| 澳門元 (Chinese) pataca de Macau (Portuguese)[1] | |
|---|---|
| ISO 4217 | |
| Code | MOP (numeric: 446) |
| Subunit | 0.01 |
| Unit | |
| Unit | pataca |
| Plural | patacas (Portuguese only) |
| Symbol | $ |
| Denominations | |
| Subunit | |
| 1⁄10 | 毫 (Chinese) (ho) dez avos (Portuguese) |
| 1⁄100 | 仙 (Chinese) (sin)
avo (Portuguese) (no longer in circulation) |
| Banknotes | |
| Freq. used | $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 |
| Rarely used | $1,000 |
| Coins | |
| Freq. used | 10, 50 avos, $1, $5 |
| Rarely used | 20 avos, $2, $10 (still minted) |
| Demographics | |
| User(s) |  Macau (alongside Hong Kong Dollar)[2][3] |
| Issuance | |
| Monetary authority | Autoridade Monetária de Macau |
| Website | www |
| Printer | Issuing banks:
Banco Nacional Ultramarino |
| Valuation | |
| Inflation | 0.37% |
| Source | Direcção dos Serviços de Estatística e Censos, February 2017 |
| Pegged with | Hong Kong dollar (HK$) HK$1 = MOP 1.03 |
| Macanese pataca | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 澳門元 | ||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 澳门元 | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| Portuguese name | |||||||||||||||
| Portuguese | pataca de Macau[1] | ||||||||||||||
| Economy of Macau |
|---|
 |
| Currency and identity |
| Resources |
| Companies |
| Other Macau topics |
The Macanese pataca or Macau pataca (Chinese: 澳門元; Jyutping: ou3 mun4 jyun4; Portuguese: pataca de Macau; sign: $; abbreviation: P;[4][5] ISO code: MOP) is the currency of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It is subdivided into 100 avos (仙; sin), with 10 avos called ho (毫) in Cantonese.
Macau has a currency board system under which the pataca is 100 per cent backed by foreign exchange reserves, in this case currently the Hong Kong dollar (itself backed by the United States dollar).[6] Moreover, the currency board, Monetary Authority of Macau (AMCM), has a statutory obligation to issue and redeem Macau pataca on demand against the Hong Kong dollar at a fixed exchange rate of HK$1 = MOP 1.03, and without limit.[7]
History
The Spanish American silver dollar was in wide use in Asia and the Americas between the 16th to 20th centuries, and was imported by China in large quantities. They were typically minted in Mexico and then brought to the Philippines as part of the Spanish East Indies through the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade to be traded and circulated across the Far East. It was known to the Portuguese as the pataca mexicana. At the end of the 19th century various versions of this silver dollar or pataca were in use in Macau, in the form of Spanish dollars, the British trade dollars of Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements, as well as the silver dollars and fractional coinage of the neighbouring province of Canton.
In 1894, the pataca was introduced as a unit of account in Portuguese Macau and Portuguese Timor at a rate of 1 pataca = 450 réis, equivalent to the Mexican Peso or Philippine Peso. In 1901, it was decided to have a uniquely Macau currency, and for that purpose, the Banco Nacional Ultramarino was granted exclusive rights to issue legal tender banknotes that were to be denominated in patacas. On January 27, 1906, pataca notes in denominations of 1, 5, 50 and 100 were introduced and all foreign coinage was outlawed, the idea being to make the pataca paper notes the sole legal tender currency in Macau. However, the Chinese, being so accustomed to using silver for barter, were suspicious of this new paper money, and as such, the paper pataca always circulated at a discount in relation to the silver dollar coins. On the contrary, a similar action at exactly the same time in the Straits Settlements, and for the same purpose, had the different effect of putting the new Straits dollar into the gold exchange standard. Hence both the Macau pataca and the Straits dollar were launched at a sterling value of 2 shillings and 4 pence, but where the Straits dollar remained at that value until the 1960s, the Macau pataca fluctuated with the value of silver, just like the Hong Kong unit.
In 1935, when Hong Kong and China abandoned the silver standard, the Hong Kong unit was pegged to sterling at a rate of 1 shilling and 3 pence, while the Macau pataca was pegged to the Portuguese escudo at a rate of MOP 1 = Esc 5$50. This meant that the Macau pataca was worth only 1 shilling and was therefore at a discount of 3 pence in relation to the Hong Kong unit.
