HIKESHI
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesHIKESHI, HSPC179, Hikeshi, L7RN6, OPI10, HSPC138, C11orf73, HLD13, chromosome 11 open reading frame 73, Hikeshi, heat shock protein nuclear import factor, heat shock protein nuclear import factor hikeshi
External IDsOMIM: 614908 MGI: 96738 HomoloGene: 6908 GeneCards: HIKESHI
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

51501

67669

Ensembl

ENSG00000149196

ENSMUSG00000062797

UniProt

Q53FT3

Q9DD02

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_016401
NM_001322404
NM_001322407
NM_001322409

NM_001291286
NM_001291287
NM_001291288
NM_001291289
NM_026304

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001309333
NP_001309336
NP_001309338
NP_057485

NP_001278215
NP_001278216
NP_001278217
NP_001278218
NP_080580

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 86.3 – 86.35 MbChr 7: 89.57 – 89.59 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

HIKESHI is a protein important in lung and multicellular organismal development[5] that, in humans, is encoded by the HIKESHI gene.[6] HIKESHI is found on chromosome 11 in humans and chromosome 7 in mice. Similar sequences (orthologs) are found in most animal and fungal species. The mouse homolog, lethal gene on chromosome 7 Rinchik 6 protein is encoded by the l7Rn6 gene.[7]

Gene

HIKESHI is a protein-coding gene in Homo sapiens. Alternate names for the gene are FLJ43020, HSPC138, HSPC179, and L7RN6. Located on long arm of chromosome 11 at area q14.2, the entire gene including introns and exons is 42,698 base pairs on the plus strand. The mRNA of HIKESHI Variant 1 includes exons 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 amounting to 1,183 base pairs, with base pairs 239 to 832 representing the coding regions.

Alternative Splicing

Variant 1 is the longest and most common protein coding variant. The three other main variants use an alternate exon sequence that throws off the reading frame, causing early termination of the mRNA sequence and undergoes protein decay. The table below shows the different variants and exon usage.

Variant Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3 Exon 4 Exon 5 Exon 6 Exon 7 Protein Coding
1 x x x x x Yes
2 x x x x x x No
3 x x x x x No
4 x x x x No

The four variants shown in the table above are the most common isoforms found in human cells. There are a total of 13 alternatively spliced sequences and three unspliced forms that utilize two alternative promoters. The mRNA variants differ on the combination of 8 different exons, alternate, overlapping exons, and the retention of introns. Besides alternative splicing, the mRNAs differ by truncation on the 3’ end. Variant 1 is one of ten mRNAs that has been shown to code for a protein, while the rest seem bound for nonsense mediated mRNA decay. AceView[8] representation of C11orf73 isoforms

Promoter

The Promoter region, GXP 47146, was found using the ElDorado[9] tool from Genomatix. The 840 bp sequence is located before the HIKESHI gene at DNA points 86012753 to 86013592. The promoter is conserved in 12 of 12 orthologs and codes for 6 relevant transcripts.

Conserved transcription factor binding sites from Genomatix ElDorado tool:

Detailed Family Information From To Anchor Orientation Conserved in Mus Musculus Matrix Sim Sequence Occurrence
Cell cycle regulators: Cell cycle homology element 137 149 143 + strand conserved 0.943 ggacTTGAattca 1
GATA binding factors 172 184 178 + strand conserved 0.946 taaAGATttgagg 1
Vertebrate TATA binding protein factor 193 209 201 + strand conserved 0.983 tcctaTAAAatttggat 1
Heat schock factors 291 315 303 + strand conserved 0.992 cacagaaacgttAGAAgcatctctt 4
Human and murine ETS1 factors 512 532 522 + strand conserved 0.984 taagccccGGAAgtacttgtt 3
Zinc finger transcription factor RU49, Zipro1 522 528 525 + strand conserved 0.989 aAGTAct 2
Krueppel like transcription factors 618 634 626 + strand conserved 0.925 tggaGGGGcagacaccc 1
SOX/SRY-sex/testis determining and HMG box factors 636 658 647 + strand conserved 0.925 cccgcaAATTctggaaggttctt 1
Predicted promoter region of C11orf73

