east of the present Doda district was separated as the Kishtwar district. The remaining areas include the Doda tehsil carved out of Kishtwar and the original Bhadarwah, now divided into three tehsils.[23][29]

Economy

The economy of Chenab Valley is influenced by its challenging topography and limited access to raw materials, technical expertise, and skilled labor. Data from the District Industries Center (DIC) in 1999-2000 indicates a limited industrial presence with only three registered factories and 43 formally registered small industries (SSI) units, along with 81 provisionally registered ones. The Khadi and Village Industries Board Doda established 69 cooperative societies and 2,190 units, providing employment to 4,380 workers during the same year. The district also hosts four industrial training institutes, offering training in various trades with an intake capacity of 497 students in 1999-2000.[28]

Chenab Valley is endowed with vast forest resources, covering approximately 6,226 square kilometers, which accounts for 28% of the state's total area. These forests yield valuable timber varieties such as deodar, fir, kail, chir, and products like doop, resin, and guchhian.[28]

The region's topography and agroclimatic conditions make it highly suitable for goat and sheep rearing, benefiting about 65% of the rural population. According to the 1997 census, there were 3.91 lakh sheep and 1.51 lakh goats. Presently, there are 98 sheep extension centers and two mobile sheep centers, along with 160 sheep units under Centrally Sponsored Schemes.[28]

Agriculture and horticulture constitute the primary economic activities in Chenab Valley, complemented by the cultivation of commercial cash crops like saffron in Kishtwar, zeera in Paddcr, and Marsheela (Guchhi) in the coniferous areas of Bhaderwah, Doda, and Gandoh. The district's climate also supports sericulture, particularly in Bhaderwah.[28]

Livestock farming plays a pivotal role in the economic development of Chenab Valley, with a livestock population of 797,779 as per the 1997 census, encompassing cattle, buffaloes, and poultry birds.[28]

During leisure time, people engage in various handicrafts, including the production of lois, blankets, and woolen cloth (puttos). The government is taking steps to promote this sector alongside overall development efforts, including education, healthcare, and road construction.[28]

Demographics

Religion

Religion in Chenab Valley (2011)[30]

  Islam (59.97%)
  Hinduism (39.23%)
  Others (0.80%)
Sex Ratio in Chenab Valley in 2011 Census.[30]
(no. females per 1,000 males)
Religion (and population) Sex Ratio
Muslim (pop 554,355)
 
 932
Hindu (pop 362,578)
 
 884
Other (pop 7,412)
 
 722
Total (pop 924,345)
 
 913

Muslims form a majority in the three districts constituting Chenab Valley. About 60% of the population was Muslim according to the 2011 census, and the rest 40% are mostly Hindus.

Languages

Languages of Chenab Valley (2011)[31]

  Kashmiri (47.03%)
  Gojri (10.17%)
  Bhaderwahi (9.90%)
  Siraji (8.28%)
  Dogri (5.03%)
  Kishtwari (4.18%)
  Pahadi (4.03%)
  Hindi (3.02%)
  Padari (1.86%)
  Other (6.51%)

Chenab Valley is home to a variety of ethnic groups. Officially, Urdu and English are used, but the Chenab Valley is home to a variety of languages, including Kashmiri—spoken by almost half of the population,[32] Gojri, Kishtwari, Bhaderwahi, Sarazi, Dogri, Rambani, Pogali, Pahari, Bhalessi, and Padri.[33]

Administration

As of 2023, the DIG of Police has a separate post for Chenab Valley known as the DKR Range; the R&B Department has now created a distinct zone for Chenab; and Chenab Valley has its own Forest Circle known as Chenab Forest Circle.[4] A militia named as Village Defence Guards was established in 1996 to fight anti-militancy operations in Chenab Valley.[34]

Major tourist attractions

Dams

List of Dams[35]
Dam Name Type River Location River Basin Status Dam Type Height (m) Installed Capacity (MW)
Baglihar Dam Hydroelectric Chenab Ramban, Ramban Indus up to International Border Completed (2009) Gravity & Masonry 364.362 143
Dulhasti Dam Hydroelectric Chenab Kishtwar, Kishtwar Indus up to International Border Completed (2006) Gravity & Masonry 186 65
Pakal Dul Dam Hydroelectric Marusudar Kishtwar, Kishtwar Indus up to International Border Proposed Earthen / Gravity & Masonry 305 167
Salal (Rockfill And Concrete) Dam Hydroelectric Chenab Gool Gulab Garh, Reasi Indus up to International Border Completed (1986) Earthen / Gravity & Masonry 487 113

Demands for Divisional Status

Location of the districts for which separate divisional status is sought within Jammu and Kashmir