The first exclusively Macau coinage was not introduced until the year 1952, which happened to be the year after the last pataca fractional coins were minted for East Timor. In that year in Macau, denominations below 10 patacas were replaced by coins.
| Date established | 1 pataca = |
|---|---|
| 1894 | 1 Spanish/Mexican/Philippine peso |
| 1935 | 5.5 Portuguese escudos |
| 1949 | 5 Portuguese escudos |
| 1967 | 4.75 Portuguese escudos |
| 1973 | 5.015 Portuguese escudos |
| 1 Hong Kong dollar = | |
| 1977 | 1.075 patacas |
| 1978 | 1.0025 patacas |
| 1979 | 1.0425 patacas |
| 1983 | 1.03 patacas |
In 1980, the Macau government set up the Issuing Institute of Macau (Instituto Emissor de Macau; abbr. as IEM), which was given the monopoly right to issue pataca notes. The BNU became the IEM's agent bank and continued to issue banknotes.[8] On agreement with the BNU on October 16, 1995, the Macau branch of Bank of China (Banco da China, 中國銀行澳門分行) became the second note-issuing bank. The authority to issue patacas was transferred to the Monetary Authority of Macau.
Coins
Coins were not issued for use in Macau until 1952, with the 20 cent coin of Canton Province circulating. In 1952, bronze 5 and 10 avos, cupro-nickel 50 avos and .720 fineness silver 1 and 5 patacas were introduced. Nickel-brass replaced bronze in 1967, including the last issue of 5 avos. Nickel replaced silver in the 1 pataca in 1968. In 1971, a final (.650 fineness) silver issue of 5 patacas was produced.
10 Avos, 1968
50 Avos, 1978
1 Pataca, 1952
5 Patacas, 1971
Brass 10, 20 and 50 avos and cupro-nickel 1 and 5 patacas were introduced in 1982. The 20 avos and 5 patacas became dodecagonal in 1993 and 1992, respectively, whilst a bimetallic 10 patacas was introduced in 1997 and a cupronickel 2 patacas in 1998. Coins are issued by the Monetary Authority of Macau.
10 Avos, 1988
20 Avos, 1982
50 Avos, 1982
| Image | Value | Description | First Minted Year | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obverse | Reverse | Composition | Obverse | Reverse | ||
 |
10 avos | Brass | "Macau", "澳門" | Value, Lion Dance Costume Head | 1993 | |
| (missing photo) | (missing photo) | 20 avos | Denomination, Dragon boat | |||
 |
50 avos | Denomination, Dragon dance | ||||
 |
$1 | Cupronickel | Value, Guia Lighthouse | 1992 | ||
| (missing photo) | (missing photo) | $2 | Denomination, Templo de A-Má and Penha church | 1998 | ||
 |
$5 | Denomination, Cathedral of Saint Paul, Chinese junk | 1992 | |||
| (missing photo) | (missing photo) | $10 | Ring: Brass Center: Cupronickel | Value, St. Dominic's Church of Macau | 1997 | |
Banknotes
In a similar arrangement to the issue of banknotes in Hong Kong, Macau's banknotes are not issued by a central bank or monetary authority but by two commercial banks, the Banco Nacional Ultramarino and the Bank of China. Owing to Macau's Portuguese colonial past, banknotes are printed in Portuguese as well as Chinese, including the name of the Bank of China which is written as both "Banco da China" and "中國銀行".[9][10][11]
Following the initial issues of pataca banknotes in 1906, the new currency was supplemented the following year by 10 and 25 pataca notes, and in February 1920, 5, 10 and 50 avo notes were added. In 1923, the Banco Vui Hang introduced 10 pataca notes which stated that they were backed by Cantonese 20 cent coins.[12] These notes were followed until 1934 by cashier's cheques issued by various banks in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,000 dollars, presumably equivalent to the pataca. The BNU issues were augmented by 1 and 20 avo notes in 1942, and in 1944, 500 pataca notes were introduced. Also in 1944, further cashier's cheques were issued, denominated 1,000 yuan and NC$5,000. The 25 pataca note was discontinued after 1958.