Termination

Termination of the mRNA product is encoded for within the cDNA of the gene. The end termination of an mRNA product generally has three main features: the poly A signal, the poly A tail, and an area of sequence that can form a stem loop structure. The poly A signal is a highly conserved site, six nucleotide long sequence. In eukaryotes the sequence is AATAAA and is located about 10–30 nucleotides from the poly A site. The AATAAA sequence is a highly conserved, eukaryotic polyA signal that signals for polyadenylation of the mRNA product 10–30 base pairs after the signal sequence. The polyA site for C11orf73 is GTA.

Gene expression

HIKESHI was determined to be expressed ubiquitously at a high level of 2.3 times above the average. C11orf73 is expressed in a large number of human tissues.[10][11] Between the Expression Profiles and the EST Profile on UniGene, only 11 tissues were shown not to express C11orf73, most likely due to small sample sizes in the tissue.

Protein

The human HIKESHI gene encodes for a protein called uncharacterized protein C11orf73.[6] The homologous mouse L7rn6 gene encodes a protein called lethal gene on chromosome 7 Rinchik 6.[7]

1 mfgclvagrl vqtaaqqvae dkfvfdlpdy esinhvvvfm lgtipfpegm ggsvyfsypd
61 sngmpvwqll gfvtngkpsa ifkisglksg egsqhpfgam nivrtpsvaq igisvellds
121 maqqtpvgna avssvdsftq ftqkmldnfy nfassfavsq aqmtpspsem fipanvvlkw
181 yenfqrrlaq nplfwkt

The encoded human protein is 197 amino acids long and weighs 21,628 daltons. Through analogy to the mouse protein, the hypothetical function of the human HIKESHI protein is the organization and function of the secretory apparatus in lung cells.[5]

Protein of unknown function (DUF775)
Identifiers
SymbolDUF775
PfamPF05603
InterProIPR008493
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

The protein domain known as DUF775 (Domain of Unknown Function 775) is located within both the human HIKESHI and mouse L7rn6 proteins. The DUF775 domain is 197 amino acids long, the same length as the protein. Other proteins that make up the DUF 775 super family by definition include all the orthologs of C11orf73.

Hydropathy analysis shows that there are no extensive hydrophobic regions in the protein and, hence, it is concluded that HIKESHI is a cytoplasmic protein. The isoelectric point for C11orf73 is 5.108 suggesting it functions optimally in a more acidic environment.

Hydropathy Plot for C11orf73

[12]

SNP

The only SNP,[13] or single-nucleotide polymorphism, for the C11orf73 sequence results in an amino acid change within the protein. The lack of other SNPs are most likely due to the high level of conservation of HIKESHI and the lethal effect a mutation in the protein bestows upon the organism. The phenotype for the SNP is unknown.

Function dbSNP Allele Protein Residue Codon Position Amino Acid Position
Reference C Proline [P] 1 47
Missense G Alanine [A] 1 47

Gene Neighborhood

The surrounding genes of HIKESHI are CCDC81, ME3, and EED. The genetic neighborhood is looked at in order to get a better understanding of the possible function of the gene by looking at the function of the surrounding genes.

Gene neighborhood Chromosome 11q14.2

[14]

The CCDC81 gene codes for an uncharacterized protein product and is oriented on the plus strand. CCDC81stands for coiled-coil domain containing 81 isoform 1.

The ME3 gene stands for mitochondrial malic enzyme 3 precursor. Malic enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate using either NAD+ or NADP+ as a cofactor. Mammalian tissues contain 3 distinct isoforms of malic enzyme: a cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent isoform, a mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isoform, and a mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent isoform. This gene encodes a mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isoform. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of some variants has not been determined.[15]

The EED gene stands for embryonic ectoderm development isoform b and is a member of the Polycomb-group (PcG) family. PcG family members form multimeric protein complexes, which are involved in maintaining the transcriptional repressive state of genes over successive cell generations. This protein interacts with enhancer of zeste 2, the cytoplasmic tail of integrin beta7, immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) MA protein, and histone deacetylase proteins. This protein mediates repression of gene activity through histone deacetylation, and may act as a specific regulator of integrin function. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.[16]

Interactions

The programs STRING[17] and Sigma-Aldrich's Favorite Gene[18] suggested possible protein interactions with C11orf73. ARGUL1, CRHBP, and EED were derived from textmining and HNF4A came from Sigma-Aldrich.