There has been a movement demanding separate administrative division for the Chenab valley by various social and political activists for long time. In 2014, a major protest was called in Doda for the demand of separate administrative division.[36] The demand again rose in 2018 and 2019 when Ladakh got divisional status and the former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Omar Abdullah added "Two Separate Divisional Status for Chenab Valley and Pir Panjal Region" to his party's political agenda.[37] As of 2021, the movement for divisional status again increased after rumours of second bifurcation of J&K and demand for a separate state of Jammu.[38] There is a common reason for this demand. People allege negligence in terms of developmental issues by the government if the Chenab valley remains linked to the Jammu division.[1] The districts of the proposed Chenab Valley consists of six Assembly seats.[39]

The Bhartiya Janata Party maintains that "there is no Chenab valley and it is only the Jammu division for representation of the region",[40] while the JKNC says that the demand is based on developmental negligence and wants separate divisions from Jammu division for Chenab valley and Pir Panjal.[41]

The areas of the three districts are termed as the DKR Range (Doda-Kishtwar-Ramban Range) by police and military officials, while a separate Deputy Inspector General is posted for this range by J&K Police.[42]

Hill Development Council

In 1996, Dr. Farooq Abdullah as Chief minister promised administrative autonomy to Chenab. Later in 2000, a bill demanding a Hill Development Council for Chenab valley was presented in the legislative assembly by the Sheikh Abdul Rehman (then MLA from Bhaderwah).[43]

In July 2015, then Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Mohammad Sayed, rules out demand of Chenab Valley Hill Council and announced Chenab Valley Development Fund (CVDF) for development and upliftment of mountainous and remote districts of Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban.[44]

Major Incidents and Natural disasters

2013 Earthquake in Chenab valley

A 5.8 earthquake hit the Erstwhile Doda on 1 May 2013, killing two and injuring 69.[45] Seismic activity continued in the valley throughout 2013, prompting teams of seismologists to study the area. A local belief states that the earthquakes were being caused by hydroelectric construction projects in the area.[46]

2017 Thathri flash floods

Flash floods wreaked havoc in Thathri town of Doda district of J&K, inundating vast areas along the Batote- Kishtwar National Highway and washing away half a dozen houses. Six persons were killed in the flash floods.[47]

2018 Kela Morh Ramban Accident

On 6 October 2018, a tragic accident occurred on the Jammu-Srinagar national highway in Ramban district near Marog, specifically at Kela Morh. A minibus carrying passengers from Banihal to Ramban plunged into a gorge after its driver lost control over the vehicle.[48]

The accident resulted in the loss of twenty-two lives, including four women and the driver. Additionally, fourteen passengers sustained injuries, with ten of them being critically injured. Prompt medical assistance was provided, and ten critically injured passengers were airlifted to the army hospital at Udhampur, while two others were taken to Jammu for treatment.[49]

Thirteen passengers with severe injuries were also airlifted to the military hospital in Udhampur. Two of them succumbed to their injuries at the hospital. On the other hand, three individuals with minor injuries were discharged after receiving first aid.[50]

The tragic incident was investigated by then Doda-Kishtwar-Ramban Range DIG Rafiq-ul-Hassan, who confirmed that the minibus veered off the road at approximately 9:55 am. There were conflicting versions on whether the driver, Rehmatullah, lost control of the bus or the vehicle developed a technical snag.[50]

2021 Hunzar Kishtwar Cloudburst

Cloudburst hits Hunzar hamlet in Dachhan area of Kishtwar district resulting into death of 26 persons and 17 injured on 28 July 2021. As per reports, only 7 dead bodies were recovered while 19 dead bodies were not found.[51] As of October 5, 2021, one out of 19 missing persons' dead bodies was found after more than 70 days, while 18 others remain missing.[52]


2021 Sui Gwari Accident

The Sui Gwari Accident occurred on October 28, 2021, in the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. A tragic incident involving a mini-bus with the registration number JK17 4021 took place on the Batote-Kishtwar highway. The mini-bus was en route from Thathri to Doda when it skidded off the road, rolled down a deep gorge near Sui Gowari, and resulted in a devastating accident.[53]

In the accident, eight people lost their lives on the spot, while several others sustained severe injuries. The injured victims were immediately rushed to nearby medical facilities for treatment.[54]

Six more individuals succumbed to their injuries while receiving treatment at the Government Medical College in Doda and GMC Jammu. As a result, the total death toll reached fourteen.[55]

In response to the incident, Prime Minister Narendra Modi conveyed his condolences to the families of the deceased and announced ex gratia payments to the next of kin of the deceased and the injured persons.[56]