On August 8, 1988, BNU issued a 1000 pataca banknote, the highest value banknote yet. Because 8 in Chinese (ba) is similar to "getting rich" (fa; 發), this unique date, which occurs only once per century, gives the note a special meaning. Another feature is the replacement of the coat of arms of Portugal with BNU's logo, shedding a political symbol in the prospect of reunification with China. In 1995, the Bank of China introduced notes in denominations of 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 patacas. Both the BNU and Banco of China introduced 20 pataca notes in 1996.
Current issue
Banknotes are currently issued in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 patacas. The current series of BNU banknotes was issued in 2005, while the Bank of China notes were last issued between 1995 and 2003. The dimensions of the banknotes are the same as that of Hong Kong banknotes worth the corresponding number of dollars. On December 20, 1999, the day Macau was retroceded to China, banknotes of all values (except for 10 patacas) by both banks were reissued with that date. On January 5, 2009, the Monetary Authority of Macau announced a new series of banknotes, dated 2008, released by the Bank of China.[13]In 2024, both the Banco Nacional Ultramarino and the Bank of China (Macau) are set to introduce a new series of notes. The denomination structure is the same as previous issues, but the notes come with advanced security features and include features accessible for those with visual impairments.
| Banco Nacional Ultramarino 1990 Series Banknote | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Description | Printed Date | Watermark | |||||
| Dimensions | Color | Obverse | Reverse | |||||
| $10 | 138 × 69 mm | Brown | Sun Yat Sen Memorial House | A view of Macau in the 1990s, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho | 8 July 1991 | Chinese junk | ||
| $10 | Red, Violet | 8 January 2001 8 June 2003 | ||||||
| $20 | 143 × 71.5 mm | Violet | Old BNU headquarters | 1 September 1996 20 December 1999 8 June 2003 | ||||
| $50 | 148 × 74 mm | Yellow | Lion dance | 13 July 1992 20 December 1999 | ||||
| $100 | 153 × 76.5 mm | Blue | Chinese junk | 13 July 1992 20 December 1999 8 June 2003 | ||||
| $500 | 158 × 79 mm | Green, yellow and orange | A-Ma Temple | 3 September 1990 20 December 1999 8 June 2003 | ||||
| $1,000 | 163 × 81.5 mm | Red | Dragon | 8 July 1991 20 December 1999 8 June 2003 | ||||
| Bank of China 1995 Series Banknote | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Description | Printed Date | Watermark | |||||
| Dimensions | Color | Obverse | Reverse | |||||
| $10 | 138 × 69 mm | Brown | Lighthouse at Guia Fortress | Bank of China, Macau branch | 16 October 1995 | Lotus | ||
| $10 | Red and orange | 8 January 2001 2 February 2002 8 December 2003 | ||||||
| $20 | 143 × 71.5 mm | Violet | A-Ma Temple | 1 September 1996 20 December 1999 8 December 2003 | ||||
| $50 | 148 × 74 mm | Yellow-grey | University of Macau | 16 October 1995 1 November 1997 20 December 1999 | ||||
| $100 | 153 × 76.5 mm | Blue | Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal | 16 October 1995 20 December 1999 2 February 2002 8 December 2003 | ||||
| $500 | 158 × 79 mm | Green | Ponte de Amizade | |||||
| $1000 | 163 × 81.5 mm | Orange | Sai Van (Praia do Bom Parto) | 16 October 1995 20 December 1999 8 December 2003 | ||||
| Banco Nacional Ultramarino 2005 Series Banknote | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | Value | Description | Printed Date | Watermark | ||||
| Obverse | Reverse | Dimensions | Color | Obverse | Reverse | |||
| $10 | 138 × 69 mm | Red | Statue of Mazu | BNU building | 8 August 2005 8 August 2010 11 November 2013 6 November 2017 | Lotus | ||
| $20 | 143 × 71.5 mm | Violet | Macau International Airport | |||||
| $50 | 148 x 74 mm | Brown | Sai Van Bridge | 8 August 2009 11 November 2013 6 November 2017 | ||||
| $100 | 153 × 76.5 mm | Blue | Largo do Senado (Senate Square) | 8 August 2005 8 August 2010 11 November 2013 6 November 2017 | ||||
| $500 | 158 × 79 mm | Green | Macau Tower | |||||