Protein Description Method Score
ARGUL1 Unknown Textmining 0.712
CRHBP Corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein Textmining 0.653
EED Embryonic ectoderm development Textmining 0.420
HNF4A Transcription regulator Sigma-Aldrich N/A

ARGUL1 is an unknown protein with an unknown function. CRHBP is a corticotrophin releasing hormone binding protein which could possibly play a role in a signal cascade that involves or activates HIKESHI. EED, a neighboring protein of C11orf73, is an embryonic ectoderm development protein and is a member of the Polycomb-group (PcG) family. PcG family members form multimeric protein complexes, which are involved in maintaining the transcriptional repressive state of genes over successive cell generations. HNF4A is a transcription regulator and it is unknown if HNF4A regulates C11orf73's expression or simply interacts with it.[12

Evolutionary History

Phylogenetic tree of C11orf73.

The evolutionary history of organisms can be determined using the sequences of orthologs as time references to create a phylogenetic tree. The CLUSTALW[19] compares multiple sequences, the program can also be used to create such a phylogenetic tree based on the orthologs of C11orf73. The tree to the right shows the generated phylogenetic tree with a time line based on time of divergence. The tree made from the HIKESHI orthologs is identical to the literature phylogenetic tree, even grouping together similar organisms such as fish, birds, and fungi.

Orthologs

Homologous sequences are orthologous if they were separated by a speciation event: when a species diverges into two separate species, the divergent copies of a single gene in the resulting species are said to be orthologous. Orthologs, or orthologous genes, are genes in different species that are similar to each other because they originated from a common ancestor. Orthologous sequences provide useful information in taxonomic classification and phylogenetic studies of organisms. The pattern of genetic divergence can be used to trace the relatedness of organisms. Two organisms that are very closely related are likely to display very similar DNA sequences between two orthologs. Conversely, an organism that is further removed evolutionarily from another organism is likely to display a greater divergence in the sequence of the orthologs being studied.

Table of Chromosome 11 open reading frame 73 Orthologs

Species Common Name Protein Name Accession Number NT Length NT Identity AA Length AA Identity E-Value
Homo sapiens Human C11orf73 NM_016401 1187 bp 100% 197 aa 100% 0
Bon taurus Cow LOC504867 NP_001029398 996 bp 73.60% 197 aa 98% 5.30E-84
Mus musculus Mouse l7Rn6 NP_080580 1045 bp 72.90% 197 aa 97% 4.80E-83
Gallus gallus Chicken LOC427034 N/A 851 bp 56.20% 197 aa 88.3% 5.60E-76
Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch LOC100190155 ACH44077 997 bp 61.60% 997 aa 87.80% 1.20E-75
Xenopus laevis Frog MGC80709 NP_001087012 2037 bp 36.50% 197 aa 86.80% 1.70E-75
Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow Trout CK073 NP_001158574 940 bp 52.20% 197 aa 75.10% 2.70E-66
Tetradon nigroviridis Tetradon unnamed protein product CAF89643 N/A N/A 197 aa 70.90% 1.40E-61
Trichoplax adhaerens Trichoplax adhaerens TRIADDRAFT_19969 XP_002108733 600 bp 33.10% 199 aa 52.30% 2.00E-47
Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito conserved hypothetical protein XP_001843282 594 bp 30.70% 197 aa 49.30% 2.50E-41
Drosophilia melanogaster Fly CG13926 NP_647633 594 bp 31.50% 197 aa 48.50% 4.50E-39
Laccaria bicolor Mushroom predicted protein XP_001878996 696 bp 36.40% 202 aa 35.20% 8.30E-24
Candida albicans Fungi CaO19.13758 XP_716157 666 bp 36.10% 221 aa 24% 5.70E-11

