Kirtland's snake
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Clonophis
Cope, 1889
Species:
C. kirtlandii
Binomial name
Clonophis kirtlandii
(Kennicott, 1856)
Synonyms
  • Regina kirtlandii
    Kennicott, 1856
  • Tropidonotus kirtlandii
    — Garman, 1884
  • Ischnognathus kirtlandii
    — Jan, 1860
  • Natrix kirtlandii
    — Cope, 1900
  • Clonophis kirtlandi
    — H. M. Smith & Brodie, 1982

Kirtland's snake (Clonophis kirtlandii) is a threatened or endangered (depending on location) North American species of nonvenomous snake of the subfamily Natricinae, of the family Colubridae.[2] It is the only species in the genus Clonophis.[3]

Etymology

The specific name, kirtlandii, is in honor of Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland, an American naturalist of the nineteenth century.[4][5] The snake was first identified by Robert Kennicott in 1855. Kennicott sent a specimen to Spencer Fullerton Baird, the assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who offered to publish a description of the animal in Kennicott's name. Baird suggested Regina kirtlandii as a scientific name, as Kirtland had been a mentor to Kennicott.[6]

Common names

Common names for C. kirtlandii include: Cora Kennicott's snake, Kirtland's red snake, Kirtland's water snake, little red snake, Ohio Valley water snake, and spread head.[7]

Description

Kirtland's snake is small and slender. Adults reach a total length (including tail) of 12-18 inches (30–46 cm). It is grayish brown with a double series of large black spots down the back, and alternating smaller spots running down each side.[8] The ventral scales are brick red with a prominent round black spot at each outer end.[9] It has 19 rows of keeled dorsal scales at midbody, and the anal plate is divided.[10]

Geographic range

Clonophis kirtlandii is currently known to occur in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, southern Michigan, northeastern Missouri, Ohio, and northwestern Tennessee.[9][11] Clonophis kirtlandii was historically known from Western Pennsylvania, but it has not been documented in the state since 1966.[11]

Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of C. kirtlandii are forest, grassland, and wetlands[1] such as swamps and marshes. It is almost always found very close to a water source, even though it is less aquatic than water snakes of the genus Nerodia which share its geographic range.[7] Field studies have shown that populations are found within areas with abundant grass, herbaceous vegetation, and shrubs during the spring season. [12]

Conservation status

The species Clonophis kirtlandii is listed as endangered in Indiana,[13] Michigan, and Pennsylvania.[14] It is listed as threatened in Illinois and Ohio, though current research in Ohio is leaning towards the snake being listed as vulnerable.

Diet

Kirtland's snake preys primarily on earthworms, slugs, minnows, salamanders, frogs, and toads.[7] It has also been found to prey on juvenile crayfish, earthworms, slugs, small minnows, and leeches. [11]

Defensive behavior

When alarmed C. kirtlandii flattens its entire body to a remarkable thinness, and becomes rigid.[15] Kirtland's snake will also coil up into a disc the size of about a quarter in an attempt to hide from potential threats. If this does not succeed, it will then flee instead of fight.

No person on record has ever been bitten by a Kirtland's snake. This species prefers intimidation, hiding, and fleeing rather than any form of fighting.[16]

Reproduction

Kirtland's snake is ovoviviparous. Females give birth in August and September. Brood size varies from 4 to 22. Each newborn is 13–17 cm (5–6¾ in.) in total length and averages 1.4 gm in weight.[7]

References

  1. 1 2 Hammerson, G. A. (2007). "Clonophis kirtlandii ". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T63747A12712865. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63747A12712865.en. Downloaded on 22 March 2020.
  2. ↑ Species Clonophis kirtlandii at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
  3. ↑ "Clonophis kirtlandii ". ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.
  4. ↑ Beltz, Ellin (2006). Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America – Explained. ebeltz.net/herps/biogappx.html#K.
  5. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins; Michael Grayson (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Clonophis kirtlandi, p. 142).
  6. ↑ Vasile, Ronald S. (Autumn 1994). "The Early Career of Robert Kennicott, Illinois' Pioneering Naturalist". Illinois Historical Journal. 87 (3): 165. JSTOR 40192718.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Wright, A.H., and A.A. Wright (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Natrix kirtlandi, pp. 496-499, Figure 146 + Map 40 on p. 491).
  8. ↑ Boulenger, G.A. (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I.- XXVIII. (Ischnognathus kirtlandii, p. 286).
  9. 1 2 Conant, R. (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48.
    ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Natrix kirtlandi, p. 151 + Plate 22 + Map 106).
  10. ↑ Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3.
    (Clonophis kirtlandi, pp. 156-157).
  11. 1 2 3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2017). Species status assessment report for Kirtland’s snake (Clonophis kirtlandii). 43 pp.
  12. ↑ Life Science Weekly (2020). Exploration of Environmental DNA (eDNA) to Detect Kirtland's Snake
  13. ↑ Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011), "312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians", Indiana Administrative Code, retrieved 28 Apr 2012.
  14. ↑ Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission.
  15. ↑ Schmidt, K.P., and D.D. Davis (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Natrix kirtlandii, pp. 209-210 + Plate 22, Center, on p. 342).
  16. ↑ "Clonophis kirtlandii - Kirtland's Snake". USA Snakes. 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-10-22.

Further reading

  • Behler, J.L., and F.W. King (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. ("Clonophis kirtlandi [sic]", p. 596 + Plate 551).
  • Conant, R., and W. Bridges (1939). What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Company. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (Natrix kirtlandii, p. 95 + Plate 16, figure 47).
  • Kennicott, R. (1856). "Description of a new Snake from Illinois". Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 95-96. (Regina kirtlandii, new species).
  • McCoy, C.J. (1980). Identification Guide to Pennsylvania Snakes. (Design and illustrations by Michael Antonoplos). Pittsburgh Pennsylvania: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 12 pp. (Clonophis kirtlandi, p. 8).
  • Netting, M.G., and Richmond, N.D. (editors) (1970). Pennsylvania Reptiles and Amphibians. (Photographs by Hal H. Harrison). Third Edition, Fifth Printing. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Fish Commission. 24 pp. (Natrix kirtlandii, p. 3).
  • Powell, R., R. Conant, and J.T. Collins (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Clonophis kirtlandii, pp. 410–411+ Plate 40).
  • Rossman, D.A. (1963). "Relationships and taxonomic status of the North American natricine snake genera Liodytes, Regina and Clonophis ". Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Louisiana State University (29): 1–29.
  • Stejneger, L., and T. Barbour (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Natrix kirtlandii, p. 95).
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