| $1,000 | 163 × 81.5 mm | Orange | Macau Cultural Centre | |||||
| Bank of China 2008 Series Banknote | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | Value | Description | Printed Date | Watermark | ||||
| Obverse | Reverse | Dimensions | Color | Obverse | Reverse | |||
| $10 | 138 × 69 mm | Red | A-Ma Temple | Bank of China, Macau branch | 8 August 2008 1 July 2013 6 November 2017 | Lotus | ||
| $20 | 143 × 71.5 mm | Violet | Façade of the ruins of Saint Paul's Cathedral | |||||
| $50 | 148 × 74 mm | Brown | Dom Pedro V Theatre | |||||
| $100 | 153 × 76.5 mm | Blue | Guia Lighthouse and Monte fort | |||||
| $500 | 158 × 79 mm | Green | Casa do Mandarim (House of the Mandarin) | |||||
| $1,000 | 163 × 81.5 mm | Orange | Legislative Senate | |||||
| Bank of China 2020 Series Banknote | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Description | Printed Date | Watermark | |||||
| Dimensions | Color | Obverse | Reverse | |||||
| $10 | 138 × 69 mm | Red brown, dark orange | the building of Bank of China in Macau, Southern Lion | Macau Tower observation lounge | 18 May 2020 | Lotus | ||
| $20 | 143 × 71.5 mm | Bluish violet | Macau Science Center Exhibition Center and the Planetarium | |||||
| Banco Nacional Ultramarino 2020 Series Banknote | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Description | Printed Date | Watermark | |||||
| Dimensions | Color | Obverse | Reverse | |||||
| $10 | 138 × 69 mm | Red | BNU Building | Map of Macau in 1635 | 18 May 2020 | Lotus | ||
| $20 | 143 × 71.5 mm | Violet | Map of Macau in 1780 | |||||
| $50 | 148 × 74 mm | Brown | Map of Macau in 1889 | |||||
| $100 | 153 × 76.5 mm | Blue | Map of Macau in 1949 | |||||
| $500 | 158 × 79 mm | Green | Map of Macau in 1986 | |||||
| $1,000 | 163 × 81.5 mm | Orange | Map of Macau in 2022 | |||||
Commemorative issues
In 2008, the Macau branch of the Bank of China issued four million 20 pataca banknotes in commemoration of the 29th Summer Olympic Games in Beijing.[14]
In 2012, the Banco Nacional Ultramarino and Banco da China issued ten million 10 pataca banknotes to commemorate the Year of the Dragon, and from 2012 to 2023, the Banco National Ultramarino and the Banco da China are each authorized to issue a maximum number of 20 million special notes with the face value of 10 patacas to mark each lunar new year.[15] The Bank of China also issued a 100 pataca banknote to commemorate its centennial anniversary.[16][17][18]
In commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the transfer of Macau to the People's Republic of China, the Banco Nacional Ultramarino and the Banco da China issued five million 20 patacas banknotes. The front side of the notes feature the 7-ton gilded bronze sculpture "Lotus Flower In Full Bloom", representing the prosperity of Macau. The back side of the notes feature the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge.
Exchange rate
| Current MOP exchange rates | |
|---|---|
| From Google Finance: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TWD KRW SGD |
| From Yahoo! Finance: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TWD KRW SGD |
| From XE.com: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TWD KRW SGD |
| From OANDA: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TWD KRW SGD |
Despite the fact that the pataca is the official currency of Macau, most of the money in circulation in the Region is actually Hong Kong dollars. Patacas accounted for only 29.9% of Macau's money supply at the end of 1998.[19] The exchange rate is pegged and is approximately MOP 1.03 for HK$1,[20] and Hong Kong dollar banknotes and coins are generally accepted at par or MOP 1.00 for retail payments. For United States dollars, to which the Hong Kong dollar is in turn loosely pegged, the exchange rate is around MOP 8 to 1 US dollar. Although it is possible to exchange patacas in Macau, it is either difficult or impossible to do so elsewhere. The few places in Hong Kong where patacas are available are concentrated on Cleverly Street in Central, a short distance from the Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal.
