Map showing locations of major universities in mainland China

There are many higher education institutions in China.

By September 2021, there were 3,012 colleges and universities, with over 40 million students enrolled in mainland China, and 156 colleges in the ROC free area.[1][2][3] More than 40 million Chinese students graduated from university from 2016 to 2020.[4] Corresponding with the merging of many public universities, has been the rapid expansion of the private sector in mainland China since 1990s. Although private university enrollments are not clear, one report listed that in 2006 private universities accounted for approximately 6%, or about 1.3 million, of the 20 million students enrolled in formal higher education in China.[5] The quality of universities and higher education in China is internationally recognized as China has established educational cooperation and exchanges with 188 countries and regions and 46 major international organizations, and signed agreements with 54 countries such as the United States, British, Australia and Germany on mutual recognition of higher education qualifications and academic degrees.[6]

As of 2023, China had the world's highest number of top universities.[7][8] In 2017, China had the highest number of scientific publications.[9][10] As of 2022, China had the largest number of universities (338) including in the 2022-2023 U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities.[8] More than 2,500 universities in China are included in the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities.[11] Regardless of a variety of rankings about universities in China, the Ministry of Education of China does not advocate or recognize any rankings conducted.[12][13]

To improve and enhance the quality of higher education institutions in the country, the central government of China initiated multiple higher education development and sponsorship schemes, most notably Project 211 in 1995, Project 985 in 1998, and the Double First-Class Construction in 2017.

List by regions

Municipalities

Provinces

Autonomous regions

Outside Mainland

Earliest universities

In China, there had been some earlier schools specializing in foreign languages learning, such as Schools of Combined Learning in Beijing (京師同文館, founded in 1862). In 1902, School of Combined Learning in Beijing was merged with Imperial Capital University, now Peking University. Peking University, established in 1898, is the second oldest university in China. It was founded as Imperial University of Peking (京師大學堂) in 1898 in Beijing as a replacement of the ancient Guozijian, the national central institute of learning in China's traditional educational system in the past thousands of years. However, Peking University never claims 1862 as its year founded. Neither does Peking University claim the year of establishing the Guozijian, which can date back more than one thousand years. Hunan University, with a similar history with Peking, often traced its history back to the Yuelu Academy established in 976 A.D, thus giving this university a thousand years of history.[14][15]

Tianjin University, established in 1895, is the oldest university in China. The university was established in October 1895 as Imperial Tientsin University (天津北洋西學學堂) by a royal charter of the Guangxu Emperor of Qing dynasty with Sheng Xuanhuai as its first president and later renamed Peiyang University. It was the first government-run university in modern China where western science and technology was its main focus. In 1951, followed by an order of the Chinese Communist government, the university was renamed Tianjin University and became one of the largest multidisciplinary engineering universities in China and one of the first 16 national key universities accredited by the nation in 1959.

In 1896, Sheng Xuanhuai delivered his new memorials to Guangxu Emperor to make a suggestion that two official modern higher education institutions should be established in Beijing/Tangshan and Shanghai. In the same year, he founded Nanyang Public School (南洋公學) in Shanghai by an imperial edict issued by Guangxu Emperor. The institution initially included an elementary school, secondary school, college, and a normal school. Later the institution changed its name to Jiao Tong University (also known as Chiao Tung University). In the 1930s, the university often referred itself as "MIT in the East"[16][17] due to its reputation of nurturing top engineers and scientists. In the 1950s, part of this university was moved to Xi'an, Shaanxi, and was established as Xi'an Jiaotong University; the part of the university remaining in Shanghai was renamed Shanghai Jiao Tong University. These two universities have developed independently since then, along with the original Beijing Jiaotong University.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  2. ↑ Jian, H., & Mols, F. (2019). Modernizing China's Tertiary Education Sector: Enhanced Autonomy or Governance in the Shadow of Hierarchy? The China Quarterly, 239: 702-727. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741019000079 Archived 9 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ 关晓萌. "China's higher education system is world's largest, officials say". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  4. ↑ "MOE press conference to highlight educational milestones achieved during the 13th Five-Year Plan period - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China". en.moe.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  5. ↑ CHINA: Private universities enrol millions Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Date: 4 May 2008
  6. ↑ "China forges agreements with 54 countries on mutual recognition of higher education degrees - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  7. ↑ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023 Press Release". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  8. 1 2 "U.S. News Unveils 2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. 25 October 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  9. ↑ magazine, Jeff Tollefson,Nature. "China Declared World's Largest Producer of Scientific Articles". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Tollefson, Jeff (18 January 2018). "China declared world's largest producer of scientific articles". Nature. 553 (7689): 390. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..390T. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4.
  11. ↑ "China | Ranking Web of Universities: Webometrics ranks 30000 institutions". www.webometrics.info. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  12. ↑ "【两会聚焦】教育部：从未对大学进行综合排名". jsj.hue.edu.cn. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  13. ↑ "国家教育部:反对各种机构对大学进行综合性排名_新闻中心_新浪网". news.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  14. ↑ "湖南大学". web.archive.org. 7 March 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  15. ↑ Oswald, Godfrey (29 August 2017). Library World Records, 3d ed.; by Godfrey Oswald. McFarland. ISBN 9781476667775. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  16. ↑ Linehan, Paul Michael (2018). The Culture of Leadership in Contemporary China: Conflict, Values, and Perspectives for a New Generation. London: Lexington Books. p. 128.
  17. ↑ Sullivan, Lawrence R.; Liu, Nancy Y. (2015). Historical Dictionary of Science and Technology in Modern China. London: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 375.

Further reading

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