June 2023 Chenab Valley earthquake

On 13 June 2023, an earthquake occurred at 13:33 Indian Standard Time in Chenab Valley's Doda district.[57][58] It was centred near the town of Thathri, and also affected nearby Bhalessa and Bhaderwah areas in the same district and some areas of Jammu and Kashmir. It registered a minimal magnitude of 5.0 and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).[59] As of 14 June 2023, there were at least five secondary earthquakes in the region, mainly near the original epicentre. A series of strong aftershocks occurred near Thathri, Bhaderwah, Bhalessa and Kishtwar.[60] On 17 June 2023, a low-intensity earthquake with 3 magnitude in Ramban area of erstwhile Doda region.[61] While another earthquake jolts erstwhile Doda district with 4.4 magnitude on richter scale, as per National Centre for Seismology.[62] While United States Geological Survey measured this earthquake as 4.3 magnitude.[63] On 18 June 2023, another earthquake hits Doda region with the intensity of 4.1 magnitude on richter scale at 03:50 am (IST).[64] On the same day at 05:22 am IST, an earthquake having epicenter in Doda district with intensity of 2.7 magnitude jolts the region.[65] The severity of the damage caused by the earthquake is attributed to severe upthrust. At least 56 buildings had collapsed and 369 others were damaged in Kishtwar.[66] Dozens of buildings including a hospital were also damaged in Bhaderwah.[67] At least five people were injured and hundreds were displaced.[68][69] Schools were closed on 14 June to evaluate damage.[60]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Anzer Ayoob (17 July 2021). "J&K: Chenab Valley Seeks Separate Divisional Status as well as Council". NewsClick.in. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  2. ↑ Ayoob, Anzer (24 November 2023). "Chenabi: Why We Choose This Term for Our Unique Identity". The Bold Voice. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  3. ↑ "Jammu and Kashmir Police - Zone/Range". jkpolice.gov.in. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  4. 1 2 "Chenab, Pir Panjal among six new zones as J&K Government Orders Restructuring Of R&B Department". The Chenab Times. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  5. ↑ "CF Chenab Circle convenes coordination meeting at Batote". Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of Jammu and Kashmir. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  6. 1 2 Tahir Nadeem (9 February 2021). "'Earthquakes, cloudbursts can damage Chenab Valley dams'". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  7. ↑ "Geelani vows to resist settlement of retired soldiers in Kashmir". Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  8. ↑ "THROUGH THE PIR PANJAL". The Hindu. 7 July 2001. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  9. ↑ Erik Norin (1926), "The Relief Chronology of the Chenab Valley", Geografiska Annaler, 8: 284–300, doi:10.2307/519728, JSTOR 519728
  10. ↑ Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, Map 1-3, p. 28, ISBN 978-8131708460
  11. ↑ "Chenab Valley: Victimized In All Political Regimes". Kashmir Age. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  12. ↑ Vikalp Ashiqehind (9 November 2018). "Sarazi: Endangered Language of the Chenab Valley". Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  13. ↑ "Chenab valley quakes not due to hydro projects: Scientists"
  14. ↑ "Sarazi: Endangered Language of the Chenab Valley". Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  15. ↑ "Story of Doda misunderstood by Kashmir". Greater Kashmir. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  16. ↑ "Mini Kashmir". Kashmir Life. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  17. 1 2 3 Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, p. xxi, 23, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7
  18. ↑ "Sarazi: Endangered Language of the Chenab Valley". Sahapedia. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  19. 1 2 CT, News Desk (1 February 2023). "The lost history of Doda". The Chenab Times. Doda, Jammu and Kashmir. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  20. ↑ "History | District Doda | India". National Informatics Centre. Doda Administration. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  21. 1 2 "Doda: Brief History, Places of Attraction". The Dispatch. 19 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  22. ↑ Maini, K D (6 February 2016). "Past, present of Doda". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  23. 1 2 "District profile". Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Doda. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  24. ↑ Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, p. 28, ISBN 978-8131708460
  25. ↑ "Tropical forest resources assessment project - Forest resources of Tropical Asia". FAOHome. 8 November 1978. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  26. ↑ Department of Agriculture (1976). Preinvestment Survey of Forest Resources in Chenab Valley (PDF). Dehradun: Government of India. p. 116. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  27. ↑ Joshi, Rajesh (17 August 1998). "Slow Death in Doda". Outlook. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Qazi, S. A. (2005). Systematic geography of Jammu and Kashmir. New Delhi: APH Publ. Corp. p. 222. ISBN 978-81-7648-786-3.
  29. ↑ "8 New Districts in JK, 13 New Tehsils". Greater Kashmir. 7 July 2006.