Although the pataca is the legal tender of Macau, the Hong Kong dollar is almost universally acceptable in the region, and in some cases, is preferred to the pataca.[21] Circulation of the pataca is mandated by a decree (Decreto-Lei n.º 16/95/M) prohibiting refusal by merchants, but some casinos flout this rule and refuse bets in patacas.[22] The Hong Kong dollar and Chinese yuan are generally accepted throughout Macau from casinos to restaurants. Payments to government agencies can also be made in both Hong Kong dollars and patacas.
As Macau currently imposes no restrictions on the import or export of local or foreign currency, visitors can change their currency in hotels, banks and bureaux de change located all around the city including 24 hour currency exchange booths at Macau International Airport (Taipa Island) and at the Lisboa Hotel (Macau Peninsula) for customers if they want to change their currency into patacas outside working hours.
| Year | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| Hong Kong dollar | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 |
| Renminbi | 0.9706 | 0.9691 | 0.9693 | 0.9778 | 1.0025 | 1.0560 | 1.1546 | 1.1688 |
| United States dollar | 8.0334 | 8.0214 | 8.0226 | 8.0109 | 8.0006 | 8.0360 | 8.0206 | 7.9842 |
| Pound sterling | 12.0766 | 13.1040 | 14.6911 | 14.5820 | 14.6993 | 16.0887 | 14.8965 | 12.5159 |
| New Taiwan dollar | 0.2328 | 0.2332 | 0.2401 | 0.2494 | 0.2462 | 0.2447 | 0.2548 | 0.2418 |
| Euro | 7.5984 | 9.0696 | 9.9645 | 9.9721 | 10.0272 | 11.0049 | 11.8092 | 11.1309 |
| Australian dollar | 4.3703 | 5.2271 | 5.9021 | 6.1064 | 6.0169 | 6.7351 | 6.8552 | 6.3269 |
| South Korean won | 0.0065 | 0.0067 | 0.0070 | 0.0078 | 0.0084 | 0.0087 | 0.0074 | 0.0063 |
| Japanese yen | 0.0643 | 0.0692 | 0.0742 | 0.0729 | 0.0689 | 0.0683 | 0.0776 | 0.0854 |
| Malaysian ringgit | 2.1141 | 2.1109 | 2.1112 | 2.1155 | 2.1797 | 2.3374 | 2.4124 | 2.2669 |
| New Zealand dollar | 3.7306 | 4.6671 | 5.3214 | 5.6436 | 5.1889 | 5.9128 | 5.7341 | 5.0721 |
| Singapore dollar | 4.4893 | 4.6034 | 4.7452 | 4.8137 | 5.0294 | 5.3325 | 5.6788 | 5.4955 |
| Swiss franc | 5.1812 | 5.9632 | 6.4572 | 6.4424 | 6.3801 | 6.6998 | 7.4326 | 7.3721 |
| Year | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
| Hong Kong dollar | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 |
| Portuguese escudo | 0.0564 | 0.0555 | 0.0593 | 0.0497 | 0.0481 | 0.0532 | 0.0517 | 0.0456 | 0.0443 | 0.0425 | 0.0370 | 0.0359 |
| Deutsche Mark | 4.9750 | 4.8362 | 5.1221 | 4.8199 | 4.9225 | 5.5677 | 5.2977 | 4.6049 | 4.5381 | 4.3601 | 3.7929 | 3.6794 |
| French franc | 1.4767 | 1.4222 | 1.5115 | 1.4076 | 1.4392 | 1.5988 | 1.5583 | 1.3679 | 1.3537 | 1.3000 | 1.1309 | 1.0971 |
| United States dollar | 8.0230 | 8.0041 | 7.9723 | 7.9679 | 7.9602 | 7.9679 | 7.9664 | 7.9749 | 7.9788 | 7.9918 | 8.0260 | 8.0335 |
| Pound sterling | 14.3239 | 14.1421 | 14.0998 | 11.9638 | 12.1982 | 12.5766 | 12.4392 | 13.0709 | 13.2203 | 12.9284 | 12.1663 | 11.5698 |
| Chinese yuan | 0.9620 | 0.9637 | 0.9654 | 0.9695 | 0.9706 | |||||||
| New Taiwan dollar | 0.2788 | 0.2384 | 0.2477 | 0.2574 | 0.2379 | |||||||
| Euro | 9.0177 | 8.9532 | 8.5277 | 7.4183 | 7.1962 | |||||||
| Australian dollar | 5.9341 | 5.0203 | 5.1574 | 4.6739 | 4.1598 | |||||||
| South Korean won | 0.0086 | 0.0057 | 0.0067 | 0.0071 | 0.0062 | |||||||
| Japanese yen | 0.0661 | 0.0611 | 0.0704 | 0.0745 | 0.0662 | |||||||
| Malaysian ringgit | 2.8954 | 2.0387 | 2.1031 | 2.1121 | 2.1141 | |||||||
| New Zealand dollar | 5.2849 | 4.2816 | 4.2315 | 3.6684 | 3.3813 | |||||||
| Singapore dollar | 5.3851 | 4.7720 | 4.7160 | 4.6553 | 4.4867 | |||||||
| Swiss franc | 5.5020 | 5.5090 | 5.3278 | 4.7590 | 4.7638 |
See also
References
Citations
- 1 2 DSEC government document