The table shows the 13 sequences (12 orthologs, 1 original sequence) along with protein name, accession numbers, nucleotide identity, protein identity, and E-values. The accession numbers are the identification numbers from the NCBI Protein database. The nucleotide sequence can be accessed from the protein's sequence page from DBSOURCE, which gives the accession number and is a link to the nucleotide's sequence page. The length of both the nucleotide and protein sequence for each ortholog and its respective organism are listed in the table as well. Next to the sequence lengths are the identities of the ortholog to the original HIKESHI gene. The identities and E-values were acquired using the global alignment program, ALIGN, from the SDSC Biology Workbench and BLAST from NCBI.

The graph shows the percent identity of the ortholog against the divergence time of the organism to produce a mostly linear curve. The two main joints within the curve suggest times of gene duplication, around 450 million years and 1150 million years ago respectively. The paralogs from the gene duplications are probably so dissimilar from the highly conserved orthologs of HIKESHI that it was not found using the Blink or BLAST tools.

CLUSTALW of related orthologs
Graph of the percent identity of C11orf73 orthologs against the divergence time of the organism.

The value m (total number of amino acid changes that have occurred in a 100 amino acid segment), which is the corrected value of n (number of amino acid differences from the template sequence), is also used to calculate λ (the average amino acid changes per year, usually represented in values of λE9).

m/100 = –ln(1-n/100)
λ = (m/100)/(2*T)
CLUSTALW of distant orthologs
Graph of number of amino acid changes vs. evolutionary divergence time.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000149196 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000062797 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. 1 2 Fernández-Valdivia R, Zhang Y, Pai S, Metzker ML, Schumacher A (January 2006). "l7Rn6 Encodes a Novel Protein Required for Clara Cell Function in Mouse Lung Development". Genetics. 172 (1): 389–99. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.048736. PMC 1456166. PMID 16157679.
  6. 1 2 Zhang QH, Ye M, Wu XY, Ren SX, Zhao M, Zhao CJ, Fu G, Shen Y, Fan HY, Lu G, Zhong M, Xu XR, Han ZG, Zhang JW, Tao J, Huang QH, Zhou J, Hu GX, Gu J, Chen SJ, Chen Z (October 2000). "Cloning and Functional Analysis of cDNAs with Open Reading Frames for 300 Previously Undefined Genes Expressed in CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells". Genome Res. 10 (10): 1546–60. doi:10.1101/gr.140200. PMC 310934. PMID 11042152.
  7. 1 2 Rinchik EM, Carpenter DA (1993). "N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced prenatally lethal mutations define at least two complementation groups within the embryonic ectoderm development (eed) locus in mouse chromosome 7". Mamm. Genome. 4 (7): 349–53. doi:10.1007/BF00360583. PMID 8358168. S2CID 24689449.
  8. ↑ AceView NCBI Gene Information AceView Archived November 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Genomatix ElDorade tool for promoter analysis ElDorado Product Page Archived October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "Expression profile for C11orf73". GeneNote version 2.4. Weizmann Institute of Science. September 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  11. ↑ "EST Profile - Hs.283322". National Center for Biotechnology Information, United States National Library of Medicine.
  12. ↑ Saier Lab Bioinformatics Group http://www.tcdb.org/progs/hydro.php
  13. ↑ NCBI SNP Database https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/ Archived February 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ NCBI Entrez https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000011.9?from=86011067&to=86059171&report=graph
  15. ↑ RefSeq NCBI Database https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/RefSeq/ Archived April 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ "RefSeq: NCBI Reference Sequence Database".
  17. ↑ STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) http://string-db.org/ Archived July 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Sigma-Aldrich's Favorite Gene http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/your-favorite-gene-search.html
  19. ↑ CLUSTALW Program Julie D. Thompson, Desmond G. Higgins and Toby J. Gibson http://workbench.sdsc.edu/ Archived April 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.