  30. 1 2 C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  31. ↑ C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  32. ↑ N. Koul, Omkar. "Spoken Kashmiri — A language course". Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  33. ↑ "Chenab valley languages belongs to Western Pahari classification: BHC". The Chenab Times. 10 January 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  34. ↑ Sharma, Arun (17 July 2019). "J&K cops overhaul village defence committees, PDP says Centre design to arm RSS workers". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  35. ↑ "Dams in Jammu and Kashmir". India WRIS (Water Resources Information System). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  36. ↑ "Protest by Doda Development Front over demands of Chenab region". Hindustan Times. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  37. ↑ "Separate division for Ladakh: Omar promises two more for Chenab valley, Pir Panjal if voted to power". Times of India. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  38. ↑ Bhakto, Anando (10 June 2021). "All options are open, says Farooq Abdullah amidst rumours of another bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  39. ↑ "Ghulam Nabi Azad promises to develop Chenab Valley as 'Model region'". Economic Times. 4 November 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  40. ↑ "BJP cries foul over use of term 'Chenab valley' again". Tribune (India). 11 November 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  41. ↑ "Small Separatism". India Today. 11 January 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  42. ↑ "DIG DKR Range chairs crime review meeting". State Times. 14 October 2021. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  43. ↑ "Why oppose Hill Council status for Chenab, Pir Panjal valleys?". Brighter Kashmir. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  44. ↑ Excelsior, Daily (4 July 2015). "Mufti rules out Council, sets up Chenab Valley Development Fund". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  45. ↑ "IIT scientists, NDMA assess damages in quake-hit Erstwhile Doda". The Hindu. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  46. ↑ "Erstwhile doda quakes not due to hydro projects: Scientists"
  47. ↑ "Chenab Valley: 6 Killed in Thathri Floods". Times of India. 22 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  48. ↑ "21 dead as mini-bus falls into gorge on Jammu-Srinagar national highway". DNA India. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  49. ↑ "22 dead as mini-bus falls into gorge on Jammu-Srinagar highway". The Tribune. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  50. 1 2 "22 killed as minibus plunges into gorge in Ramban on J-K highway". Hindustan Times. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  51. ↑ "Kishtwar Cloudburst: Two More Bodies Recovered, Toll Reaches 7, Says Officials". The Chenab Times. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  52. ↑ "Hunzer Kishtwar Cloudburst: Body of one out of 19 missing people found after 70 days". The Chenab Times. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  53. ↑ "11 killed, 14 injured as mini-bus falls into gorge in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda". The Hindu. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  54. ↑ "Doda accident Injured driver succumbs, toll reaches 14". Greater Kashmir. 30 October 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  55. ↑ "After fighting with life for three days, the driver of the Suigwari Doda minibus succumbs, death toll rises to 14". The Chenab Times. 30 October 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  56. ↑ "10 killed in J&K's Doda, PM announces ex-gratia". United News of India. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  57. ↑ "Magnitude 5.4 earthquake strikes eastern Kashmir, India". Reuters. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  58. ↑ Ayoob, Anzer (14 June 2023). "4.2, 2.7 Magnitude Aftershocks Rock Doda District: Residents on Edge as Earthquakes Continue". The Chenab Times. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  59. ↑ "M 5.0 - 21 km NE of Bhadarwāh, India". Earthquake Hazards Program, USGS. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  60. 1 2 "Precautionary Closure of Schools in Thathri, Gandoh and Bhaderwah Education Zones Amid Ongoing Aftershocks". The Chenab Times. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  61. ↑ Digital, Times Now (17 June 2023). "Magnitude 3 Earthquake Hits Jammu And Kashmir's Ramban". TimesNow. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  62. ↑ "Chenab Valley Shaken by Another Aftershock: 4.4 Magnitude Earthquake Jolts Doda-Kishtwar districts". The Chenab Times. 17 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  63. ↑ "M 4.3 - 17 km ESE of Kishtwār, India". USGS. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  64. ↑ "Aftershocks Continue to Jolt Chenab Valley: 4.1 Magnitude Earthquake Hits Erstwhile Doda Region". The Chenab Times. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  65. ↑ "Official Website of National Center of Seismology". Official Website of National Center of Seismology. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  66. ↑ "5 mild earthquakes jolt Doda-Kishtwar; no loss reported, schools closed". Daily Excelsior. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  67. ↑ "Two injured as earthquake damages residential houses, govt offices in Bhaderwah". Greater Kashmir. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  68. ↑ "3 earthquakes jolt Jammu and Kashmir's Doda, Katra areas". India Today. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  69. ↑ "Earthquake in Kashmir; 4 injured, several buildings develop cracks in Doda district". The Indian Express. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.

Notes

  1. 1 2 The Doda district was divided into the present-day districts of Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban in Jammu and Kashmir.
  2. ↑ The Nullah traversed by Vigne is most likely the Neeru river, which joins the Chenab at Pul Doda.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.