- ↑ Chan, S. S. (2000). The Macau Economy. Publications Centre, University of Macau. ISBN 99937-26-03-6
- ↑ "The Basics | Fodor's Travel". Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ↑ "World Bank Editorial Style Guide 2020 - page 137" (PDF). openknowledge.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
- ↑ "CIA World Factbook 1990 - page 187". en.wikisource.org. 1 April 1990. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
- ↑ "Macau SAR Government pledges for free trade and investment - MSAR Gov…". Government Information Bureau of the MSAR. Macau. 19 March 2001. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ↑ "The history of pataca". Monetary Authority of Macao. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
- ↑ S. S. Chan (2000). The Macau Economy. Publications Centre, University of Macau. ISBN 99937-26-03-6.
- ↑ "Issuance of banknotes". Bank of China (Macau). Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
- ↑ "Issuance of Banknotes". Bank of China (Macau). Retrieved 13 December 2013.
- ↑ "BNU Banknotes Online Exhibition". Banco Nacional Ultramarino S.A. (Macau). Retrieved 13 December 2013.
- ↑ Dez patacas em moedas subsidiaris de 20 avos de cantão.
- ↑ Bank of China, Macau Branch Issues New Pataca Notes. amcm.gov.mo
- ↑ Macau to issue 20-pacata note celebrating Olympics, BanknoteNews.com, Retrieved 2011-09-01.
- ↑ Year of the Snake note rush starts The Macau Business Daily. January 14, 2013. Retrieved on 2013-01-19.
- ↑ Macau commemorative notes reported, BanknoteNews.com. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
- ↑ Macau new 10-pataca Year of Dragon commemorative notes confirmed BanknoteNews.com. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
- ↑ Macau new 100-pataca centennial anniversary commemorative notes confirmed BanknoteNews.com. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ↑ Money Supply and its relevance to Macau Archived 18 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Currency in Circulation in Macao, Monetary Authority of Macau
- ↑ Hong Kong Dollar in Macau
- ↑ Archived copy Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Decreto-Lei n. 16/95/M
Sources
- All MOP exchange rates after 1990 are according to the historical China Statistical Yearbook.
- Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (2003). 2004 Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1901–Present. Colin R. Bruce II (senior editor) (31st ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873495934.
- Cuhaj, George S. (editor) (2005). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: Modern Issues 1961-Date (11th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-89689-160-7.
{{cite book}}:|author1=has generic name (help) - Pick, Albert (1996). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues to 1960. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (8th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-469-1.
- Pick, Albert (1990). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: Specialized Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (6th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-149-8.
External links
- Abdullah Beydoun's Banknoteworld: Macau – a gallery of Macau banknote issues past and present
- (in Chinese) (in Portuguese and English) Banco Nacional Ultramarino (Macau)
- (in Chinese) (in Portuguese and English) Banknotes issued by the Banco Nacional Ultramarino.
- (in Chinese) (in English) Bank of China (Macau)
- (in Chinese) (in English) SinoBanknote
- (in English and German) Historical banknotes of Macau
| Preceded by: Mexican dollar, Chinese dollar Reason: creation of a local currency Ratio: at par (with Mexican dollar) |
Currency of Macau 1906 – Note: the pataca was made the unit of account in 1894 |
Succeeded by: Current |